sri general report (jan 09)

8/4/2019 SRI General Report (Jan 09)

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Ex F qaM 2008

rbkKMehIjnvisalPaBeynDrcMeBaHkarGnuvtRbBnRbBlvb,kmdMNaMRsUvb>v>senAkm


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1 Oxfam America | rbkKMehIjnvisalPaBeynDrcMeBaHkarGnuvtRbBnRbBlvb,kmdMNaMRsUv b>v>s enAkm>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>5k> savtarBak;BnnkarsikSa>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>12

x> karBinitemIlksarEdlmanRsab;>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>15K> viFIsaRs>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>27X> rbkKMehIjnkarsikSa>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>29

1> RbvtisegbnkmviFIGnuvt b>v>s> rbs;esdakenAkm>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>292> skmPaBCak;lak;neynDr nigbnkkargarkgkareFVIksikmtamEbb b>v>s>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>533> GtRbeyaCn_ eRKaHfak; niglTplmin)aneRKagTukBIkareFVIERstamEbb b>v>s>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>664> dMeNIrkarnkarGnuvtbeckeTsksikmGMBI b>v>s>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>80

snidan>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>93Gnusasn_>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>99ksareyag>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>103

taragtaragTI 1 sarsMxan;eFobnRbPBcMNUlrbs;RKYsar >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>26taragelx 2 PaKrynkaskargarkgvisypvkar nigvisyeRkARbBn Kittamvisy sMxan;>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>36taragelx 3 tYelxsrubbUkbnKankardwkCBanedayyanyn 1990-2005>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>37

taragelx 4 kareRbobeFobsUcnakrsgm-esdkicmYycMnYn extkNal nigkMBg;qaMg>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>39taragelx 5 kmsiTidIFIenAextkNal nigkMBg;qaMg>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>40taragelx 6 kareRbIR)as;kmaMgBlkmtamvisy>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>41taragTI7 cMNakRsukrbs;BlrdenAextkNal kMBg;qaMg nigPMeBj tamePT 2004>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>43taragTI 8 sUcnakrsgmkic-esdkicenARsukGgsl nigrlaebr>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>43taragelx 9 ktaeRbobeFobmYycMnYnnsavtarnkarciBawmCIvitnRKYsarGnuvt

b>v>s> rvagPUminanaenAextkNal nigextkMBg;qaMg>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>51taragTI 10 smaCikRKYsarEdlcUlrYmCacm,genAkgkargarksikm nigminEmnksikm>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>55

taragelx 11 karvaytmrbs;ksikrGMBITinplRsUvmFmtamEbbb>v>s> eFobCamYy TinplRsUvtamEbbRbBNI>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>61taragelx 12 cMNucxaMgnanankarGnuvt b>v>s> tamkar[dwgBIksikr

BIrRkumEdlman bTBiesaFn_ryeBl 3 qaM>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>70taragelx 13 cMNucexSaynkarGnuvt b>v>s> eyagtamcemIyrbs;ksikr

BIrRkumEdlman bTBisaFn_ryeBlbIqaMkgkarGnuvtbeckeTs b>v>s>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>72

Khmer 1E-FINAL SRI report (Jan 09).indd 1 2/9/2010 2:55:32 PM


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| Oxfam America 2rbkKMehIjnvisalPaBeynDrcMeBaHkarGnuvtRbBnRbBlvb,kmdMNaMRsUv b>v>s enAkmv>s>enAPUminanaenAextkNalnigkMBg;qaMg

GMBIRbPBn cMNUlsac;R)ak;>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>53

rUbTI 2 PaKrynRsI nigbursenAkgkargarminEmnksikm (kgcMeNam 479 nak; >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>54rUbelx 3 PaKrynBlkreBjvyEdlRbkbrbrminEmnksikmenAeRkAPUmi tamePT

kgcMeNamGkpl;cemIycMnYn 479 nak;>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>56rUbTI 4 PaKrynkarcUlrYmrbs;RsI nigbursenAkg 12 CMhannkareFVIERstamEbb b>v>s>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>57rUbelx 5 PaKrynGkGnuvt b>v>s>EdlGnuvt b>v>s> tameKalkarN_ 12 CMhan>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>58rUbelx 6 kareRbobeFobPaKryncMnYnBlkmkg 12 CMhann b>v>s> eFobCamYykareFVIERs tamEbbRbBNI>>>>>>>>60rUbelx 7 PaKrynGkGnuvt b>v>s> nigRbPBcMNUlsac;R)ak;>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>64

rUbelx 8k PaKrynksikr Rkum 1EdlGnuvtviFIsaRs b>v>s> RbcaMqaM cab;taMgBIqaM 2005 mkKittamPaKrynkMeNInTinplRsUv>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>66

rUbelx 8x PaKrynksikr Rkum 2>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>66rUbTI 8K PaKrynksikr Rkum 3Edl)anGnuvtviFIsaRs b>v>s> cab;taMgBIqaM 2007 mk

KittamPaKrykMeNInTinplRsUv>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>68rUbelx 9 cMNucxaMgnviFIsaRs b>v>s> tamkar[dwgrbs;Gk GnuvtTaMgLay KittamePT>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>71rUbelx 10 cMnYnksikr Edl)anbnGnuvtviFIsaRs b>v>s> BIqaM 2005 dl; 2007

Rkum 1 nigBIqaM 2006 dl; 2007 Rkum 2>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>74rUbelx 11 cMNaysMxan;nRKYsarksikrGnuvt b>v>s (cMnYn 643)>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>76rUbelx 12 karEbgEckeBlevlaBlkmEdlsnSM)anBIkareFVIERstamEbb b>v>s> eTAeFVIskmPaBdT

KitCaPaKrynRsI nigburs(cMnYn 636)>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>78rUbelx 13 smaCikRKYsarEdl)anTTYlkarbNHbNalGMBIbeckeTs b>v>s> (cMnYn 643)>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>83rUbelx 14 mUlehtukgkarcUlrYmkarbNHbNal nigkarGnuvtrbs;RsI nig burs(cMnYn 643)>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>83



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3 Oxfam America | rbkKMehIjnvisalPaBeynDrcMeBaHkarGnuvtRbBnRbBlvb,kmdMNaMRsUv b>v>s enAkmv>s EdlGnuvteday mCmNlsikSanigGPivDn_ksikmkms>nigBinitemIlfaetI muxgarenHmankarERbRbYlEdrby:agNa xkarpas;brGMBIRbBn nigcMNgTak;TgnanaenAkgplitkmehIyetIkarpas;brTaMgenaHb:HBal;y:agdUcemccMeBaHRsI ni g burs K GtiPaBnFnFan nigesvaKaMRTcMeBaHRsI nigburs XesckIseRmccitGMBIkarGnuvt b>v>s> rvagRsI nigburs nigenAkgshKmn_nana g plb:HBal;cMeBaHGtRbeyaCn_EdlekItecjBIkarGnuvt b>v>s> mkelIRsI nigburs nig c cMNgTak;TgCamYysanPaBxageRkA dUcCakarGPivDn_sPaBnkarerobcMsgm nigTIpSarkargar CamYynwgkarGnuvtb>v>s nigplb:HBal; ncMNgTak;TgenHmkelITMnak;TMngeynDr nigRKYsar.

karsikSaenH RbRBwteTACa bYnCMhan CMhanTImYy karsmasn_EbbKuNvisyenAextkNal nigextkMBg;qaMg EdleKalKMnitdMbUgnkareRCIsykextTaMgenH KWedaysarextTaMgBIrenHmankarGnuvt b>v>s> eRcIn. CMhanTIBIr GegtmansMNakFMtamEbbSnowball GnuvtcMeBaHksikr b>v>s> enAkgPUmimYycMnYnnbNaextTaMgBIrenH. CMhanTIbI kmviFIGegtTUeTArbs;esdak cMBaHksikr b>v>s cMnYn 643nak; EdlCaGkpl;cemIy nigEdl)aneRCIserIsedaycdnnigCMhanTIbYn prpg TinnyEdl)anmkBIGegtCak;EsgCamYyBtmanEdlmanenAkgksar kdUcCasitipvkarnigkarsikSa Bak;Bnnana. dMNak;kalTIBIrnigTIbInkarRsavRCav manbMNgeFVIetsGMBIPaBRCYtRCabGMBIcemIy edImdMbUgrbs;ksikrenAkgdMNak;kalTImYycMeBaHsMNakCneKaledATUeTA. dMNak;kalTIbYn sRmab; eFVIkarprpg nigRbmUlBtmansRmab;karpas;brTUeTAEpksgmkic nigesdkickgRkbxNmFm nigm:aRkU nigKMnitpcepImrbs;rdaPi)al.

mUldanRKwHnkarsikSaenHsitenAelITsSnRKb;RCugeRCay EdlfaksikmenAkmv>s> mkelIksikrRsI nigksikrbursenAkgPUmisaRsnTItaMgsikSanana. BitNas;fa kRmmanclnaRbCaCnEdlRbRBwteTAkgbribTTUlMTUlayelIsBIRkbxNRKYsar nig PUmizan EdleFVI[b:HBal;dl;lTplnkmviFIb>v>s>ehIyeFVI[man\TiBlmkelITMnak;TMngeynDr ya:gxaMg.

CaTUeTA ksikmBwgEpkelITwkePg ehIyksikreFVIERsEtmgb:ueNaHkgmYyqaM. rdaPi)al minsUvpl;karKaMRT[)anlcMeBaHvisyksikmeLIy b:uEnpl;lTPaBeRcInkgkarBRgwgvisy]sSahmnigesvakmenAtMbn;TIRkug. CaTUeTA karkan;;kab;dIFIenATItaMgsikSamanTMhMticCagmYyhikta ehtu enHsRmab;ksikrPaKeRcIn kareFVIERsRKan;EtedIm,IciBawmRkBHCaCagkareFVIERsedIm,Ilk;ykR)ak;. ksikrTaMgLayNaEdl)anGnuvtkareFVIERstamEbb b>v>s> )an[dwgfaTinplRsUvrbs;BYkeK)an

ekIneLIg CamFmRbmaNCa 50kgeBlRbmUlplmgebIeFobCamYykareFVIERstamTmab;cas; ehIy b>v>s> )anbegInkRmitPaBRKb;RKan;ntRmUvkareRbIR)as;enAkRmitRKYsar. bcb,nenH enA km


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| Oxfam America 4rbkKMehIjnvisalPaBeynDrcMeBaHkarGnuvtRbBnRbBlvb,kmdMNaMRsUv b>v>s enAkmv>s> BI Ggkaresdak nigBIPak;garpSBVpSaybeckeTsksikmdTeTot. kalBImunksikrRsI nigksikr

bursCYyeFVIkickarKaCaeRcInenAkgkareFVIERstamEbbRbBNI. eTaHCa y:agNakeday CaTUeTAbursCaGkerobcMdIFI rIRsIvijBYkeKeRcInCaGkerobcMsMNab nigeFVIesA. cMeBaHkickarTaMgLayepSgeTot dUcCa karRbmUlpl kardksMNab karsg CaTUeTARsI nigburs eRcInCYyKaeTAvijeTAmk. karEbgEckkargarBMumankarpas;breRcIneLIy enAeBlEdlBYkeKGnuvt kareFVIERstamEbb b>v>s eTaHbICamansBaaeRcIneLIgEdls[eXIjfa karsg-dk RtU v)aneK Tuk[ksikrRsIEdlmanvycMNas;CaGkeFVI ehIyksikrbursminsUvCYyEckrMElkkargareLIy. karsikSaenHkbgaj[eXIjpgEdrfa brimaNkargar nigkargarFn;nkardksMNab nigkarerob cMsMNab)ancuHfy ehtuenHRsImaneBlbEnmeTotsRmab;eFVIkickarpH sIuQlenAtamksidandT nigrkrbrciBawmCIvitenACMuvijbrievNpH. m:agvijeTot cMeBaHbursvij kargarerobcMdIFIkan;EtRtUv eRbIBlkmeRcInedaysarkarerobcMfalsMNabRtUveFVIy:agm:tct; ehIykareFVIesA ktRmUv[RsI cMNayeBleRcInpgEdr.

