splash screen. chapter intro 1 this region has served as the crossroads for asia, africa, and...
TRANSCRIPT
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This region has served as the crossroads for Asia, Africa, and Europe. As a result, the region has been home to many ethnic groups and cultures.
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North Africa
The Sahara and access to water have profoundly affected the peoples of North Africa.
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A. Egypt
North Africa
B. Morocco
C. Algeria
D. Tunisia
E. Casablanca
F. Algiers
G. Tunis
H. Tripoli K. Suez Canal
I. Libya
J. Cairo
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Indigenous ethnic groups, migrations, and the dramatic climate have shaped population patterns in North Africa.
Population Patterns
• The primary influence on the subregion is a mix of indigenous and Arab cultures.
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• The people:
– Berbers—indigenous to North Africa
– Arab
Population Patterns (cont.)
North Africa, Southwest Asia, andCentral Asia: Population Density
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Population Patterns (cont.)
• The Nile Delta region is one of the world’s most densely populated areas.
• Major urban population centers:
– Casablanca
– Algiers
– Tunis
– Tripoli
– Cairo
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The Sahara, the Nile River Valley, and multiple invasions influenced different cultures throughout North Africa’s history.
History and Government
• Early Peoples and Civilizations
– 6,000 B.C.— Farming communities along the Nile River and Mediterranean Sea
– A.D. 6,000—The Egyptian civilization developed in the Nile River Valley.
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History and Government (cont.)
• Invasions and migrations:
– Until 750s—Islamic invasions
– Late 1400s—Jewish exiles from Christian Spain
– 1500s—Ottoman Empire
– Early 1600s—Muslim exiles from Christian Spain
– Early 1800s—France invades
– WWII—U.S. and Britain
North Africa: Invasions and Migrations
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The Muslim religion and the Arabic language define much of the culture of North Africa.
Culture
• Religion–Islam
• Language–Arabic
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Culture (cont.)
• Education—most people attend school, but literacy rates range widely.
• Health care—this has improved, but doctor shortages mean limited care.
• The arts—pyramids; weaving, embroidery, and metalworking influenced by Islam
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The Eastern Mediterranean
Ancient civilizations and cultures continue to influence the subregion today.
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A. Israel
The EasternMediterranean
B. Lebanon
C. Palestine
D. Syria
E. Jordan
F. Tel Aviv-Jaffa
G. Beirut
H. Jerusalem
I. Makkah (Mecca)
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Migrations, claims to ancestral homes, and boundary disputes have influenced population in the eastern Mediterranean.
Population Patterns
• The people:
– About 7.1 million people in this region are Israelis living in Israel.
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Population Patterns (cont.)
– 80% of the Israelis are Jewish.
– Tensions between Arabs and Jews resulted in six wars.
Ethnic Groups in the Eastern Mediterranean
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Population Patterns (cont.)
• Density and distribution:
– The majority of people live along coastal plains and in the Euphrates River valley.
– This area has some of the highest population densities in Southwest Asia.
– This subregion is predominantly urban—more than 75% of the people in Israel, Jordan, and Lebanon live in cities.
– Just over 50% in Syria and Palestine live in cities.
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The eastern Mediterranean is home to three of the world’s major religions that have shaped politics and culture there for centuries.
History and Government
• Early civilizations:
– Ebla, Syria
– Damascus, Syria
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History and Government (cont.)
• Three major religions that began in this subregion:
– Judaism
– Christianity
– Islam
The Old City of Jerusalem
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History and Government (cont.)
• Independence:
– By the late 1800s, Western European powers controlled large areas in this subregion.
– These countries gained independence around the time of WWII.
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History and Government (cont.)
• Conflict:
– Arab-Israeli conflicts—in the 1948 and 1967 conflicts, victorious Israeli forces occupied Arab lands.
– The status of Palestinian refugees is an ongoing dispute.
Israel and Palestine
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The eastern Mediterranean’s religions and languages have influenced its art and everyday life for centuries.
Culture
• Religion—Islam
• Language—Arabic
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Culture (cont.)
• Education—most young people attend school, but literacy rates vary widely.
• Health care—this has improved in recent decades.
• The arts—expression through arts and architecture; artists and writers found inspiration in religion.
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The Northeast
Religious traditions have shaped the history of this subregion.
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A. Turkey
The Northeast
B. Iran
C. Iraq
D. Tehran
E. Mesopotamia
F. Fertile Crescent
G. Persian Empire
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Ethnic diversity and the Muslim religion have profoundly shaped the population of the Northeast subregion.
Population Patterns
• The people:
– Turks
– Iranians
– Arabs
– KurdsEthnic Groups in the Northeast
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Population Patterns (cont.)
• Density and distribution:
– The most populous countries are Turkey and Iran.
– More than half of these people live in cities.
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Ancient empires and thriving civilizations influenced the early history of the Northeast, which today is being shaped by the oil industry and relations with the outside world.
History and Government
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History and Government (cont.)
• Civilizations and empires:
– Mesopotamia—the Sumerian civilization lived in this area.
– The Phoenician civilization began along the eastern Mediterranean.
– The Persian Empire extended across the region.
