sstrm - strategicreviewgroup.ca - workshop 1: visioning and future capabilities workshop, report

Department of National Defence

Defence Research and Development Canada

Industry Canada

August 28, 2009

Soldier Systems Technology Roadmap

Workshop 1:

Visioning and Future Capabilities

Gatineau, June 16-17 2009

ii

Table of Contents

Executive Summary ........................................................................................... iv

1. Technology and the Soldier of the Future: A Roadmap ............................ 5

1.1 What is the Soldier Systems Technology Roadmap? ....................................... 5

1.2 A Collaborative Effort – Industry, Government, and Academia ......................... 6

1.3 How to Get Involved ......................................................................................... 7

2. The Dismounted Soldier and the Soldier System ...................................... 8

2.1 The Dismounted Soldier ................................................................................... 8

2.2 The Dismounted Soldier’s System .................................................................... 9

2.3 Future Soldier Systems .................................................................................. 11

2.4 Structuring the Soldier Systems Technology Roadmap Discussion ................ 14

3. Setting the Scene: A Vision of the Future Soldier System ..................... 15

3.1 Visioning Workshop Welcome ........................................................................ 16

3.2 Soldier Systems Technology Roadmap Overview .......................................... 18

3.3 Visioning Workshop Logistics ......................................................................... 21

3.4 The Canadian Soldier Modernization Effort .................................................... 23

3.5 Technology Mindmap and Technology Readiness Levels .............................. 25

3.6 Human Systems Integration ........................................................................... 27

3.7 Micro Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (Luncheon Conference).............................. 29

3.8 The Future Security Environment ................................................................... 31

3.9 The Army of Tomorrow and the Future ........................................................... 33

4. Focusing the Vision: Key Areas of the Soldier System .......................... 35

4.1 Power/Energy and Sustainability .................................................................... 37

4.2 C4I/Sensors ................................................................................................... 41

4.3 Survivability and Personal Protective Equipment ............................................ 47

4.4 Lethal and Non-Lethal Weapons .................................................................... 52

4.5 Parking Lot Issues .......................................................................................... 56

iii

5. The End of the Beginning .......................................................................... 57

5.1 Next Steps in the Roadmapping Project ......................................................... 57

5.2 Schedule of Upcoming Workshops ................................................................. 58

Appendices

A. Soldier Systems Technology Roadmap Governance .............................. 59

B. List of Visioning and Future Capabilities Workshop Participants ......... 60

C. Facilitators .................................................................................................. 68

iv

Executive Summary

This report summarizes the results of the first workshop associated with the Soldier

Systems Technology Roadmap project – the Visioning and Future Capabilities

Workshop held in Gatineau, Québec, June 16-17, 2009.

Chapter 1, Technology and the Soldier of the Future: A Roadmap, defines technology

roadmapping in general and in the context of the Soldier System. It provides links for

those interested in becoming involved in this project.

Chapter 2, The Dismounted Soldier and the Soldier System, provides background

information for those not familiar with soldier systems. It introduces the focal point of the

Soldier Systems Technology Roadmap – the soldier, and the system that supports the

soldier – and explains the structure chosen for the workshop discussions.

Chapter 3, Setting the Scene: A Vision of the Future Soldier, summarizes nine workshop

presentations made by members of the Department of National Defence (DND), Industry

Canada, and others. These provided workshop participants with an understanding of

DND's current vision of the future soldier system, the capabilities it will require, and the

challenges that must be overcome to realize those capabilities. It includes information

about the workshop's goals and logistics.

Chapter 4, Focusing the Vision: Key Areas of the Soldier System, summarizes the

remaining workshop presentations. These focus on the four key areas identified for

discussion in the workshop's breakout sessions: Power/Energy and Sustainability,

C4I/Sensors, Survivability and Personal Protective Equipment, and Lethal and Non-

Lethal Weapons. The chapter includes summaries of the participant input made during

the breakout sessions following each of the focused presentations.

Chapter 5, The End of the Beginning, describes the next steps in the Soldier Systems

Technology Roadmap project. It includes a schedule of seven upcoming workshops to

be held at locations across Canada.