RsICaGkGnuvt)an[dwgfa R)ak;EdlsnSMBIkarTijBUC nigTijCI KWCaplcMeNjcm,g Edl BYkeK)anTTYlBIkareFVIERstamEbb b>v>s> ehIyTaMgRsI nigburs )anTTYlsal;fakareFVIERsEbb enHeFVI[TTYl)anTinplxv>s> k)anniyaypgEdrfa BYkeKRtUvcMNayeBleRcInkgkareFVIesA RtUverobcMdIm:t;ct;CagkareFVItamEbbRbBNI ehIykarRKb;RKgTwk nigrebobsgmanlkNsKsaj Edl TaMgenH KWCakarlM)aknkareFVIERstamEbb b>v>s>. RsIemRKYsarmYycMnYnCYbkarlM)ak edaysar BYkeKminsUvmanlTPaBkgkar)anTTYlkarCYyeRCamERCgBIburskgkarerobcMdI ehIyRtUvBwgEpk ya:gxaMgelIkarRbvas;dKaeTAvijeTAmkkgkareFVIERs. viFIykdKaeTAvijeTAmkTaMgenH BMuEmn suTEtFanafaKUPaKIRbvas;dEdlshkarKasuTEtyl;dwgGMBIviFI b>v>s> enaHeT.

karceRmccitGMBIkarGnuvtkareFVIERstamEbbb>v>s>rvagRsI ni gbursminsUvmanPaBtan twgeLIyehIyxusBIkarrMBwgmunenH. RsIGnuvtPaKeRcIn)an[dwgfa RKYsar bIrbs;BYkKat; KaMRT karseRmccitrbs;RbBnkgkarGnuvtbeckviTafI.GkGnuvtmunmYycMnYnmanlTPaBkgkarbBaHbBalbIbRbBnEdlenAmankarsgSytamryPstagnkMeNInTinplRsUv. kgkrNIxHeTot bursCabITMngCaminsUvcab;GarmN_elIkareFVIERs CaTUeTArab;TaMgb>v>s>pgEdr PaKeRcInedaysar BYkeKmanlTPaBbegInR)ak;cMNUlBImuxrbrminEmnksikm.

ksikrpSBVpSay Pak;garpSBVpSayksikmrbs;esdak kgkRmitticCag)aneFVIkarbN H bNalksikrEdlPaKeRcInCaRsIGMBICMhanTaMg 12nkareFVIERstamEbbb>v>sKYbpSMCamYyvKbN H bNalCMnajsRmab;karciBawmCIvitenAkgbrievNpHsEm,g dUcCakarciBawmRtI karciBawm man;-Ta nig kardaMbEnCaedIm. karbegItRkumsnSM nigkarbNHbNalGMBIkarciBawmCIvitkgbrievNpHsEm,g )anedIrtYCameFa)aydmanRbsiTiPaBkgkareRCIserIs nigcuHeQaHcUleronrbs;RsIkgkareFVIERs tamEbbb>v>s> eRBaHfakarciBawmCIvitEbbenHmanRbsiTiPaBy:ageRcInCamYysanPaBBIkMeNItrbs; RsI kgkarRKb;RKgcMNUlRKYsar nigGtsBaaNRsIenAkgPUmi. kargarenH pl;sac;R)ak; nigcMNUl cMeBaHmuxcMeBaHRsIvycMNas;EdlenAeFVIkarenAkgPUmiehIykan;EtmansarsMxan;eRBaHfakareFVIERsrbs;ksikrCaeRcInenAmanlkNCakarciBawmRkBHCacm,g ehIyKanlkNBaNiCkmeLIy. karKYbpSMkareFVIERstamEbbb>v>s>CamYyTMnukcitRbkbedayfamBlTaMgenHkmanmuxgarkgkarelIkkmv>s>eTAkan;PUmidTeTotpgEdr.

eTaHCay:agNakeday BYkeKkMBugGnuvtsVyPaBrbs;xnenAk gRkbxNmYy EdlTMngCa vivteTArktYnaTIminsMxan;



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5 Oxfam America | rbkKMehIjnvisalPaBeynDrcMeBaHkarGnuvtRbBnRbBlvb,kmdMNaMRsUv b>v>s enAkms>b:uEnmin)anedaHRsayCak;c,as;GMBIbBaaeynDr nigbBaaGMNac enAkgkareFVIERstamEbbb>v>s> nigkarciBawmCIvitenAkgbriyakassgm nigesdkicFMTUlay nig enAkgCIvPaBpal;xnrbs;RbCaCneLIy.

edaysarkarxVHkarKaMRTBIrdaPi)alkgeBlbcb,ncMeBaHvisyksikm nigkarekItmannUvkarrkR)ak;ciBawmCIviteRkABIkargarksikm bcb,nenHkareFVIERsedIrtYnaTICa :sMNaj;suvtiPaBnsnisuxes,g : EdlGnuBaat[smaCikRKYsarbnRbkbrbrciBawmCIviteRkABIEpkksikmGacmanlTPaBEdlfaGkPUmienACnbTkGacvilRtLb;eTArkkareFVIERsvij enAeBlEdlkarciBawmCIvitelIEpkminEmnksikm Fak;cuH benAeBlEdlcMNUlCasac;R)ak;minGacsRmbtamkareLIgfes,gGahar nigfRsUv. kareFVIksikm)ankayeTACaTIBwgGaRsysRmab;BlkrcMNakRsukenACnbT EdlmankRmitbmas; TIxv>s.

xageRkamenH CaGnusasn_nkarsikSasRmab;eKalneya)ay nigkarerobcMkmviFIrbs;GgkarGuksVamGaemrik1> EpkelImUldan nigkarelIkkm cUlrYmCamYyGaCJaFrmUldan nigcUlrYmCamYyGgkarminEmnrdaPi)alkgkarpl;karKaMRTehdarcnasm cUlrYmCamYyburs nigelIkkm riHrklTPaBbegIt[manmuxrbrbEnmenAtamPUmiEdlGacsitesr ehIybglkN [RsIBRgIkkasrkR)ak;cMNUlX> edaHRsaybBaaeynDrBak;BnnigCYsCulvismFmenAkRmitRKYsar nigshKmn_ehIyCaBiessedaHRsaytRmUvkarkg

karciBawmCIvit nigtRmUvkareFVIksikmnRsI cMeBaHRsIemRKYsar2> cMeBaHkarelIkkmv>s> eKminKb,ICRmuj[ GnuvtdUcKanUvKMrUenHeTAtam

TICnbTeLIy. karksagEpnTI edIm,IkMNt;nigpl;GaTiPaBcMeBaH PUmi bRsukEdlkareFVIERstambeckeTs b>v>s> GacBitCabegIntmbEnm mansarsMxan; CaxaMgtamry 1elIkkmenAtamkEngEdlmankargarminEmnksikm nigkargarenATIRkugeRcIn fVIt,itEtGac edaHRsaytRmUvkarEpksnisuxes,gkIb:uEnminrMBwgfakareFV IERs nwgbegInskmPaB bminrMBwg fakareFVIERsrebobenHnwgRtUv)anBRgIkeLIykgsanPaBsBVfEdlrdminsUvpl;karKaMRT cMeBaHvisyksikmenaH.

3> ksagelImUldanncMeNHdwg nigCMnajbcb,n kareFVIERstamEbb b>v>s> nigeFVIsmahrNkm kargarenHCamYykarRKb;



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| Oxfam America 6rbkKMehIjnvisalPaBeynDrcMeBaHkarGnuvtRbBnRbBlvb,kmdMNaMRsUv b>v>s enAkm karksagsmtPaB b>v>s> enAtamPUmisannana minKb,IeFVICakmviFIeTaleLIy. pyeTAvij KeRmagnanaEpkksikm nig

minEmnksikmGacpl;meFa)ay nigkarbNHbNalFnFandl;burs nigRsIenACnbTGMBIkareFVIERstamEbb b>v>s kdUcCasiTi nigcMENkkgkarmankargareFVI CM najshRKin nigkarbNHbNalBak;BndTeTot EdleKGacerobcMtRmUveTAtambribTnkar ciBawmCIvitenAmUldan.bNajGgkarGnrTIPak;garnanaGacpl;kmviFIelIkkMBs;karciBawmCIvit cRmuH EdlGgkarnImYyGacrYmviPaKTaneTAtamsmtkicCak;lak;rbs;xn. EpkepSgn kmviFIenHKb,ImanmUldanEpkelIkarviPaKGMBItRmUvkarBlkmEdlmanRbsiTiPaB plitpl nig karKitKUrGMBIbnkkargar cMeNHdwg nigeBlevlaenAkgkarvaytmenAkgEpkTUlMTUlaymYy nesdkickgRsuk nigkarpas;brEbbEpnnkarciBawmCIvit.

5> begInsmtPaBrbs;esdakcMeBaHkarviPaKeynDr nigkarksagkmviFIeqIytbnwgeynDrtam rykarelIkkm


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7 Oxfam America | rbkKMehIjnvisalPaBeynDrcMeBaHkarGnuvtRbBnRbBlvb,kmdMNaMRsUv b>v>s enAkms>BIrbkKMehIjnvisalPaBeynDr. karvaytmGMBI b>v>s> enAkmv>s> nigkarvas; sg;TinplRsUvenAkgtMbn;eFVIkardaMduHtamEbb b>v>s>. edaysMKal;eXIjfamankarcab;GarmN_ nigkarelIkkmv>s>kMBugekIneLIg nigkMBugBRgIkenAkgtMbn;emKgeRkam sMxan;RtUvmankaryl; dwgkan;EtRbesIrGMBITidPaBsgmnplitkm CaBiessrab;TaMgeynDrpgEdr. KWkgnyenHehIy eTIbmankarsikSaenH.eKaledAnkarsikSakarsikSaenH maneKaledAeFVI[GgkarGuksVamGaemrikyl;dwgc,as;las;GMBIplb:HBal;nkarbrmk Gnuvtb>v>s> manTMnak;TMngelIEpkeynDr edIm,I[cMeNHdwgdsMxan;enHRtUv)aneRbIR)as;k gkar erobcMkmviFI nigkarerobcMyuTsaRs. CagenHeTotenaHkarsikSaenHKb,I

1> pl;karyl;dwgCamUldanelIEpk b>v>s> GMBIkmviFIkarciBawmCIvit nigsnisuxR)ak;cMNUl

2> vaytmplb:HBal;eRKagTuk nigmin)aneRKagTuknEpk b>v>s>nkmviFIkarciBawmCIvit nigsnisuxR)ak;cMNUlGMBITMnak;TMngeynDr.

sMNYrRsavRCav karRsavRCavenHRtUvepatelIkarviPaKGMBI

TMnak;TMngeynDrenATIkEngGnuvt b>v>s>\TiBlnkardak;[eRbI b>v>s> mkelITMnak;TMngeynDrkngmkbriyakassabn nigsmtPaBsanbnEpkeynDrenAkRmitmUldan sgm nigkRmitCati\TiBlnkardak;[eRbI nigkarGPivDn_bEnmnUv b>v>s> niglkxNsRmab;EklMGkmviFI Tak;TgnwgeynDr nigplb:HBal;cMeBaHkarksagkmviFIkarciBawmCIvitnigsnisuxR)ak;cMNUlbEnmenAtMbn;nigbNa RbeTsrgplb:HBal;nana CakEngEdlkMBugBRgIkkmviFIenH

karviPaKeynDr nigkarvaytmplb:HBal;Kb,IKitBicarNaGMBImuxgareynDr nigkarEbgEck kargarkdUcCalTPaB)anTTYlnigkarRKb;RKgelIFnFan nigR)ak;cMNUlRBmTaMgkarcUlrYmenA kgkarseRmccitnigkarcUlrYmkgsabn tamEbbbrimaNvisy nigKuNvisyenAkgshKmn_mUldan nigenAkgsgmTaMgmUl. sMNYrRsavRCav Edl)anelIkeLIgenAkgkarsikSaenH rYmman1> enAkmv>s>? etIkarplitdMNaMRsUvmanlkNBiessGVIxHenA tammUldanEdlmankarENnaM[eFVIERstambeckeTsb>v>s> cUrbBaak;GMBIviFIEbgEckkar garepSgKacMeBaHsmaCik RKYsarnigbBaak;mUlehtu nigbgajviFIpas;brPar

kicTaMg enaHeTAtamrdUvkal eBl em:agRbcaMf nigviFIsaRsplitdMNaMRsUvenH.2> etI b>v>s> man\TiBlGVIeTAelIKuNPaB eBalKWRbePTnBlkm nigbeckviTaEdl)an eRbIR)as;nFatucUlEpkBlkmrbs;bursnigRsI? etIkarpas;brnanaenAkgRbBnnigcMNg Tak;TgTaMgLaykgkarplitmanplb:HBal;y:agdUcemcmkelIRsI nigburs?

3> etIFnFanksikm cMeNHdwgbeckeTs nigesvaRKaMRTNaxH \NTan esvapSBVpSay nig karbNHbNalEdlRsInigbursmanlTPaB)anTTYl? etIRsI nigbursmanlTPaB)an TTYlFnFan nigesvaplitkmb:unan?

4> enAkRmitRKYsar etInrNaCaGkseRmccitkgkarGnuvt b>v>s>burs?RsI?TaMgBIrnak;?? enAkRmitshKmn_ nrNamanmuxgarsMxan;kgkareelIkkMBs; b>v>s>? etIPaBxusKaEpk eynDrmanGVIxHGMBI cMNUlcit tRmUvkar niglkN

vinicykgkarkMNt;fa etIRtUvvinieyaK bminvinieyaK elIb>v>s? ehIyetIRbkarenHmanplb:HBal;y:agdUcemc fa



9/68

| Oxfam America 8rbkKMehIjnvisalPaBeynDrcMeBaHkarGnuvtRbBnRbBlvb,kmdMNaMRsUv b>v>s enAkmv>s> ehIyetIBYkeKcUlrYmy:agdUcemc? enAkgRKYsar bshKmn_ manTMnas;EdrbeT? Rbsinman etIeKedaHRsayTMnas;TaMgenaHy:agdUcemc?