– The Ottoman Empire was centered in present-day Turkey.
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History and Government (cont.)
• The modern era:
– Iraq has experienced periods of turmoil since it gained independence in 1932.
– Turkey was established as a country in 1923.
– Iranians have experienced political and social upheavals over the years.
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History and Government (cont.)
• The era of oil:
– Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela formed the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) in order to regulate oil prices.
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Religion and language shape everyday life in the Northeast subregion.
Culture
• Language—mostly Arabic; Turkish in Turkey and Persian in Persia
• Religion—mostly Shia Muslims in Iraq and Iran; Sunni Muslims in Turkey
Early Civilizations and Empires
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Culture (cont.)
• Education—required through grade 6 in Iraq and grade 8 in Turkey; literacy rates are fairly high.
• Health care—this varies, but is struggling in most areas.
• The arts—early civilizations created sculptures, fine metalwork, and large buildings; literature is based on strong oral traditions, epics, and poetry.
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The Arabian Peninsula
The desert climate and coastal regions, along with the religion of Islam, have formed today’s Arabian Peninsula.
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A. Kuwait
The Arabian Peninsula
B. Saudi Arabia
C. Bahrain
D. Oman
E. Yemen
F. United Arab Emirates
G. Qatar
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A shared religion, a common language, and rapid modernization have formed today’s Arabian Peninsula.
Population Patterns
• Most people in this region are Arabs.
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Population Patterns (cont.)
• Density and distribution:
– Bedouin still roam the large Arabian Desert, but many have migrated to cities.
– Population densities can be high in cities.
– The discovery of oil in the early 1900s led to increased wealth, modernization, and immigration in many Arab countries.
The Arabian Peninsula:Citizens and Foreign Nationals
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Conquering empires and unified governments have imposed cultures on the peoples of the Arabian Peninsula that remain influential to this day.
History and Government
• Early cultures and conquests:
– One of the oldest centers of civilization in the area existed in Yemen between the 1100s B.C. and the A.D. 500s.
The Spread of Islam
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History and Government (cont.)
– The region struggled against invasion by the Ottoman Empire and others.
– The Unified Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was established in 1932.
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History and Government (cont.)
• Independence:
– Countries throughout the region gained independence slowly.
– Standards of living vary widely across the region and even within countries.
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Religious beliefs and a common language influence everyday life on the Arabian Peninsula.
Culture
• Religion—Sunni and Shia Muslim
• Language—Arabic
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Culture (cont.)
• Education—most young people attend school and literacy rates are high in certain areas.
• Health care—this varies widely.
• The arts—architecture provides some of the best examples of art.
• Celebrations—Id al Adha, Ramadan
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Central Asia
Central Asia’s geography and climate have created challenges for the region that sits at the crossroads between continents.
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A. Afghanistan
Central Asia
B. Turkmenistan
C. Tajikistan
D. Uzbekistan
E. Armenia
F. Georgia
G. Kazakhstan
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Invasions, domination by numerous empires, and the rugged landscape have created challenges for Central Asia.
Population Patterns
• The people:
– Pashtun
– Armenians
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Population Patterns (cont.)
– Georgians
– Turkic—Uzbeks and Kazakhs
Ethnic Groups in Central Asia
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Population Patterns (cont.)
• Density and distribution:
– The population is spread unevenly across its mountainous terrain.
– Afghanistan, home to 29.9 million people, is the most populous country in the subregion.
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The location of Central Asia has left the region’s people vulnerable to centuries of invasion and to new challenges in the modern era.
History and Government
• Ancient cities/cultures:
– Georgia
– The kingdom of Urartu
– Samarqand
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History and Government (cont.)
• Conquests:
– Genghis Khan
– Alexander the Great
– Persians
– Arabs
– Ottoman Turks
– The Russian Empire
The Silk Road
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The people of Central Asia share many cultural characteristics and experiences.
Culture
• Language—the majority speak a form of the Turkic languages.
• Religion—Islam, mostly Sunni
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Culture (cont.)
• Education—it is universal across this region and mandatory through secondary schools in a few countries.
• Health care—these are lacking.
• The arts—they have a rich literary history.
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Ethnicity and Culture
• North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia has been a cultural crossroads for much of human history.
• The region has two important cultural hearths in Mesopotamia and the Nile Valley.
• The region has a large amount of ethnic diversity. Many customs, languages, and beliefs are represented here.
• This diversity of peoples has led to conflict in parts of the region.
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Location and Trade
• The region’s fertile rivers and central location made the land a valuable resource.
• Empires in the region grew rich from trade. As Europe grew more skilled at sea travel, the empires’ powers grew weaker.
• Oil has helped make the region wealthy again. It has also led to conflict as countries fight over the rights to oil reserves in the region.
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The Importance of Religion
• Religion is very important to the people of North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia.
• It is the birthplace of three of the world’s major religions: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.
• It is also home to the holiest sights of these religions. Muslims must make a pilgrimage to Makkah (Mecca) in Saudi Arabia. Jerusalem is the Jewish capital and religious center. Christians also hold Jerusalem close, because many of Jesus’ acts took place there.
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