Appendixes to the report describe the governance structure of the Soldier Systems

Technology Roadmap project, and provide a list of the Visioning and Future Capabilities

Workshop attendees and facilitators.

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1. Technology and the Soldier of the Future: A Roadmap

This report summarizes the results of the first workshop associated with the Soldier

Systems Technology Roadmap project – the Visioning and Future Capabilities

Workshop held in Gatineau, Québec, June 16-17, 2009.

1.1 What is the Soldier Systems Technology Roadmap?

A technology roadmap is a proven system of planning well into the future. It defines a set

of requirements and performance targets associated with meeting projected demands,

and brings together stakeholders to work collectively to determine how technology might

best be used to meet those needs.

The Soldier Systems Technology Roadmap

(TRM) project is a unique industry-

government collaboration. It is designed to

apply roadmapping principles and

processes to develop a comprehensive

knowledge-sharing platform, and to identify

technology opportunities, in support of the

Canadian Forces Soldier Modernization

Effort.

Technology and the Soldier System

The focus of the Soldier Systems TRM – the soldier system – is defined within NATO as

the integration of everything the soldier wears, carries and consumes for enhanced

individual and collective (small unit) capability within the national command and control

structure.

The overarching goal of the Soldier Systems TRM is to understand how today's

technology – and tomorrow's – might contribute to a superior soldier system that

increases operational effectiveness for the individual soldier in the five NATO capability

areas of Command and Control (C4I), Survivability, Mobility, Lethality, and Sustainability.

Not a Procurement Activity

The Soldier Systems TRM project is not part

of DND or other government department

procurement processes. It a knowledge-

sharing exercise whose goal is to generate a

vision of the soldier of the future and the

ways in which technology can help realize

that vision.

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1.2 A Collaborative Effort – Industry, Government, and Academia

The Soldier Systems TRM project is a collaborative effort. To succeed, it depends on the

involvement of industry, government, and academia.

Federal Partners

The following federal government

departments are co-sponsoring the

development of the Soldier Systems TRM:

Industry Canada (IC)

Department of National Defence

(DND)

Defence Research and Development

Canada (DRDC)

Industry Partners

Participation in the roadmap is open to

Canadian and international companies of all

sizes.

These companies may be positioned in the

defence and security industries, or active in

other sectors that produce goods or

technologies that can support the soldier-of-

the-future concept.

Researchers and other experts from

academia, government, and not-for-profit

institutions are also encouraged to

participate.

The following industry associations are supporting the Soldier Systems TRM:

Canadian Association of Defence and Security Industries (CADSI)

Technopôle Defence and Security (TDS)

Soldier Systems TRM Governance

The Soldier Systems TRM is governed by

A Technology Roadmap Senior Review

Committee (SRC)

An Executive Steering Committee

(ESC)

Technical Subcommittees in these

areas:

Power/Energy

Weapons: Lethal and Non-Lethal

C4I (Control, Command,

Communications, Computers,

Intelligence)

Sensors

Survivability/Personal Protection/

Clothing and Footwear

Roadmap Integration

A Facilitator (The Strategic Review

Group Inc.)

For details, see Appendix A, Soldier

Systems TRM Governance.

http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/ic1.nsf/eng/home

http://www.forces.gc.ca/site/home-accueil-eng.asp

http://www.forces.gc.ca/site/home-accueil-eng.asp

http://www.drdc-rddc.gc.ca/index1-eng.asp

http://www.drdc-rddc.gc.ca/index1-eng.asp

https://www.defenceandsecurity.ca/

http://www.technopoleds.org/

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1.3 How to Get Involved

The Soldier Systems TRM is an open, inclusive, and collaborative exercise. Participation

is free and voluntary. No membership in any organization is required.