5> PstagbgajfaviFIsaRs b>v>s>kat;bnycMNayplitkm eFVI[ksikr)anTTYlR)ak; cMeNjx karsikSananak)anrkeXIjpgEdrnUvktaxagRkA EdlTak;TgnwgkarGPivDn_FnFanmnusS rYmmankarcat;taMgsgm

TIpSarBlkm karpl;tmdl;xng kRmitnskmPaBEdlGk cUlrYmyl;eXIjedayxng karGPivDn_GMBICMnajEdlGacepr)an kasGb;rM karERb RbYlFatuGakas nigbrisanCaedIm manTMnak;TMngCamYykarGnuvtviFIsaRsb>v>s. etIkta xageRkATaMgenHmanlkNxusKay:agdUcemcrvagbursnigRsI? enAkm karBinitemIlksarEdlmanRsab;

eKalbMNgnkarBinitenH KWedIm,IbgajTidPaBTUeTAnkarCECkEvkEjk nigbBaananasIBIRbBnRbBlvb,kmdMNaMRsUvb>v>s> nigCaBiessedIm,IksagTMnak;TMgCamYyeynDrCakBak;sRmab;emIl kareqIytb nigplb:HBal;epSgKankarGnuvtb>v>s> mkelICIvPaBrs;enArbs;ksikr. EpkTImYynkarBinitenHnwgBiPakSaGMBIkarCECkEvkEjkBak;Bn b:uEnmansPaBTUeTAenAkgksarGMBIkarGnuvtb>v>s> edayykkmv>s>. EpkTIBIrnkarBinitenH nwgBiPakSaGMBIbBaaeynDrkgksikmdMNaMRsUvenAkgksarEdlmanRsab; ehIyCamYyKaenHyk eynDr nigksikmeTAdak;bBalkgkarpas;brFMTUlayEdldMeNIrkarenAkgRbeTskMBugGPivDdUc RbeTskmv>s> Edl)anTTYlkarbNHbNaledayesdakcab;taMgBIqaM 2000 mk.

karCECkEvkEjkenAkgksarsIBI b>v>s> Tinpl Blkm nigkarGnuvtRbBnRbBlvb,kmdMNaMRsUvRtUv)andak;[GnuvtCaRbBnmYyepSgcMeBaHkareFVIERs EdlRbBnenH RtUv)anbegIteLIgnUvRbeTsm:adahasa enAedImTsvtS 1980 edaybuBVCiteysU elak Fr Henri de LaulanieEdleFVIkarCamYyksikr m:adahasaedIm,IbegInplitkmRsUv. sBVf RbBnplitkm EbbenHkMBugRtUv)anBRgIkedayGgkarminEmnrdaPi)alenAm:adahasamYymaneQaHfa smaKm ethVIsNa Association of Tefy Saina ehIyRtUv)anelIkkmv>s>KWCa RbBnRKb;RKgdI nigrukCatisIBIkardaMdMNaMRsUvEdlmaneKalbMNgbeBajskanuBl FmCatindMNaMenHtamrysMNMuEbbEpnnkardaMduHmYy. eKalkarN_nkarRKb;RKgb>v>s>man dUcxageRkam(Anthofer, 2004a):

RsUvBMuEmnCarukCatiTwkeLIysMNab)at;bg;skanuBllUtlas;CaxaMg RbsinebIeKdkykeTAsgenAeBlEdlsMNab enaHmanGayueRcInCag15f eRkayeBlecjBnkKb,Ikat;bnykareFVI[b:HBal;dl;sMNab edaysarkardkecjBIfalsMNab rYcykeTA sgenAkgERskarrkSacenaHKum


10/68

9 Oxfam America | rbkKMehIjnvisalPaBeynDrcMeBaHkarGnuvtRbBnRbBlvb,kmdMNaMRsUv b>v>s enAkmv>s> pl;GtRbeyaCn_eRcIny:ag pl;Tinplx )anbgajfaTinpl)anekIneLIgBI 1>629KRk kgmYyhikta cMeBaHkareFVIERstamEbbRbBNITinpl)an 2>289 KRkkgmYyhikta cMeBaHkareFVIERstamEbbb>v>s>mankMeNIn 660KRkkgmYyhiktabmankMeNIn41(tamksarrbs;Anthofer, 2004a/b). karsikSamYyeTot)anrkeXIjfa ksikrkmv>s>eFobnwgTinplmFm 1/7etan kgmYyhikta (eyagksarrbs; Uphoff,2002). GkRsavRCavrbs;esdakRbkasfaCamFmTinplBIkarGnuvt beckeTsb>v>s> pl;TinplRsUvCamFmcMnYn 2/75etankgmYyhiktaeFob nwgTinplcMnYn 1/34etankgmYyhiktacMeBaHkardaMtamEbbRbBNI(eyagksarrbs;Tech, 2004)1.

eTaHCay:agNakeday eKenAEtmanTan;yl;c,as;GMBIkMeNInTinplEdl)anTTYlBIr)aykarN_ b>v>s>. enAkgr)aykarN_mYy GksikSaRsavRCavGHGagfaKanTinnyEdlTak;TgnwgdMNaMrukCati kareFVIBiesaFn_kMhussiti kalbriecTdaMduHnigRbmUlpl RbePTdI kareRbICI karkMcat;esA karRKb; RKgCmWkarkMcat;stVlit karRKb;RKgTwk nigFatuGakaseLIy eyagtamksarrbs;Sheehy et al, 2004a. enAkgr)aykarN_mYyeTot kareRbobeFoblTplbIkEngenARbeTscinrvagRbBneFVI ERstamEBbRbBNI nigRbBnRKb;RKgtamEbbb>v>s> bgajfab>v>s>Kan]tmPaBelIRbBn RbBNIeLIyehIyfar)aykarN_sIBITinplxv>s>GacsRmab;eRbIcMeBaHksikrEdlminsUvmanFnFanehIymandIERsminledaykarbrBIkareFVIERslic TwkCaRbcaMeTACakareRsacRsb;

minCab;lab;. eTaHCay:agNakeday kareFVIEbbenHminTMngCa begInplitkmRsUvenAkgRbBndaMRsUvtamEbbGtiplelIdIEdlmanKuNPaBleLIy.

Blkm KWCacMNucTMnas;mYyeTotenAkgkarCECkEvkEjkGMBIkarGnuvtb>v>s>. enAkgkarsikSa GMBIksikrm:adahasa elakMoser nig Barett (2002; 2006) )anrkeXIjfamanGRtaGnuvttictYc b:ueNaHeTaHCamankarsnSMFatucUl ehIybegIn

TinplBIr bbIdgBImUldanTabkI CamFm 2 etan kgmYyhikta bticCagenH. karGnuvttictYckedaysarEt b>v>s>tRmUv[eRbIBlkmeRcIn xNEdlksikrRtUveTAeFVIERs[eKedIm,IykR)ak;Ql. cMNaykasnBlkmmankRmitxv>s>. ]bsKcMeBaHkarGnuvtrYmmancMNaykas edaysarcMNayBlkmy:ageRcInkgkareFVIesA nigCMnajminc,as;las;kgkarRKb;RKgTwk nigdI.

1taragsegb 13 RbeTsEdlGnuvtbeckeTs b>v>s> )anraykarN_GMBIkMeNInTinpl eyagksarrbs;Uphoff, 2007



11/68

| Oxfam America 10rbkKMehIjnvisalPaBeynDrcMeBaHkarGnuvtRbBnRbBlvb,kmdMNaMRsUv b>v>s enAkmv>s>)anTTYl pleRcInBIbeckeTsenH eRBaHfakRmitnkarRbQmmuxcMeBaHkarxUcxatrbs;BYkeKmantic tYc ehIyBYkeKeRcInCamuxsBaaTTYlplBIskmPaBpSBVpSayeFobnwgksikrRkIRk(eyagksarrbs;Anthofer, 2004a; Uphoff, 2007).

karsikSa nigkarBiPakSaEvkEjkGMBIRbsiTiPaB famPaBnkarGnuvtnigplitPaBnb>v>s> )an RbRBwteTAy:agTUlMTUlayelImUldanRbBNInkarRsavRCavEbbbrimaNvisy nigviPaKrkcMNuc viCman. karsikSanigkarEvkEjkTaMgenH)andak;[plitkmmYydac;edayELkedIm,IeFVI Cakta nkarviPaK eBalKW FatucUlEpkBlkmcMeBaHkareFVIERsb)ansikSaRKYsaredayELk bksikr nImYyEdlcUlrYmenAkgviFIeFVIERstamEbbb>v>s> btamEbbRbBNI nigtamrykarbUksiti)an BNna beFVI[yl;GMBIlMnaMnana. PaKeRcInnkarsikSaTaMgenHxVHnUvRbBnTUlaymYy nigxVHTsSn EpkbribT nigxVHPaBmanRbtikmtbCamYydMeNIrkarpas;brTUlMTUlay. enAkgkarsikSaGMBI dMeNIrkarGnuvt b>v>s>TaMgenHRKYsarksikr ksikrburs nigksikrRsI CaerOyRtUv)anpac;ecj BIbribT nigRtUv)andak;[dac;edayELkBIsanPaB nigninakarTUeTAnkarERbRbYlesdkicCnbT. ]TahrN_ karCECkEvkEjkrvagGkviTasaRsGMBIRbsiTiPaB GMBIfamPaBnkarGnuvt nigGMBI plitPaBn b>v>s> man

karniyay bsresrtictYcb:ueNaHGMBIkar Gnuvtb>v>s> kgbribTn kRmitBiBiFkmcMeBaHkarciBawmCIvitbcb,n2

kdUcCarebobkekItenAkg bribTnkarERbRbYlTUeTAenAkmv>s> mkelI ksikrRsI nigksikrburs. edIm,IedaHRsaykgVHxatenH karBinitemIlsareLIgvijenH maneKal edAkMNt;TItaMg nigBiPakSaGMBIkarGnuvtb>v>s>enAkgKMrUsgm-esdkicTUlMTUlaynkarERbRbYl rbs;kmv>s>cMeBaHksikr nigplitkmdMNaMCaTUeTA.

karGnuvtb>v>s> kareFVIBiBiFkmcMeBaHkargarciBawmCIvit nigeynDrkgkarERbmuxmat; RbeTskmv>s> dMeNIrkarkargar lkxNbeckeTs TMhMnplitPaB nigplb:HBal;nviFIdaMduH enHGacRtUv)aneKyl;)ankan;EteBjelj GMBICeRmIsnanankargarciBawmCIvitrbs;RbCaBlrd. kargarciBawmCIvitrYmmanRTBFnskmPaB niglTPaBmanFnFannigskmPaBTaMgenHEdlTMnak; TMngsgm nigsabnCaktaCYy[mancMNucTaMgBIrenHEdlktaTaMgBIrkMNt;karrs;enAEdlbuKl bRKYsarnImYy)anTTYl(Ellis, 2000:10). yuTsaRsciBawmCIvit KWCameFa)ayTaMgLay EdlsmaCikRKYsarekogKrMsmarFnFanmnusS nigFnFansgm edIm,IbMeBjtRmUvkar rbs;xn kgenaHrYmmankarplitedIm,IciBawmRkBHedIm,I[mankareFVIedayxng nigedIm,I)anTTYl R)ak;QlBlkm (Kabeernig Tran Thi Van Anh, 2002). yuTsaRsTaMgenHGacrYmmankareRbI beckviTaTMenIbkgkareFVIksikm. eTaHCay:agNakeday minEmnRKYsarCnbT nigksikrTaMg LaysuTEtmanlTPaBkgkarmanFnFan nigkasdUcKakgkarcUlrYmkgskmPaBdUcKa b TTYlplBIkarciBawmCIvitdUcKaeLIy.eynDr KWCaRbePTcm,gmYyEdlmansarRbeyaCn_kg karedaHRsayTidPaB nigplb:HBal;xusKacMeBaHkarGnuvtbeckviTafIkgkareFVIksikm dUckrNI b>v>s> eLIy.

