Sport injuriesand PREVENTION

By,Aya Hany Abd ELRahman

Sport injuries require special focus on the identification of injuries, care, prevention and treatment, therapies for injury management.

Rugby

Soccer

Wrestling

SPORT INJURIES

The kind of injuries that most commonly occur during sports or exercise.

Some sports injuries result from accidents: others due to poor training practices, improper equipment or insufficient warm-up or stretching.

• While it is possible to injure any part of the body when playing sports, the term sports injuries is commonly used to refer to injuries of the musculoskeletal system.

Classified as ..

Sports injuries

traumatic

extrinsic

acute chronic

intrinsic

overuse

No

obvious

cause

present

due to

external

violence

ACUTE INJURIES

Characterized by sudden appearance of symptoms usually associated with a single traumatic incident.

Pain and loss of function are immediate. These can be classified as either:

Direct: caused by external force as collision between two players or between player and equipment

Brusis Fracture Cuts

Indirect : caused by internal force as over stretching a ligament in sudden change direction in turnover in basketball

Strain Sprain Tear

ACUTE INJURIES

Sprains, strains and bruises

A sprain is an injury that involves the ligaments and other soft tissues around a joint, such as an ankle or wrist. It is a stretch or tear of a ligament.

A strain occurs away from a joint and involves a twisted, torn or over-stretched muscle or tendon, commonly in the calf, thigh or lower back.

Symptoms and signs: Pain at the site of the injury Loss of power in the injured area especially

with a sprained joint Swelling of the injured area Nausea Feeling faint Pale, cold and clammy skin due to shock

Sprains, strains and bruises

CHRONIC INJURIES

Gradual onset and are caused by repetitive light trauma to soft tissue or bone.

as a result : weakness to the injured site insufficient rehabilitation after injury.

Pitching a baseball

Overuse injuries: *Due to excessive and repeated use of the same muscle, joint or bone.

*Gradual increase of pain.

shin splint

11

Overuse Injuries

Common sport injuries

Shin splints: pain along the outside front of the lower leg, due to inflammation of thin layer cover bone and by tiny fracture in the bone.

Ankle sprains : typically occurs when the foot turns inward.

Groin pull: Pushing off in a side-to-side motion causes strain of the inner thigh muscles, or groin

Hamstring strain: is a tear of the hamstring muscle fibers. soccer, football, baseball, basketball, and many track and field events.

Common sport injuries• Tennis elbow (epicondylitis) : is an injury to the muscles on the outside

(lateral aspect) of the elbow that results from overuse or repetitive stress of the elbow muscle.

Patellofemoral Syndrome : the repetitive movement of your kneecap (patella) against your thigh bone (femur).

CHRONIC TRAUMATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY

Is a progressive degenerative disease found in people who have had a severe blow or repeated blows to the head.

The disease was previously called dementia pugilistica (DP), i.e. "punch-drunk," as it was initially found in those with a history of boxing.

CTE has been most commonly found in professional athletes participating in American football, rugby, ice hockey, boxing, professional wrestling and other contact sports who have repeated concussions or other brain trauma.

WHAT IS CHRONIC TRAUMATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY (CTE)?

• Main Symptoms include

generally begin 8–10 years after experiencing repetitive mild traumatic brain injury.

• disorientation• dizziness• Headaches

disabilities appear with progressive deterioration

memory loss social instability erratic behaviour

THEN

progressive dementia, slowing of muscular movements impeded speech tremors vertigo deafness suicidality.

Additional symptoms include dysarthria, dysphagia, and ocular abnormalities - such as ptosis.

Diagnosis of CTE

• CTE cannot currently be diagnosed during lifetime.• The only known diagnosis for CTE occurs by studying the brain tissue after death.

CONCUSSIONS are non-structural injuries and do not result in brain bleeding, which is why most concussions cannot be seen on routine neuroimaging tests such as CT or MRI

 Acute concussion symptoms (those that occur shortly after an injury) should not be confused with CTE.

Differentiating between prolonged post-concussion syndrome (PCS, where symptoms begin shortly after a concussion and last for weeks, months, and sometimes even years) and CTE symptoms can be difficult

Definition:

Sudden hyperextension and hyperflexion injury to neck

An acceleration/ deceleration mechanism of Energy transfer to the neck

Whip-like movement

WHIPLASH INJURY.