Participation in the Soldier Systems TRM is open to:

Canadian and international manufacturing, services, and technology-based

companies of all sizes

Researchers and other experts from academia, government, and not-for-profit

research organizations from Canada and around the world

There are several ways to contribute to the Soldier Systems Technology Roadmap. For

example:

Join one of the visioning and technical workshops held at locations across the

country

View and contribute to the knowledge base in our soon-to-be-available Industry

Collaboration and Exchange Environment (ICEE), an online Wiki

Want More Information?

To contact us, or for free registration for a workshop, email the Soldier Systems

Technology Roadmap Working Group

To learn about the Soldier Systems Technology Roadmap project, visit our web site:

http://soldiersystems-systemesdusoldat.collaboration.gc.ca/

For an introduction to technology roadmapping in general, visit Industry Canada at:

http://www.ic.gc.ca/trm

http://soldiersystems-systemesdusoldat.collaboration.gc.ca/eic/site/sstrm-crtss.nsf/eng/h_00018.html

http://soldiersystems-systemesdusoldat.collaboration.gc.ca/eic/site/sstrm-crtss.nsf/mail/Soldier_Systems_Technology_Roadmap_Working_Group

http://soldiersystems-systemesdusoldat.collaboration.gc.ca/eic/site/sstrm-crtss.nsf/mail/Soldier_Systems_Technology_Roadmap_Working_Group


http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/trm-crt.nsf/eng/h_rm00049.html

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2. The Dismounted Soldier and the Soldier System

The Soldier Systems Technology Roadmap focuses on the needs of the dismounted

soldier. To maintain this focus, before getting into the content of the Visioning and Future

Capabilities Workshop it is important to set out a broad, simple description of the

dismounted soldier and his1 capability requirements.

2.1 The Dismounted Soldier

The dismounted soldier is often away from the supply network, and must be self-

sufficient in terms of carrying out his assigned combat or non-combat mission. Although

away from the supply network, the soldier likely remains connected in some way to the

battle space information network; for example, through a portable radio. As discussed

later in this section, it is expected that the soldier of the future will be even more

connected to the information network, as new electronic capabilities become available.

In discussing the dismounted soldier, the characteristics and capability requirements

typically have a time horizon of up to 72 hours. During that time, the soldier must carry

everything needed to fulfill his assigned mission. This includes his own power sources,

appropriate clothing, communications equipment, food, water, and whatever lethal or

non-lethal weapons are called for by the mission.

It is recognized that the dismounted soldier, even though self-sufficient, is part of a larger

force structure. He is part of a team, which is part of a ―team of teams.‖ Also, every

aspect of what the dismounted soldier has and does is influenced, and sometimes

constrained by, other forces and factors, such as doctrine; organizational structure;

tactics, techniques, and procedures; technologies; personnel; and training. Figure 1. The

Discounted Soldier Model, depicts the effects of these many variables on the individual

soldier.

1 The description of the dismounted soldier is presented in the masculine to improve readability. However,

wherever the text refers to ―he‖ or ―his‖, the reference applies equally to dismounted soldiers who are

women.

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2.2 The Dismounted Soldier’s System

Soldier systems are generally defined using five capability areas described by NATO:

Survivability. This includes a range of protective equipment – e.g., clothing,

headwear, footwear, hand wear, and non-protective clothing and footwear – that

enables survival and protects against ballistic, blast, and other threats while

improving camouflage and concealment.

Sustainability. This involves balancing the soldier load among weapons, power,

sensors, and equipment to enable the soldier to be self-sustaining for a defined

time period and to successfully carry out the assigned mission.

2 HumanSystems® Incorporated; Soldier Systems Technology Road Map: Internal Visioning Workshop,

March 2009

Figure 1 The Dismounted Soldier Model2

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Mobility. This is affected by load carriage configuration and weight in different

terrains, climates, and other mission-specific variables, and includes navigation

aids.

C4I. (Command, Control, Communications, Computers, and Intelligence), which

supports command execution, situation awareness, and interoperability.

Lethality. This involves the equipment needed for selecting and engaging

targets to deliver a defined lethal or non-lethal effect.

Many countries are involved in the continuous improvement and modernization of soldier

systems. The Soldier Systems TRM is a component of Canada’s effort in this area. As

such, the TRM will strive to build on the developments already underway in Canada, as

well as those in other countries.