Bakfa eynDr sMedAdl;muxgar FnFan nigkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;bursnigRsIeenAkgsgmeRBaHfa TaMgGs;enHmanTMnak;TMngCamYyKa. Scott (1988) bgajfa eynDrerobcMral;CIvitkgsgmeTAtam sBaaNxHGMBIPaBxusKaxagpvePT ehIyfaenAkgsgmnigvb,FmmanGtsBaaNRsInigGt sBaaNburs. ehtuenH sBaaNsIBI\TiBlneynDrmkelIkareRbIR)as;FnFandUcCa ksikmCa edImmannyfa manKMnitCak;lak;GMBIGVIEdlbegItCakargarksikmRsI nigburs. muxgarTaMgenH min)anTTYledaykgenaHeTb:uEnmanenAkgsgmERbRbYltamkaleTs nigTIkEngxusKa eTAtamkarERbRbYlKuNtmkarGnuvt

2 eTaHCay:agNakI karsikSarbs; Mosernig Barett (2002, 2006) manlkNRsedogbMput CakarsikSaEdl)anesIub GegtkarGnuvt b>v>s> eFobCamYykargarminEmnksikmmanR)ak;Ql



12/68

11 Oxfam America | rbkKMehIjnvisalPaBeynDrcMeBaHkarGnuvtRbBnRbBlvb,kmdMNaMRsUv b>v>s enAkm


13/68

| Oxfam America 12rbkKMehIjnvisalPaBeynDrcMeBaHkarGnuvtRbBnRbBlvb,kmdMNaMRsUv b>v>s enAkm


14/68

13 Oxfam America | rbkKMehIjnvisalPaBeynDrcMeBaHkarGnuvtRbBnRbBlvb,kmdMNaMRsUv b>v>s enAkmv>s>karbgaj bribTTUeTAnkarERbRbYlesdkicCnbTenAkm


15/68



16/68

15 Oxfam America | rbkKMehIjnvisalPaBeynDrcMeBaHkarGnuvtRbBnRbBlvb,kmdMNaMRsUv b>v>s enAkmv>s> enAtambNaextmYycMnYnenAkmv>s> eFobCamYyKMrUsgm esdkicrYmCamYyfamPaBniglT plsKsajEdlkMNt;karGnuvt nigplb:HBal;nviFIenH.

K> viFIsaRskarRsavRCavenH)aneRbIviFIsaRscRmuHCakarKYbpSMrvagviFIRsavRCavEbbKuNPaB nig brimaN kgkarRbmUlnigviPaKTinnyelIEpkBIry:agnr)aykarN_enH1plb:HBal;nksikmtamb>v>s mkelITMnak;TMngeynDr nig 2dMeNIrkarGnuvtkmviFI.karsikSavaytmenH EckecjCakarRbmUlTinnyBIrdMNak;kal nig dMeNIkarviPaKenAdMNak;kal dMbUgkarsikSa)aneRbIkrNIsikSaEdlEckecjCaBIrkrNI EdlCakarsikSaeRbobeFobPUmiBIrenARsuk cMnYnBIr RsukmYyenAextkNalEdlmancritCaTI

RbCMuCn ehIymanTItaMgsitenACab;raCFanIPMeBj RsukmYyeTotenAextkMBg;qaMgEdlminsUvmancritCaTIRkug ehIysitenAqayBIraCFanI. TIkEng RsavRCavenAkgdMNak;kalenHmYyRkum KWPUmiCRguk PUmiGUr nig PUmiebgenARsukGgslextkNal ehIymYyRkumeTot KWenAPUmiRtBaMgK PUmiGUrrUgkgextkMBg;qaMg.

dMNak;kalbnab; KWkareFVIGegtedaycab;cdn edayeRbITMhMsMNaksmamaRtRbU)ab lIet elI mUldancat;CaRkumkgextnImYyEdlGgkaresdak)aneFVIkarbNHbNalGMBIb>v>s>nigbegItRkum ksikrGnuvt. Gkpl;cemIycMeBaHkarGegtenHRtUv)anerobcMCafak;eTAtameynDr. karGegtenH manTMhMsMNaksrubcMnYn 648 CaGkpl;cemIy EbgEckesIKarvagGkpl;cemIyburs nigRsImk BIextmYycMnYn KWkNal 182nak; kMBg;cam 44nak; extkMBg;qaMg 170nak; kMBg;sv>s nigGMBIvisalPaBnkarGnuvtenAkmv>s kdUcCaksikrRsIGnuvtn_b>v>s>suTsaFpgEdr. BIrPaKbI nkar

smasn_sIuCeRmAcMeBaHbuKlk)anGnuvtcMeBaHGkGnuvtnigminGnuvtb>v>sTaMgRsInigburs enAkgPUmiTaMgenHpgEdr. CagenHeTotenaH karGegtsMNakEdlmaneKaledACak;lak;)anRbRBwt eTAcMeBaHGkGnuvt b>v>s>cMnYn 57 nak; CaGkpl;cemIyenAPUminananextkNal nig GkGnuvt b>v>s> 64 nak; enAPUmimYycMnYnenAextkMBg;qaMg.

viFIRsavRCavtamrykrNIsikSa)aneRbIdMNak;kalTImYy edaykarBnl;CMhandMbUgelIbBaaKnwH nigxwmsarnanasIBIkarGnuvtnigplb:HBal;Cak;lak;mkelI;eynDrnkmviFIb>v>s>. viFIenH)an kMNt;nigbBaak;GMBIlMnaMpvsMxan;nkarviPaKEdlRtUvGnuvtbn nigGefrsMxan;EdlGegtTUTaMg kmviFIelIkeRkaycaM)ac;RtUvBicarNaCaEpkmYynKMrUGegtrbs;x n. BtmannigkarBicarNaCMhan dMbUgRbmUl)anBIdMNak;kalTImYynkarRsavRCavKWCaKnwHcMeBaHkarerobcMGegtcdnTUTaMgkmviFI enAkgdMNak;kalTIBIr. bEnmBIelIenH viFIsaRseRbobeFob)anbglkN[GkRsavRCavsikSa y:agm:t;ct;GMBI\TiBleFobnlMnaM

FanIPavUbnIykmxusKamkelIkareFVIksikm mkelIR)ak;cMNUlclnaBlkarI yuTsaRsciBawmCIvitrbs;RbCaCnmUldan nig



17/68

| Oxfam America 16rbkKMehIjnvisalPaBeynDrcMeBaHkarGnuvtRbBnRbBlvb,kmdMNaMRsUv b>v>s enAkmv>s>enAPUmiTaMgR)aMkgdMNak;kalTImYy. enA dMNak;kalTIBIrcMnYnsMNakmanlkNsmamaRtCamYy

cMnYnGkGnuvtb>v>s>rbs;esdakenAtam bNaextnanaenATUTaMgRbeTs. PaBcdnnkareRCIserIsGkpl;cemIyRtUv)anFanaeday karkMNt;CamunnUveQaHmuxsBaaEdlRtUvpl;cemIIy nigGkCMnYsenAkgextmYyEdlGkTaMgBIrRtUv )aneRCIserIstamrykareRbItaragelxcdn.

enAkgkarsresrr)aykarN_enH RkumRsavRCav)anBinitemIlksarCafIeLIgvijGMBIGtbTeKal neya)aypvkar nigBinitemIlTinnybnab;bnSM Biessepgpat; nigbBaak;GMBIkarpas;bresdkic sgmkic RbCasaRs nigehdarcnasm1 RbvtisegbnkmviFIGnuvt b>v>s>rbs;esdakenAkmv>s>KWCa viFIsaRsdaMRsUvEbbfIEdleK)ansMeyaKenARbeTs m:adahasa kalBITsvtSr_1980. esdakEdlCaGgkarminEmnrdaPi)alkgRsuk)andak;[eRbIenAkm000 Gk. kgqaMdEdl b>v>s> RtUv)andak;bBaleTAkgEpnkarGPivDCati 2006-2010.karGnuvtn_ nigelIkkmv>s> 65>000 nak;enA 1>827 PUmi nig 15

extenAkm000 enAkmv>s>4 sYn esg :karvaytmplb:HBal;nkmviFIGPivDn_CnbTrbs;esdak : KankalbriecT



18/68

17 Oxfam America | rbkKMehIjnvisalPaBeynDrcMeBaHkarGnuvtRbBnRbBlvb,kmdMNaMRsUv b>v>s enAkmv>s> EdlelIkkMBs;edayesdak.CMhanTaMgenaHrYmman

karerobcMdI[)anesIl

kareRCIserIsBUCkarsgelIfalmansMeNIm nig esIlkareRCIssMNabEdlmanedImefaslkarsgsMNabEdlmanGayutickarsgsMNabmYyedImkarsgrak;karsgragCakaersngXatqayBIKa

bBalTwk nig beBajTwkqas;KaeFVIesAdak;sarFatuciBawm BiessCIsrIrag

eTaHCay:agNakIkarkMNt;nyGMBIGkGnuvt b>v>s> minEmngayRsYleLIy. esdak)ankMNt;y:agm:t;ct;GMBIRBMEdnrvagGkGnuvtnigminGnuvtb>v>s>. EpkelIksarvaytm rbs;esdakkalBIeBlfIenH esdakTTYlsal;fab>v>s>RtUv)ankMNt;elIkdMbUg nigsMxan;bMput edayeyagtamCMhanTaMgdb;BIr Edl)anbBaak;BIxagedIm. ehtuenH ksikrPaKeRcInkMNt;viFIsaRs b>v>s> edayEpkelIkarGnuvtnUvCMhanmYycMnYnnCMhanTaMg 12 . karsikSarbs; esdak)a:n;sanfa CamFmGkeFVIERstamEbbb>v>s>GnuelamtameKalkarN_)anBI 3-12 CMhan. bNaCMhanEdleKniymGnuvttam KW1eRbIsMNabEdlmanGayutic 2sgCaragkaer nig 3 sgelIdIrabesInigmansMeNIm. karEjkecjnUvcMNucTaMgbIenHKW

CasBaasMKal;nkar Gnuvtb>v>s> eTaHCay:agNakI BMuEmnKankaryl;RBmkgcMeNamksikr nigPak;garpSBVpSayrbs;esdakenaHeT. ecogCagCab;pugedaysar tRmUv[mankarkMNt;nyCapvkarGMBIGkGnuvt b>v>s> karsikSaenHBinitemIlkarGnuvtrbs;ksikrkg eBlbcb,neFVICacMNuccab;epImnkar viPaK.karsikSavaytmcMnYnbYnmunenH EdlkarsikSavaytmcMnYnbIeFVIeLIgedayesdak nigmYyeFV I edayCI FIhSiit (GTZ)enAcenaHqaM 2003 nig 2008 EdlbBaak;dUcKaGMBIkarekIneLIgnUvTinpl nigpl BIR)ak;cMNUlEdlksikr b>v>s>)anTTYl.karsikSavaytmTaMgenaHrYmman

kartamdanksikr 120 nak;enAqaM 2003 edayesdakbgajfaCamYyviFIsaRs b>v>s> TinplRsUvekInCamFmBI2/75 etanhikta eFobnwgTinplnkareFVIERstamEbb RbBNI 1/34 etanhikta 5 .

karsikSarbs;esdakenAedImqaM 2007 Edl)ansmasn_ 2/304 RKYsarksikrEdl)an shkarCamUyGgkar )anrkeXIjfakgcMeNamGkGnuvtb>v>s> 25ncMnYnsrubEdl )anGnuvtbeckeTsTaMgenHenAelIdIERsPaKeRcInrbs;xn plitkmRsUvRKYsar)anekIneLIg RbEhl 110 PaKry6 CamFm.karsikSarbs;esdak7 )anRbRBwteTAenA Ex vicika qaM 2007 rhU tdl; Ex mIna qaM 2008 elIRKYsarsMNakcMnYn 640kgenaH 348 Gnuvt b>v>s> nig 292 minGnuvt b>v>s> )anrk eXIjfa kalBIcugrdUvGkGnuvt b>v>s> CamFm)anTTYlpl 2>196 etan hikta b ekIneLIg 17 eFobCamYyRKYsarEdlminGnuvt b>v>s>. karsikSaenHk)an

5 kumar-y:g; :bTBiesaFn_CamYyRbBlvb,kmdMNaMRsUvenAkmv>s>enAkm


19/68

| Oxfam America 18rbkKMehIjnvisalPaBeynDrcMeBaHkarGnuvtRbBnRbBlvb,kmdMNaMRsUv b>v>s enAkm289 KRkhikta cMeBaHviFItamEbb b>v>s>.rbkKMehIjpal;rbs;eyIgBIkarsmasn_CamYyksikrGnuvtbeckeTs b>v>s> ryeBlbI qaMmanlkNRbhak;RbEhlnwgkarsikSarbs;esdak nig karsikSarbs;CIFIhSitqaM 2004 Edr. ksikrRbmaNCa 75 PaKry mankMeNInTinplCamFmticCag 50 elIdIERsdUcKa kgryeBlbIqaMnkarGnuvttamEbb b>v>s> sUmemIlrUbTI 8.CagenHeTAeTotenaH dUckarsikSaEdl)anbBaak;xagelIkarsmasn_rbs;eyIgkbgaj[eXIjc,as;nUvpl RbeyaCn_rbs;ksikrtamrykarkat;bnyCI nig faMksikm nig kat;bnycMNayepSg.