CAUSES:

RTA commonly- front/ back/ side

Contact sport injuries

Accidental/ intentional blows to head

Child abuse- shaking, hitting

Cervical acceleration-deceleration injury

INCIDENCE:

53% of 5.5 million RTA victims suffered whiplash injury

WHIPLASH ASSOCIATED DISORDERS (WAD)

Classed by severity of signs and symptoms

WAD 0 No complaints or physical signsWAD 1 Neck complaints but no physical signsWAD 2 Neck complaints and musculoskeletal

signsWAD 3 Neck complaints and neurological signs WAD 4 Neck complaints and fracture /

dislocation

Most whiplash injury results from low impact collisions

Neck pain: The hallmark symptom Lower Back Pain

Stiffness

↓ ROM

abnormal sensations arms (burning/ paraesthesia)

SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS

General neurological

• dizziness • headache • blurred vision • pain on swallowing • ringing in ears • irritability • tinnitus

SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS

SYMPTOMS AND SIGNSPsychological-

• memory loss • cognitive impairment • sleep disturbance • fatigue • depression • PTSD

SYMPTOMS AND SIGNSWhiplash syndrome-

• continual headache • pain • reduced movement • tingling • lumbar pains • fatigue • sleep disturbance

Chronic Whiplash

Complex interaction between many factors:

Biological

Psychosocial Legal

Economics Beliefs / AttitudesPsychological factors are also hypothesized to influence the

existence of whiplash-related cognitive impairments.

INVESTIGATIONSX-rays- exclude #

CT

MRI:- Increase tear in cervical ligament &

vasculature- Disk herniation

TREATMENT

1-Education:

Explain benign nature of WADAvoid confusing and conflicting info

Home / work programmes as effective as physiotherapy

Teach relaxation and stress management

Educate posture and neck care

2-Medication:Analgises prevent breakthrough pain

Muscle relaxant- Diazepam/ Baclofen

3-Physical Therapy/ Rehabilitation:Keep neck moving as normally as possible!

Collars not recommended

Gentle mobilisation

Avoid ‘stiffening-up’

Studies- quicker recovery with gentle exercise.

Minimally Invasive Pain Management Procedures

Cervical and Thoracic facet joint injections

Risk Factors

Intrinsic

Muscle Imbalance

Postural Defects

Overuse

Age

Poor Technique

Inadequate Warm up

HOW CAN WE REDUCE THE RISK OR HAZARDS?

Health/ FitnessSkill and techniqueTraininghydrationWarm up/ Warm downCorrect clothing and equipmentCorrect footwearNo JewelleryObeying of the rules

Treatment for sports injuries

Treatment depends on the type and severity of the injury.

Mild sprain or strain can be treated at home using RICE therapy.

Acute injury management

RICE Method• R – Rest – 2-3 days with

immobilization• I – Ice – Reduces pain and

spasm, minimizes cell death and causes vasoconstriction

• C – Compression – Decreases swelling by slowing the flow of fluid to the area

• E – Elevation – Decreases swelling by encouraging blood to return to the heart

Chronic injury management • Pain killer& NSAIDs

• Immobilization: prevent further damage by reducing movement, reduces pain, muscle swelling and muscle spasm.

Chronic injury management • Corticosteroid injections

• Physiotherapy: using massage, manipulation and special exercises to improve the range of motion and return the normal function of injured area

Long-term injury can be treated with a programme of walking and swimming to help strengthen the muscles in the affected body part

• Heat Treatment: to increase blood flow relief pain increase flexibility

Surgery: in sever injuriesDuring surgery for a broken bone it may be necessary to fix the bones with wires, plates, screws or rods, known as open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF).

Rehabilitation

Chronic injury management

Rehabilitation• Start with alternative training• Circuit training• Conditioning• Endurance• Flexibility• Strength training• Stretching techniques• Warm-up• Weight training

Prevention of sport injuries

• Warm Up• Cool Down• Hydration• Proper Technique• Equipment• Physical Conditioning• Facilities Management• Balanced Opponents• Rules and Enforcement

IF WE DIDN’T TRY AND REDUCE THE RISK IN SPORT, WHAT COULD

HAPPEN? Injuries such as pulled muscles, broken

bones etc Illnesses such as heart attack, shock,

asthma attack etcViolence such as fighting with the

opposition or referee