1>2 karGnuvt nig minGnuvt b>v>s>BIsMNak;ksikr karprpgKaeTAvijeTAmkGMBITsSnvisyenAkgkarvaytmcugeRkaybMput2008esdakelIkeLIgnUvPaBminR)akdRbCa faehtuGVIebIeTaH Ca)anTTYlplBIkMeNInTinpl

nigkarkat;bnycMNayelIkarGnuvtb>v>s>rbs;ksikremckyWt em:H? CagenHeTAeTotenaHenAeBlEdlkarvaytmenaHerobrab;GMBIkarelIkkMBs;CaviCmancMeBaH RTBFnrbs;ksikrEdlGnuvtb>v>s>karvaytmenaHminGacPab;EppaTaMgenH faCalTplkgkarGnuvtbeckeTsb>v>s>eLIy. ehtuenHenAkgxwmsarsegbrbs;xn r)aykarN_enH)anBNnafakngmkksikrEdlGnuvtbeckeTs b>v>s>TTYl)anlTpllRbesIrCagksikrEdl minGnuvtb>v>s>TaMgpldac;xat nigCaPaKry. CamYyKaenHkmankarbgaj[eXIj pgEdr faksikrEdlGnuvtbeckeTsb>v>s>mankRmitCIvPaBrs;enARbesIrCagksikr EdlminGnuvttambeckeTsb>v>s>. eTaHCay:agNakeday enHKWCasanPaBbcb,n. eyIgKanTinnyedIm,IBnl;faetIGkGnuvtbeckeTsb>v>s> eFVIdUcemceTIbmankRmit CIvPaBlRbesIrkgkarvivtcugeRkay. eyIgminGaceqIyfaetImuneBlKeRmagcab;epIm Gnuvt ksikrb>v>s>mankRmitCIvPaBdUcksikrminGnuvtb>v>s>by:agNaenaH bfaksikrGnuvt

b>v>s>eTIbEtmankRmitCIvPaBlRbesIr cab;taMgBI)anshkarCamYy KeRmag by:agNaenaH bfaksikrGnuvtb>v>s>eTIbEtmankRmitCIvPaBlRbesIrcab; taMgBI)anshkarCamYyKeRmagbmYyksikrGnuvtb>v>s> bmYyfaetIKeRmagenHTak;TajGkEdlmanCIvPaB FUrFarenAkgshKmn_by:agNa (Ibid,6) .

xNEdlkarvaytmcugeRkayrbs;esdak )anRbmUlTinnyEdlmansarsMxan;manTMnak;TMng CamYyRKYsarGnuvt nigminGnuvtb>v>s>karvaytmenaHrkSaTsSnvisy nigkarviPaKrbs;xnRtwm RbBnnImYynplitkmRKYsar emIlrmgfahak;dUcCakarBitnUvTMnak;TMngnskmPaBciBawmCIvit nigyuTsaRsnanarbs;RKYsarCamYysmv>s>dUcCar)aykarN_enH elIkeLIgfa :>>>PaKeRcInnRKYsar

GnuvtnigminGnuvtb>v>s>manGaCIvkmpal;xn bmankarlk;dUr tictYc bmansmaCikRKYsareFVIkarenAeragcRkkat;edr. CaTUeTARKYsarCnbTPaKeRcInmankargar kgEpkminEmnksikmbmankargareFVIedayxng :. eRkABIenH r)aykarN_kt;smal;lkNpyKaGMBIsavtarrbs;GkGnuvtnigminGnuvtb>v>s> ehIyTajkarcab;GarmN_cMeBaHkaseRkABI ksikmnigkasesdkicelIsBIksikmCnbTCarYm. r)aykarN_kt;smal;fa GkminGnuvt b>v>s> manskmPaBeRkABIksikmCaskmPaBesdkiccMbgehIyBYkeKminsUvcab;GarmN_ elIkar eFVIksikmeLIy. m:agvijeTotGkGnuvtb>v>s>manmuxrbreFVIERsCaskmPaBesdkiccm,g rbs;xn.

eTaHCay:agNakedayCacugeRkay kgVHTsSnvisyviPaKTUlMTUlayEdlelIkykmkBicarNanUv GnrkalesdkicbEnmrbs;RKYsar nigGnrkalesdkickRmitmFmnigGnrkalRbCasaRsRBm TaMgkicGPivDn_dTeTot EdlkMhitr)aykarN_enHBIkar



20/68

19 Oxfam America | rbkKMehIjnvisalPaBeynDrcMeBaHkarGnuvtRbBnRbBlvb,kmdMNaMRsUv b>v>s enAkmv>s>.

eyIgGHGagfa karyl;dwgGMBIlMnaMnskmPaB nig yuTsaRsciBawmCIvitrbs;ksikrrab;TaMg\riyabf rbs;ksikrGnuvt nig

minGnuvtb>v>s>Kb,IBinitBYkeKenAkgesdkicneya)ayTUlayehIyBMuEmn sikSaRtwmEtTinplnigTMhMnplitkmksikmenaHeT. eyIgGHGagbnfa karyl;dwgGMBIskmPaB ciBawmCIvitxusKaEpkeynDr nig karpas;brCayuTsaRsEdlGnuvtedaysmaCikRKYsarrab;TaMg skmPaBTaMgLayNaEdlBak;BnCamYykarGnuvtb>v>s> rcnasm3> bribTTUeTAnGnrkal nigkarciBawmCIvitenAextkNal nigextkMBg;qaMgk FanIPavUbnIykmenAkm


21/68

| Oxfam America 20rbkKMehIjnvisalPaBeynDrcMeBaHkarGnuvtRbBnRbBlvb,kmdMNaMRsUv b>v>s enAkm104nak;enAkNal. R)aMmYyqaMeRkaymk enAqaM 2004 PMeBj nigkNalenAEtmancMnYnBlrd

cMNakRsukx429nak; sRmab;PMeBj nig 152>862nak; sRmab;extkNal(NIS, 2006)

.eTaHCarhUtmkdl;sBVfenHkIkm850 K>m> nigs371K>m> nig)ansg;sm> EdlCapvCati nigpvext(NIS, 2006). kardwkCBan nigkareFVIdMeNIredaym:UtUedayRbCaBlrdmUldanmansnH)anekIneLIgkan;EteRcIn edaysar

karBRgIkRbBnpvfl;. kMeNInnkareFVIdMeNIr eday yanyn BiessKW kareFVIdMeNIreday RbCaCnCnbTeTAkan;TIrYmext nig



22/68

21 Oxfam America | rbkKMehIjnvisalPaBeynDrcMeBaHkarGnuvtRbBnRbBlvb,kmdMNaMRsUv b>v>s enAkm1161995 1>620 5>179 653 4>809 19>080* 29>4592000 5>888 14>560 971 9>881 114>263 40>9582005 11>366 25>473 1711 15>363 288>153 55>507*m:UtUeTIbcuHeQaHenAqaM 1995. enHKWCatYelxRtwmRtUvCagcab;BIqaM 1990-94 enAqaM2005 m:UtYbUkbn TMngCaElgeRbIR)as;ekIt TinnyyktamviTasanCatisiti 2006 308-09

cMnYnrfyndwkCBanGkdMeNIrFuntUc rfyndwkTMnijFuntUc nigrfyndwkTMnijFunFMEdlCa meFa)aydwkCBansaFarNrbs;BlrdsamBaenAtambNaextnana enAeBleFVIdMeNIrBIRsukenA CnbTmkkan;TIRkugenATIRbCMuCnmeFa)ayTaMgGs;)anekIneLIy:ageRcIn kgryeBldb;R)aMqaMcug eRkay. karekIneLIgy:ageRcInnUvmU:tUCakmsiTikCn EdlCameFa)ayeFVIdMeNIrmYyeBjniym sRmab;kardwkCBanpal;xnTaMgenACnbTnigenATIRkug. kgryeBlR)aMqaMb:ueNaH 2001-2005 mU:tUfIEdl)ancuHbBaI)anekIneLIgbIdg.

epImecjBIsUcnakrGMBIGRtakMeNInRbCaCn esdkic nigdwkCBa nEdl)anBNnaxagelI)an bgaj ya:g;c,as;Nas;EdlfaTisedAnkarvinieyaK nigGaTiPaBGPivDn_manPaBlMeGogeTArktMbn; TIRkugnig esdkicTIRkug. vinieyaKsaFarNmanlkNRbmUlpMenAtMbn;TIRkug. eyagtamkar)a:n; sanmYy )an[dwgfakgryeBlR)aMqaMBIqaM1996-2001 tMbn;TIRkug)anTTYlvinieyaKsaFarN cMnYn 65 cMENk 35 eTotRtUv)anykeTAvinieyaKenAtMbn;CnbTeTaHCa90 nBlrd RkIRkrbs;km


23/68

| Oxfam America 22rbkKMehIjnvisalPaBeynDrcMeBaHkarGnuvtRbBnRbBlvb,kmdMNaMRsUv b>v>s enAkm521KILEm:Rt RkLa. kMBg;qaMg kRtUv)ancat;TukfaCaextCnbTpgEdr.

extkNalmancMnYnRbCaCneRcInCagextkMBg;qaMg. extkNalmanRbCaCncMnYn 1/26 lannak;enAqaM2008. EpkelIsg;darenAkm


24/68

23 Oxfam America | rbkKMehIjnvisalPaBeynDrcMeBaHkarGnuvtRbBnRbBlvb,kmdMNaMRsUv b>v>s enAkm 384 250> 640

X> nRKYsartamRbePTpH 2004

GciRny_ 56/3 21/9Bak;kNalGciRny_ 25/6 19/2beNaHGasn 18/1 58/9X> nRKYsarEdlmanePIgGKisnITIRkug 2004

11/6 3/6

RbPB Gegtsgmkic-esdkickm200hikta. GMBIsavtarsIBIkmsiTidIFI extTaMgBIrmansPaBxusKaCaxaMg. GRtarYmKa nRKYsarKandI nigmandIFItictYcmandIERsticCagmYyhiktaenAextkNal83mancMnYn x


25/68



26/68

25 Oxfam America | rbkKMehIjnvisalPaBeynDrcMeBaHkarGnuvtRbBnRbBlvb,kmdMNaMRsUv b>v>s enAkm900nak;. cMNucenH mannyfaextTaMgBIrmankMeNIn RbCaCnEdlmansnHcMNakRsukx862 26>393 363>429Burs 73>752 14>300 165>559RsI 79>110 12>093 197>870

RbPBTinny viTasanCatisiti2006

sitisgmenARsukBIrnextkNal nigkMBg;qaMgCasitisMxan;EdlRtUvBinit. RsukTaMgBIrenH KWCa RsuknPUmiTaMgR)aMEdlesdak)anGnuvtkmviFIGnraKmn_y:ageRcInGMBInirnrPaBn b>v>s> cab;taMgBIqaM2002mk.sUcnakrsgmEdl)anRbmUlBIRsukTaMgBIrenH RsukGgslenAextkNal nigRsukrlaebrenA extkMBg;qaMgbgaj[eXIjlkNc,as;las; nigfamPaBEdl)anBinitemIlmunenHnkarbUk srubnigviPaKenAfak;ext.

taragTI 8 sUcnakrsgmkic-esdkicenARsukGgsl nigrlaebrRsukGgslextkNal RsukrlaebrextkMBg;qaMg

kcMnYnRbCaCnsrub 108>248 92>544

x cMnYnRKYsar 20>335 19>722K ksikmRKYsar 16>559 17>758 XcMnYnRKYsareRbIR)as;RbBn eRsacRsBcMeBaHkargarksikm 3>362 3>777g cMnYnRKYsarKandI 1>722 897c cMnYnRKYsarmandIticCag 1 hikta 14>316 10>325q cMnYnGkeFVIkarCakmkreragcRk 6>024 3>399 C eFVIkarCaRsIkmkreragcRk 4>576 2>844 Q cMnYnBlrdcMNakRsuk 6>247 4>028

j cMnYnRsIcMNakRsuk 4>745 3>128t cMnYnGkmanGayuBI 18-60qaM EdlKankargareFVICaRbcaM nigEdl

KankargareFVI

2>669 3>202

f cMnYnRsIEdlmanGayuBI 18 - 60 qaM KankareFVICaRbcaM nigKankargareFVI 1>205 1>805



27/68

| Oxfam America 26rbkKMehIjnvisalPaBeynDrcMeBaHkarGnuvtRbBnRbBlvb,kmdMNaMRsUv b>v>s enAkmenAPUminanaenAextkNalnigkMBg;qaMg

GkniBn)aneFVIkarsmasn_Cabnbnab;CamYyRkummuxsBaaGkeFVIERstamEbbb>v>s> enAbIPUmin RsukGgslextkNal KWPUmiCRguk PUmiGU nigebg enAXMumak; nigPUmiBIreTot enARsukrlaebr ext kMBg;qaMeBal KWPUmiRtBaMgeKa nigPUmiGUrug enAXMuqarI.

xageRkamenH KWCasavtaxInPUmiTaMgenH.

PUmibIenAextkNal kgPUmisaRsXMumak;k PUmiCRguk KWCaPUmiksikmEdlmanRbCaCnrs;enAcMnYn 52RKYsar kgenaH 20RKYsar manRsICa emRKYsar. 47RKYsar manmux



28/68

27 Oxfam America | rbkKMehIjnvisalPaBeynDrcMeBaHkarGnuvtRbBnRbBlvb,kmdMNaMRsUv b>v>s enAkmv>s> 27RKYsar enAkgPUmienH kgcMeNam 47RKYsar EdlRbkbrbreFVIERsCa RKYsarEdlmanRsUvRKb;RKan;sRmab;TTYlTaneBjmYyqaM RKYsarmYycMnYntUcmanenAsl;RsUvtic tYc. R)aMRKYsarBwgEpkelIkarTijRsUvryeBlticCag3ExkgmYyqaMehIy 10RKYsareTot xVHRsUv nigBwgEpkelIkarTijGgrhUbBI 3-6Ex kgmYyqaM.edIm,IedaHRsaykgVHxatRsUvkgrdUvxVHxat RKYsarCaeRcIneFVIkarenAeRkAPUmiRsukenAtMbn;TIRkugeFVICa GkerIssRmamkmkrkat;edr nigCagsMNg;. RKYsarmYycMnYntUcbEnmR)ak;edIm,ITijRsUv EpkelI RbPBcMNUlEdl)anmkBIGaCIvkmman;-

Tabnicbnc.enAkgkicsmasn_CamYyRkumeKaledA GkcUlrYm)aneFVIcMNat;fak;skmPaBesdkicnanaeTAtam lMdab;sarsMxan;CaRbPBncMNUlsac;R)ak; 1RsIsmaCikRKYsareFVIkarenAeragcRkkat;edr 2 erIssRmamenATIRkug 3ciBawmman;enAkgPUmirbs;xn.b>v>s>RtUv)anesdakENnaM[GnuvtenAqaM 2003. fIenH man 14RKYsar Edl)anGnuvtviFIsaRs b>v>s> kgkardaMRsUvrbs;xn.x PUmiGUr CaPUmimYyEdlman 47RKYsar kgenaH 20RKY sar manRsICaemRKYsar. 42RKY sar Rbkbmuxrbrcm,gCaGkeFVIERs.R)aMRKYsarepSgeToteFVIkarminEmnksikmenAeRkAPUmi. 26 RKYsar )anraykarN_faBYkeKmandIticCagmYyhiktakmviFIsIlaqaM 2006. EpkelImUldann kicsmasn_rvagGkniBnCamYyRkumeKaledAEdlCaGkGnuvtb>v>s> enAkgPUmiman 5RKYsarEdl KandI. 5RKYsar manmuxrbrcm,gelIvisyminEmnksikmenAeRkAPUmi. BYkeKPaKeRcIneFVIkar kgvisysMNg;.

PUmienH BwgEpkelITwkePg eFVIERsmYyqaMmgenAkgPUmienHKanRbBneRsacRsBeLIy. CamFm karRbmUlplRbcaMqaM eyagtamkar[dwgrbs;Gkpl;kicsmasn_RsUvpl;pl 2etanhikta. eRkABImuxrbreFVIERsBYkeKmanskmPaBciBawmCIvitEpkksikmdTeTotenAkgPUmi dUcCa ciBawmRCUk man; daMbEn nigeFVIsretat.

eyagtamkicsmasn_RkumeKaledA kar)a:n;sanGMBIPaBRKb;RKan;cMeBaHRKYsarRbkbrbrksikmKW 27RKYsar manRsUvRKb;RKan;enAeBjmYyqaM RKYsarmYycMnYntUcGacmanenAsl;RsUvelIsBIesckI RtU vkarkgkarTTYlTan ksikr 5RKYsar CaTUeTAxVHRsUvticCag 3Ex ehIy 10RKYsar xVHRsUvBI bIeTAR)aMmYyExkgmYyqaM.

edIm,IbMeBjkgVHRsUvenArdUvxVHxat RKYsarcaM)ac;RtUvTijRsUvedayeRbIR)ak;cMNUlrbs;smaCikRKYsar EdlGacCakmkreFVIkarenAeragcRkkat;edr GkerIsMrammenATIRkug beFVIkarenAkgKeRmagsag sg;enAeRkAPUmi.enAkgkicsmasn_CamYyRkumeKaledA GkcUlrYm)ancat;fak;lMdab;sarsMxan;nRbPBR)ak;cMNUl enAkgPUmitamlMdab;dUcteTA1R)ak;QlEdlRsIsmaCikRKYsar)anTTYlBIeragcRkkat;edr2R)ak;cMNUlBIKeRmagsagsg; nig 3karerIssMramenATIRkug.

esdak)anENnaM[PUmienH Gnuvtb>v>s>enAqaM2004 ehIybcb,nenHman 14RKYsar EdlGnuvt tambeckeTs b>v>s>.K PUmiebg KWCaPUmimYyEdlman 64RKYsar kgenaH 30RKY sar manRsICaemRKYsar. 59RKYsar manmuxrbrcm,gCaGkeFVIERsedIm,IciBawmCIvit. enAkgPUmi 46RKYsar mandIticCagmYyhikta kmviFIsila qaM2006. EpkelIkicsmasn_rbs;GkniBnCamYyRkumeKaledA kgPUmienHman 5RKYsar KandIFI. CamYyKaenHpgEdr kman5RKYsarEdlRbkbrbrminEmnksikmenAeRkAPUmi edIm,IciBawm CIvitpgEdr.

PUmienH BwgEpkelITwkePg ni geFVIERsmgkgmYyqaM. eKBMueXIjmanRbBneRsacRsBesaHeLIy. karRbmUlplRsUvCamFmkg



29/68

| Oxfam America 28rbkKMehIjnvisalPaBeynDrcMeBaHkarGnuvtRbBnRbBlvb,kmdMNaMRsUv b>v>s enAkmv>s> enAqaM2004. bcb,nenH59RKYsarkMBugeFVIERstamEbb b>v>s>.

PUmiBIrenAXMuRC)ak; extkMBg;qaMgkPUmiRtBaMgK KWCaPUmiksikmEdlman 126RKYsar kgenaH 26RKYsar manRsICaemRKYsar. 101 RKYsarRbkbmuxrbreFVIERsCamuxrbrsMxan;. manEt 20RKYsarbu:eNaH Edl)anraykarN_fa mandIticCamYyhikta kmviFIsila qaM 2006. eyagtamkicsmasn_rvagGkniBnCamYyRkum eKaledA enAkgPUmienHman 7RKYsar b:ueNaHEdlKandI. CamYyKaenHpgEdr kman27RKYsar EdlRbkbmuxrbrCacm,gelIvisyminEmnksikmedIm,IciBawmCIvit. PUmienHBwgEpkelITwkePg ehIy eFVIERsmgkgmYyqaM. eKmineXIjmanRbBneRsacRsBenAkgPUmienHesaHeLIy. eyag tamkar[dwgrbs;GkPUmiplRsUvCamFmkgPUmienHKW 2etanhikta.EpkelIkar)a:n;sanEdl)aneFVIkgkicsmasn_CamYyRkumeKaledAEdlCaGkGnuvtb>v>s> RbmaN Ca 25RKYsar manRsUvhUbRKb;RKan;

eBjmYyqaM. RbmaNCa 10RKYsar EdlmanRsUvelIsBItRmUv karbriePaK EdlRKYsarTaMgenaHnwglk;RsUvenaHeTA[RKYsardTenAkgPUmi ehIyRbEhlCa 65RKYsar CYbkgVHxatRsUvticCag3ExkgmYyqaM. GkdTeTotRbmaNCa27RKYsarxVHRsUveRcInCag3Ex.cMeBaHRKYsarEdlxVHRsUv smaCikRKYsar)ancUlrYmkgskmPaBbegInR)ak;cMNUlenAkgPUmidUcCa karciBawmman;rkGusedIm,Ilk;enATIRkug snqaMnigeFVIkar[RKYsardTenArdUvRbmUlplCafrnwg R)ak;Ql. RKYsarmYycMnYnkmansmaCikRKYsareFVIkarenAkgeragcRkkat;edr nigvisysMNg;enA eRkAPUmipgEdr.

enAkgkicsmasn_CamYyRkumeKaledA GkcUlrYm)ancat;fak;RbPBcMNUlsac;R)ak;eTAtamlMdab; nsarsMxan;enAkgPUmi1karciBawmman; 2R)ak;Ql)anBIsmaCikRKYsareFVIkarenAeragcRk kat;edr nig 3kargarsnkm-qaMg.

esdak )anENnaMPUmienH[eFVIksikmEbbb>v>s>enAqaM 2005. bcb,nenHman 90RKYsar Edl GnuvtkareFVIERstamEbbb>v>s>.x PUmi GUrrUg KWCaPUmimYyEdlman106RKYsarkgenaH 26RKYsar manemRKYsarCaRsI. 80 RKYsar RbkbrbreFVIERsCamuxrbrcMbgsRmab;ciBawmCIvit. 60RKYsar RtUv)anraykarN_famandItic CagmYyhiktaenAkgPUmi kmviFIsila qaM2006.

eyagtamkicsmasn_rvagGkniBnCamYyRkum eKaledA enAkgPUmienH man24RKYsar KandI. CamYyKaenHpgEdr kman24RKYsarEdlRbkbrbr minEmnksikmCamuxrbrsMxan;sRmab;ciBawmCIvitpgEdr.

PUmienHBwgEpkCaxaMgelITwkePg ehIyeFVIERsmgkgmYyqaM. kgPUmienH eKeXIjmanRbBneRsac RsBEdlpl;GtRbeyaCn_dl;RKYsarcMnYn15. eRkABIkareFVIERsmanskmPaBksikmciBawmCIvit dTeTot EdlGkPUminiymciBawmRCUk man; Ta RtI nigstV



30/68

29 Oxfam America | rbkKMehIjnvisalPaBeynDrcMeBaHkarGnuvtRbBnRbBlvb,kmdMNaMRsUv b>v>s enAkmv>s> kgPUmienHenAqaM 2004. bcb,nenHman 33RKYsar kMBug GnuvtbeckeTs b>v>s>enAkgPUmi.

1>5 kareRbobeeFobktaBNnaEpkbrimaNcMeBaHPUminanaenAextkNal nigkMBg;qaMgGkniBn)aneFVIkarGegtedaycab;sMNakcdnEdlmanTMhM57RKYsar EdlGnuvtb>v>s> enAkgPUmiCRguk PUmiGUr nigPUmiebgenAextkNalnigkarGegtedaycab;cdnmYyeTotelI64RKYsar enAPUmiRtBaMgK nig GUrrUg enAextkMBg;qaMgedIm,IeFVIetsvas;sg;suBlPaBnigsPaBTUeTAnlkNniglMnaMmYycMnYn Edl pusecjBIkarsegtnwgEPk nigekItecjBIkicsmasn_RkumeKaledA.

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31/68

| Oxfam America 30rbkKMehIjnvisalPaBeynDrcMeBaHkarGnuvtRbBnRbBlvb,kmdMNaMRsUv b>v>s enAkmv>s> 57 RKYsarenAextkNal n2= ksikrGnuvt b>v>s> 64 RKYsarenAextkMBg;qaMg kareRbobeFobrvagextTaMgBIrxagelIPUmienAextkNalmanRKYsarGnuvt b>v>s EdlBwg EpkelIcMNUlsac;R)ak;BI]sSahkmkat;edr nigBIkargarsagsg; eRcInCag. BYkeKkcUlrYmeRcInkgkareFV I sYnbEneRkaypHnigkarciBawmstVpgEdreFobnwgPUminanaenAextkMBg;qaMgsUmemIlrUbTI 2 xageRkam. sMxan;RtUvkt;smal;faEpkelImUldannkicsmasn_rbs;GkniBnyuvnarI KWCaGkeFVIkarenAkgeragcRkkat;edr ehIyRsIEdlmanvycMNas;enAtamPUmiPaKeRcInCaGkTTYlxusRtUvelIkarciBawmstVenAeRkaypH. burs KWCaGkEdlecjeTAeFVIkarkgvisysMNg;enAxageRkA.

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1/73 1/97

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1/20 1/39

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1/38 1/38

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1/68 1/47

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50/49 40/94

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1/83 1/81

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1/42 1/39

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1/36 1/37

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32/68

31 Oxfam America | rbkKMehIjnvisalPaBeynDrcMeBaHkarGnuvtRbBnRbBlvb,kmdMNaMRsUv b>v>s enAkmv>s>enAPUminanaenAextkNalnigkMBg;qaMgGMBIRbPBn cMNUlsac;R)ak;

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33/68

| Oxfam America 32rbkKMehIjnvisalPaBeynDrcMeBaHkarGnuvtRbBnRbBlvb,kmdMNaMRsUv b>v>s enAkmv>s>

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34/68

33 Oxfam America | rbkKMehIjnvisalPaBeynDrcMeBaHkarGnuvtRbBnRbBlvb,kmdMNaMRsUv b>v>s enAkmv>s>

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35/68

| Oxfam America 34rbkKMehIjnvisalPaBeynDrcMeBaHkarGnuvtRbBnRbBlvb,kmdMNaMRsUv b>v>s enAkmv>s>Ex emsa qaM 2008(N= 643)

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36/68

35 Oxfam America | rbkKMehIjnvisalPaBeynDrcMeBaHkarGnuvtRbBnRbBlvb,kmdMNaMRsUv b>v>s enAkmv>s>

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37/68

| Oxfam America 36rbkKMehIjnvisalPaBeynDrcMeBaHkarGnuvtRbBnRbBlvb,kmdMNaMRsUv b>v>s enAkmv>s> eFobCamYykareFVIERs tamEbbRbBNI

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38/68

37 Oxfam America | rbkKMehIjnvisalPaBeynDrcMeBaHkarGnuvtRbBnRbBlvb,kmdMNaMRsUv b>v>s enAkmv>s>dUcmanbgajkgrUbelx5. Epkbnbnab;xageRkamenH BiPakSaGMBIcMNucGviCmannkar eFVIERstamEbb b>v>s> nigGtRbeyaCn_Edlksikr)anTTYlBIkardaMduHEbbenH.

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39/68

| Oxfam America 38rbkKMehIjnvisalPaBeynDrcMeBaHkarGnuvtRbBnRbBlvb,kmdMNaMRsUv b>v>s enAkmv>s>EdlxusBIkrNIenAextkNal. CarYm RsIEdlsit

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sMNg; cMnYn 146 nak;

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PaKrynGkGnuvtn_



40/68

39 Oxfam America | rbkKMehIjnvisalPaBeynDrcMeBaHkarGnuvtRbBnRbBlvb,kmdMNaMRsUv b>v>s enAkmv>s>kbglkN[RsITaMgenaHpasTInigeFVI kargarminEmnksikm eTaHbICakareFVIERstamEbbb>v>s> BMuEmnCaktabglkNEtmYyKt;cMeBaH karbegInlTPaBpas;TIrbs;RsIkI.

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RbPB GegtcMeBaHksikr b>v>s>

R)aMg Cva PUmiebg extkNal

Cva )ancab;epImeFVIERskalBIKat;manGayu10qaM. RKYsarrbs;Kat;rs;enAPUmiebg ehIymayrbs;Kat;TTYlGnickm enAkgPUmienHEdr. Kat;)anerobkarCamYybursmak;mkBIPUmimYyepSgeTot. rd)anEckdI[BukmayKat;ehIyBukmay Kat;eFVIERsedIm,IRbmUlplRbcaMqaM. Kat;Fab;EtsgsMNabeRcInedIm ehIysMNabTaMgenaHmanGayuRbEhl2Ex. karsgKWCakickarlM)akbMputsRmab;Kat;BiesstaMgBIekItmkRKYsarrbs;Kat;xVHkmaMgBlkmehIyKat;manbgRbusEt mak;Kt;. karsg kardk nigkarcgsMNab KWCakarlM)akxaMgNas;. enAeBlCYbeRKaHraMgst ehI yeRKaHenaH)an bMpajplRsUvrbs;RKYsarKat; Kat;nigbgRbus

rbs;Kat;eFVIkarenAkardansMNg;edayeFVICaGkCBanfnigeQIehIyBuk rbs;Kat;rk)ankargareFVIenAeRkAPUmi. b:uEnkickarenaHmanRtwmmYyryxIb:ueNaH edayBukrbs;Kat;Fak;xnggwtEPk ehIymayrbs;Kat;BikareCIg ehtuenHmanEtrUbKat;nigbgRbusrbs;Kat;b:ueNaHEdleFVIERs.Kat;mankUnR)aMnak;EdlkMBugrs;enACamYyKat;. kUnRsIbgmanGayu25qaM. edaysarKat;cab;epImeFVIERskgsPaBCa RsIEdl)anerobkarrYc Kat;cMNayeBlevlarbs;Kat;EfTaMkUn. cMENk bIrbs;Kat;vijeFVIkarCaCagsMNg;erIseGt cay nigCaksikrdaMedImdUg. kareFVIERs KW CarbrciBawmCIvitEtmYyKt;rbs;Kat;. bIrbs;Kat;CYyKat;enAeBlrvl;xaMg kgkareFVIERs. bIKat;keLIgetatpgEdr ehIyKat;CaGkeFVIsretatedIm,IykeTAlk;enApSarCitPUmi.

kgryeBl 7qaMcugeRkayenH kUnRsIc,g)annigkMBugeFVIkarenAeragcRkkat;edrenAextkNal cMENk kUn4nak;eTot enAeronenAeLIy. kUnRsIenH )anerobkarrYcehIy b:uEnrs;enAkgpHCamYyBukmay. kUnRbsarrbs;Kat;keFVIERsEdr ehIyedIrerIs niglk;eGtcay.Cva Kitfakargarrbs;kUnRsIKat;Bi)akxNEdlKat;eFVIERs kalBIKat; enACamayEdlmanvyekgenAeLIy. kUnRsIrbs; Kat;eFVIkar 6fkgmYys)ah_ehIymkpHerogral;fehIyCYyeFVIERsmYyfkgmYys)ah_enAeBlEdlnagTMenrBIkargareragcRkkgeBlEdlkareFVIERsrvl;xaMg. kUnRsIrbs;Kat;ykR)ak;Edlrk)anra:b;rgelItRmUvkarcayvaysRmab; xnnagpal; nigsRmab;RKYsarmayrbs;nag.

CarYm karGnuvtb>v>s>min)aneFVI[pas;brParkicrbs;EyneDIrtamEbbRbBNIeRcIneLIy kgkar eFViERs b:uEn)aneFVI[manbnk

kargarRsalCagmuncMeBaHRsI BiesselI ParkicCMuvijkareRCIserIsBUC nigkarsgsMNab. eTaHCay:agNakIkareFVIERstamEbb



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| Oxfam America 40rbkKMehIjnvisalPaBeynDrcMeBaHkarGnuvtRbBnRbBlvb,kmdMNaMRsUv b>v>s enAkmv>s>tRmUv[BYkeKeFVIesAeRcInCagmun nigtRmUv[bursmanbeckeTsBiesskgkarerobcMdI. karGnuvtb>v>s>KYbpSMCamYykarekIneLIg nUvkaseFVIkargarenAtamTIrYmext nigenAraCFanIPMeBjeFVI[plitkmsretatEdlCaRbPBrkR)ak; cMNUltamEbbRbBNIFak;cuH. burskan;Etmanclnapas;TIeRcIneLIgCagRsIEdlTTYlPar sMxan;kgkareFVIERsnigkargareKhkic.

RsIvyekg kUnRsITaMgLayGacmanlTPaBeTAeFVIkarenA tameragcRknana eRBaHfakargarERscMkarmYyEpkFMFak;elImaynigRsIvycMNas;. xNEdlRsI emRKYsarCYbkarlM)akkgkare)aHCMhan[RtUvtamkarlM)aknanankareFVIERstamEbbb>v>s> eday sarmantRmUvkarx GtRbeyaCn_ eRKaHfak; niglTplmin)aneRKagTukBIkareFVIERstamEbb b>v>s3>1 GtRbeyaCn_GtRbeyaCn_mYynGtRbeyaCn_sMxan;rbs;GkGnuvtEdl)anTTYlBIkareFVIERstamEbbb>v>s>KW kMeNInTinnpl. enAkgkmviFIGegtTUeTA ksikrbIRkum)anraykarN_GMBIkarekIneLIgCaPaKryn TinplRsUv. RkumTaMgenH RtUv)ancgRkgCaRkumeTA

tamGMLgeBlbIepSgKa EdlBYkeK)anGnuvt kareFIVERstamEbbb>v>s>cab;BIqaM 2005 dl;qaM 2008.rUbelx 8k PaKrynksikr Rkum 1EdlGnuvtviFIsaRs b>v>s>RbcaMqaMcab;taMgBIqaM 2005 mkKittamPaKrynkMeNInTinplRsUv

PaKrynksikrGnuvt

PaKrynksikrGnuvttamqaM

TinplRsUvekIneLIg 100b

eRcInCagenH

TinplekIneLIgBI 75 eTAticCag 100

TinplekIneLIgBI 50 eTAticCag 75

TinplekIneLIgBI25 eTAticCag 50

TinplekIneLIgticCag 25

GkGnuvtqaMTIbI 2007 (n3=178)

GkGnuvtqaMTIBIr 2006 (n2=186)

GkGnuvtqaMTImYy 2005 (n1=193)

rUbTI 8x PaKrynksikrRkum2Edl)anGnuvtviFIsaRsb>v>s>cab;taMgBIqaM 2006 mk KittamPaKrykMeNInTinplRsUv

TinplRsUvekIneLIg 100b

eRcInCagenHTinplekIneLIgBI 75

eTAticCag 100TinplekIneLIgBI 50

eTAticCag 75TinplekIneLIgBI25

eTAticCag 50TinplekIneLIgticCag 25

GkGnuvtelIkTI 2 2007 (n2=226)

GkGnuvtelIkTI 1 2006 (n1=292)



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41 Oxfam America | rbkKMehIjnvisalPaBeynDrcMeBaHkarGnuvtRbBnRbBlvb,kmdMNaMRsUv b>v>s enAkmv>s> Ex emsa qaM 2008rUbelx 8k x K bgajfaGkGnuvtPaKeRcIn)anbegInTinplticCag 50 eFobCamYyTinplEdl BYkeKFab;TTYl)anBIkareFVIERstamEbbRbBNI. manGkGnuvtRtwmEt 12 b:ueNaH kgcMeNam GkGnuvtTaMgLaymkBIRkumTaMgbIEdlmanlTPaBbegInTinplBI75 eTA 100 bxv>s>sIu sarMu PUmiebg extkNalsarMu ekItenAPUmiebgCaPUmiEdlKat;)anCYb nigerobkarCamYybIrbs;Kat;. Kat;)ancUlrYmeFVIERstaMgBIKat;manGayu 17 qaMCamYybgbnRsIrbs;Kat;CYyeFVIERsBukmay. Bukrbs;Kat;eLIgetat ehIymayrbs;Kat;enApHrmas;sretat. plRsUvGacpt;pg;RKYsar)anRtwmryeBl 10Exb:ueNaH ehtuenHR)ak;cMNUl)anmkBIkarlk;sretatRtUvykeTATij GgrsRmab;ryeBl2Ex.

sarMurMBkeLIgvijfaKat;RtUvcMNayeBleRcInNas;kgkareFVIERs mannyfaRtUveTAdl;ERsBIRBwkRBhamrhUtdl;em:ag11RBwk ehIyeFIVkarCabncab;BIem:ag1resoldl;em:ag5lac. Bukmayrbs;Kat;mineRbIfaMksikmnigCIKImIeLIy. sBVfkareFVIkarenAERsmanryeBlxICag ehIyminsUvht; edaysarkarGnuvttamEbbb>v>s>.

kalBIKat;enAekg RKYsarKat;CYbeRKaHraMgst EdltRmUveGayBukrbs;Kat;BwgEpkelIkareFVIsretatedIm,IrkR)ak;. sBVfenAeBlEdlmaneRKaHraMgst ehIyeFVI[xUcxatdMNaMRsUvrbs;Kat; bIKat;eTArkkareFVIenAkEngepSg BiessKWlk;TwksuT nig CYs

Culkg; nigm:UtY.bcb,nenHkareFVIERs KW CarbrciBawmCIvitEtmYyKt;rbs;sarMu rIbIrbs;Kat;lk;TwksuTCYsCulm:UtU nigkg;enAkgPUmi. Gk CitxagykmeFa)ayeFVIdMeNIrTaMgenH[Kat;CYsCul eTaHbICaKat;KanhagCYsCulenAkgpHrbs;Kat;kI. kUnRbusc,g rbs;Kat;CYyeFVIERs.

BYkeKmanlTPaBlk;RsUvsl;BIesckIRtUvkar eTaHbICaBMumanCYlBlkmkI. BYkeKcab;epImGnuvtb>v>s>Gs;ryeBl8 qaMmkehIy.tamBitbIrbs;Kat; KWCaksikrdMbUgbMputEdlGnuvtb>v>s>enAkgPUmi. sarMu)anTTYlkarbNHbNal beckeTs b>v>s>munbIrbs;Kat;. muneBlEdlbIKat;yl;RBmGnuvtb>v>s>Kat;)aneTAemIlERsbgajenAxageRkAPUmiedIm,I[manTMnukcit. bnab;mk Kat;)ancab;epImsakBiesaFn_viFIsaRsb>v>s>edayxng. Kat;RtUvcMNayeBlevla eRcIneRBaHfakarerobcMdImankarlM)akCag

mun Kat;RtUverobcMdIbIdg minEmnmgenaHeT.BYkKat;Fab;TTYlpl)an1etankgmYyhiktamuneBlGnuvtb>v>s>. sBVf BYkKat;RbmUlpl)an 2etan kgmYy hikta.

rUbTI 8K PaKrynksikr Rkum 3Edl)anGnuvtviFIsaRs b>v>s>cab;taMgBIqaM 2007 mk KittamPaKrykMeNInTinplRsUv

TinplRsUvekIneLIg 100beRcInCagenHTinplekIneLIgBI 75eTAticCag 100TinplekIneLIgBI 50eTAticCag 75TinplekIneLIgBI25eTAticCag 50TinplekIneLIgticCag 25

GkGnuvtelIkTI 12006 (n=178)

PaKrynksikrGnuvt



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| Oxfam America 42rbkKMehIjnvisalPaBeynDrcMeBaHkarGnuvtRbBnRbBlvb,kmdMNaMRsUv b>v>s enAkmv>s>Gs;ryeBl4qaM ehIy)anTTYlkarbNHbNalBIGgkaresdakmuneBlEdlbIrbs;Kat;yl;dwg GMBIb>v>s>. Kat;k)anbeRgonviFIsaRsb>v>s>dl;bIrbs;Kat; ehIybIrbs;Kat;keronsURtbeckeTsb>v>s>BIksikr epSgeTotpgEdr. ehtuenH BYkeKTaMgBIrnak;BiesaFn_elIdIERsrbs;xn. bIKat; RtUvemIleXIjviFIsaRsCak;EsgmuneBl EdlKat;GnuBaat[RbBnGnuvtviFIsaRsEdl)aneronBIkarbN HbNal. TinplRsUvkgmYyhiktamuneBlGnuvtbeckeTsb>v>s>manTmn;mYyetan. sBVf BYkeKRbmUlpl)an 2/5etan BIpdIdEdlenH.

eRkABIkarbegInTinpl ksikrGkGnuvtk)anTTYlGtRbeyaCn_dTeTotBIkarGnuvtviFIsaRs b>v>s>pgEdr. enAkgkRmgTinnyntaragelx12 nigrUbelx9xageRkam Gkpl;cemIy)an bBa ak;GMBIrbkKMehIjdUcKaenHEdr. eTaHCay:agNakeday taragelx12maneKalbMNg bgaj ]tmPaBEdlksikrBIrRkum)anTTYl ehIyRkumnImYymanbTBiesaFn_bIqaMkgkarGnuvt b>v>s>. rI kRmgTinnyenAkgrUbelx9 manectnabMEbk]tmPaBEdl)anTTYleTAtamePTn ksikrGnuvt.

enAkgtaragelx12ksikrCaGkpl;cemIymkBIBIrRkum ehIyRkumnImYymanbTBiesaFn_kg karGnuvtbeckeTsb>v>s>ryeBl3qaMEdlBYkKatPaKeRcIn )anraykarN_fa)anTTYlGtRbeyaCn_BI kMeNInTinplRsUv.

cMNucxaMgnviFIsaRsb>v>s>

Rkum 12005-2007

Rkum 22006-2008

srub

kat;bnykarxUcxatplenAeBlmaneRKaHraMgst b enAeBlxSt;TwkePg 109 22 131 64eRbIBlkmenAERsticCagmun 158 22 180 89Tinplxv>s> tamkar[dwgnksikrBIrRkumEdlman bTBiesaFn_ryeBl3qaM

RbPB GegtcMeBaHksikr b>v>s> Ex emsa qaM 2008RsImYycMnYnenAkgRkumsmasn_)anraykarN_faBYkeKmincaM)ac;CYlkmaMg[mksgeLIy ehtuenHeKGacsnSMR)ak;)anmYycMnYn.rbkKMehIjnGegtkbgajpgEdrfa CaTUeTARsInigburskPaBKaGMBIcMNucxaMgnkarGnuvt beckeTs b>v>s>. rUbelx9 bgajGMBIcMNucenH.



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43 Oxfam America | rbkKMehIjnvisalPaBeynDrcMeBaHkarGnuvtRbBnRbBlvb,kmdMNaMRsUv b>v>s enAkmv>s>tamkar[dwgrbs;GkGnuvtTaMgLayKittamePT

RbPB GegtcMeBaHksikr b>v>s> Ex emsa qaM2008

snSMBUC nigCI N=544

TinplRsUvkgERsnImYyxs>KUsbBaak;fa edaysar karsgsMNabticCagmun nigedaysarkarRbmUlGacm_eKaksikrGacsnSMR)ak;. Gkpl;cemIycMeBaHkmviFIGegtTUeTA)anbBaak;GHGagGMBIcMNucenH. RsIenAkgkicsmasn_CaRkum niyayfa epImecjBIR)ak;snSMrbs;xnBYkeKmanlTPaB 1Ti jfaMeBTedIm,IedaHRsaybBaa suxPaBrbs;smaCikRKYsar 2TijsemkbMBak; nig 3cUlrYmkgBiFIsasnaepSg. RsIenAkg RKYsarExrtamFmtaCaGkTukdak; nigcayvayR)ak;kasRKYsar.

rUbelx9kbgajpgEdrfaRsI nigbursTTYlsal;nUvkarkat;bnyeRKaHdl;dMNaMRsUvenAeBlman karraMgst sMxan;KWeday

sarkareRbIR)as;TwkticCagmunsRmab;eRsacRsB b:uEnCaGkEdlcat;fak; TabbMputGMBIGtRbeyaCn_BIkarGnuvt b>v>s>rbs;BYkeK.3>2 eRKaHfak;BIkarGnuvt b>v>s>Gkpl;cemIycMeBaHkarGegtcMnYnBIrRkum EdlmanbTBiesaFn_ryeBlbIqaMkgkarGnuvtb>v>s> kRtUv)anecaTsYrpgEdrGMBIcMNucexSaynkarGnuvtb>v>s>. taragelx13xageRkambgaj cemIyrbs;BYkeK.

taragelx 13 cMNucexSaynkarGnuvt b>v>s> eyagtamcemIyrbs;ksikrBIrRkumEdlman bTBisaFn_ryeBlbIqaMkgkarGnuvtbeckeTsb>v>s>

cMNucexSaynkardaMduHtamEbb b>v>s> Rkum 12005-2007 Rkum 22006-2008 srub

cMNayeBlevlaeRcInkgkareFVIes A 128 22 150 77

karerobcMdIkan;EtlM)ak 133 21 154 79cMNayeBlkan;EteRcInkgkarRKb;RKgTwkkgERs 140 20 160 82

TinplTab 53 13 66 34

stVsIueRkABIenH 14 0 14 7

srub 172 23 195 100RbPB GegtcMeBaHksikr b>v>s> Ex emsa qaM2008



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| Oxfam America 44rbkKMehIjnvisalPaBeynDrcMeBaHkarGnuvtRbBnRbBlvb,kmdMNaMRsUv b>v>s enAkmv>s>. enAPUmiGUr extkNal Gkpl;kicsmasn_CaRkumR)ab;faviFIsaRsb>v>s>kgkarRKb;RKg TwkbglkN[ksikrsRmb)ankan;EtRbesIrcMeBaHPaBraMgst bryeBlraMgstGUs

bnay. eKGaceRsacTwkcMeBaHdMNaMRsUv . m:agvijeTot karFak;ePgeRcInpl;GtRbeyaCn_eRcInCagkar daMRsUvtamEbbRbBNI. ehtuenH ksikrmYycMnYneFVIRsUvtamEbbRbBNIelIdIERsmYyEpk rbs;xn ehIyeFVIERstamEbb b>v>s> enAelIEpkepSgEdlmandITYlnigeKakCag . :eyIgCaksikr eyIgxacmanTwkeRcInhYs BYkeyIgCaeRcInnak;minTan;GnuvtbeckeTs b>v>s>cMeBaHdIERsTaMgGs; rbs;eyIgeLIy :enHCasMdIrbs;ksikrmak;enAkgkicsmasn_CaRkummkBIPUmiGUrrUg extkNal.

CagenHeTAeTot Gkpl;cemIyk)anbBaak;pgEdrfa kareFVIERstamEbb b>v>s> eFVI[kickarerobcM dIkan;EtlM)akCagmun.kareFVIdIenHRtUveFVI[dIERsrab nigesIledIm,IeCosvagkarCn;liceRBaHfa sngRtUvkarEtdIERsesImminlicTwk. RbkarenH GaceFVI[RsIBwgEpkkan;EteRcInelIbursEdlkg ryeBlEvgGaceFVI[GkGnuvtElgcg;eFVIeRBaHfa cMnY nburskan;EteRcIneLIgmankareFVIkgEpkmin EmnksikmEdltRmUv[mankarpas;brTIkEngkan;EtxaMg ehIyeFVIdMeNIreTAeRkAPUmi.

tamFmtaenAdMNak;kaldMbUg GkGnuvtmankarRBYy)armxacxUcxatBYkeKGnuvtbeckeTsb>v>s> enAelIdIERsrbs;xnEtmYyEpkb:ueNaH. ehIysUm,IEtkardksMNab nigkarsgRsUvmYyedImeRbI eBlticCagmunkI ksikrmYycMnYnenAEtGnuvttamEbbRbBNIGMBIkarTuksMNabKrecal edaysar xVHkmaMgsgPamenAeBldkBIfalsMNab. ]TahrN_GkRsIhI ugpan CaemRKYsarmYyrUbenAPUmiGUr extkNal)anrMBkfa :xJMKanlTPaBBRgIk b>v>s> elIdIERsTaMgGs;rbs;xJMeT eRBaHxJMKaneBl sRmab;sgsMNabPameLIy. dUecH xJMGnuvttamEbbRbBNIedaysgsMNabedImcas;Edl manGayueRcInCag 18f :.

cMENk tak;mn Gayu53 qaMnig Etm Tiin Gayu30 qaMenAPUmiCamYyKaBYkeKminGaceFVIpbKa rvagkarRKb;RKgTwk EdltamFmtaeKbBalTwk[licERsCamYykarsgsMNabedImxIPamEdl dkecjBIfalsMNabeLIy. tak;mn kt;sml;fa :xJMminGacsmal;emIleBlevla RtwmRtUvsRmab;sgsMNabedImxIeLIy eRBaHfaxJMminGaceFVIkargarenH)anrhseLIy. xJMminGac KYbpSMkar sgnigkarRKb;RKgsngmin[Cn;licenaHeT :. kareFVIERstamEbb b>v>s> sngRtUvkar Twktic ehtuenH eKcaM)ac;RtUvepSaHTwkBIsngenARtg;kEngTMnab EdllicTwkCajwkjab; BiessenA rdUvvsSa.

kareFIVesA ni gkarPrbEnmkCa]bsKcMeBaHksikrRsIpgEdr . BYkeKCaeRcInnak;niyayfabIrbs;BYkeKtamFmtaCYyBYkKat;kgkarbMeBjkargar b:uEnkarerobcMdItamEbbGtiBlkmKWCasmv>s>. ninakarenAkg rUbelx10xageRkam bgajninakarFak;cuHcMeNamGkGnuvt b>v>s> EdlsitenAkgTItaMgsikSa.



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45 Oxfam America | rbkKMehIjnvisalPaBeynDrcMeBaHkarGnuvtRbBnRbBlvb,kmdMNaMRsUv b>v>s enAkmv>s> Ex emsa qaM 2008

cMnYnk

sikrGn

uvt

Rkum 1Rkum 2

rUbelx 10 cMnYnksikr Edl)anbnGnuvtn_viFIsaRs b>v>s> BIqaM 2005 dl; 2007 Rkum 1 nigBIqaM 2006dl; 2007 Rkum 2

mUlehtucMeBaHkarFak;cuHnUvcMnYnGkGnuvtb>v>s> kgryeBlbIqaMGacCab;Tak;TgCamYyktamYy cMnYn. TImYy bBaaTaMgLayNaEdlTak;TgCamYykareRsacRsB nig karRKb;RKgTwk kdUcCakar begInkareFVIesAEdlmanerobrab;enAkg taragelx6 GaceFVI[GkGnuvtmYycMnYne)aHbg;PaK eRcInKW RsIminbnGnuvtn_ b>v>s> teTAeTotbeFVIERsTaMgBIrebobEtmg. enAkgkarBiPakSaCamYyRkum eKaledAenAPUmiebg RsukGgsl extkNal ksikr)anniyayfa kgcMeNamktabIxagelIEdl eFVI[BYkeKlHbg;kareRbIR)as;viFIsaRs b>v>s> kgkareFVIERs :karRKb;RKgTwkCYbkarlM)akeRcInkg kareFVIERstamEbb b>v>s> :. kareRsacRsBnig karRKb;RKgTwkmYyPaKFMKWCaskmPaBrbs;burs kgkareFVIERs. bcb,nenH burscUlrYmkan;EteRcInCamYykarekIneLIgnUvTIpSarkargareRkABIenAPUmi

RsukenACnbTrbs;xn EdlGaceFVI[ksikrRsIenAPUmiRsukCYbkarlM)akkgkareKarBtameKalkarN_ RKb;RKgTwkcMeBaHkareFVIERstamEbbb>v>s>.

TIBIr karekIneLIgnUvTinplminrYmcMENkeRcInkgkarbegInR)ak;cMNUleRcIndl;RKYsareLIy mYyEpk FMKWedaysarRTg;RTaytUcnksikmEdlGnuvtn_kgEpkTaMgenHEdlCakareFVIERsBwgEpkelITwkePgelI dIERstUcdUc)anBNnalMGitenAkgEpkTI1.CamYyKaenHpgEdr ksikrRbmUlplEtmgkgmYyqaMedaysarxVHRbBneRsacRsB nigedaysarksikmBwgEpkelITwkePg.

ehtuenH dIERstUc EdlksikmPaKeRcInBwgEpkelITwkePg mi neFVI[manplenAsl;BIkareRbIR)as;Edlpl;R)ak;kas eRcIneLIyb:uEneFVI[manes,gGaharRKb;RKan;edayxng. karFak;cuHnUvsarsMxan;nkareFVIERsEdlCaRbPBmYynkarciBawmCIvit

sri general report (jan 09)

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