Two principal factors affect the dismounted soldier’s individual choice of equipment:

Core equipment. The dismounted soldier will carry core equipment, such as

clothing, protective equipment, water, weapons, ammunition, and other basic

items. This core equipment will be defined by the role of the individual soldier

within a team, for example for a communications, medical, or other role.

Additional equipment. Within certain parameters, the soldier or his commander

will make choices in what additional equipment to carry. These choices involve

trade-offs between equipment in the five capability areas described above, and

are based on what the soldier and his commander believe is most important

based on utility assessments. For example, some level of choice will be made

between carrying more ammunition (lethality), more protective equipment

(survivability), more batteries or water (sustainability), and more electronic

capabilities (C4I) – all of which affect mobility and operational performance.

The amount of ―optional‖ equipment carried by the dismounted soldier is usually limited

by the load weight and volume, as decided by the individual soldier. One soldier might

choose to carry more or less weight load than another. The equipment must also be

designed in an integrated/modular way, to ensure compatibility and usability.

There is an on-going debate within soldier modernization efforts as to whether the future

soldier will carry less weight load, or whether any weight savings in some equipment will

simply allow the soldier to carry other equipment up to the same weight load he would

carry anyway.

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2.3 Future Soldier Systems

Efforts to improve and modernize soldier systems in virtually every country are

influenced by similar new capability requirements. These requirements provide the

foundation principles for developing technology solutions through the Soldier Systems

TRM.

The soldier’s capabilities in all five areas of survivability, sustainability, mobility, C4I, and

lethality are constantly being improved to meet evolving needs. For example:

Improvements related to survivability include signature reduction and

improvements in protection in/from/against weather/climate, sharp edges, insect

and animal bites, noise, ballistics, blasts, blunt trauma, and natural and

manmade hazards

Improvements related to lethality increase the soldier’s effectiveness against

armoured and unarmoured personnel, information systems, vehicles, animals,

and so on, while containing collateral effects.

Soldier Systems Design Principles

Future soldier systems can be described using overall design principles and new

capability requirements.

As changes are made to soldier systems, they are guided by four design parameters:

weight reduction, integration, modularity, and power optimization. A more detailed

discussion of some of these principles is included in later sections of this report.

Reducing Weight

To add any new capabilities to the dismounted soldier – even if they don’t weigh very

much – will demand that the weight of a soldier’s current equipment decrease. As a

result, there is a continued impetus in all soldier modernization efforts to decrease the

weight load of the dismounted soldier, both to increase his mobility and to allow for new

equipment. Figure 2 illustrates the concept of adding new capabilities and, at the same

time, decreasing the soldier’s weight load.

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Integration

The soldier’s current equipment consists of different components attached individually to

the soldier, leading to what is termed the ―Christmas tree effect.‖ As equipment is

redesigned and improved, there will be a strong emphasis on integrating components

into a common system. This includes integrating different systems, such as clothing,

electronics, weapons, PPE, and others. Equipment must also be designed in a way that

reduces load volume, and is readily accessible for use in an urgent situation.

The design principles and architecture of this integrated system need to be developed

and embedded into soldier system technology development.

Modularity

Modularity is closely linked to the principle of integration. Given that the soldier will

become involved in a range of operations, either combat or non-combat, it could be

expected that integrated equipment will be available in modules that address different

operational requirements. The characteristics and interactions of different modules need

to be designed.

Figure 2. Reducing weight is the design feature that underpins any improvement to soldier equipment

The dismounted

soldier’s weight

target

New

Equipment

Necessary

weight

reduction in

current

equipment

Even less

weight to

improve

soldier

mobility

So

ldie

r W

eig

ht

Lo

ad

New

Equipment

New

Equipment

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Optimizing Power

The discussion of power is generally associated with electrical power.3 Optimizing power

is considered as a design principle because consumed power is expensive, and

because future soldier equipment is expected to require considerable electrical power.

Given the diversity of equipment using electrical power (e.g., communications, sights,

sensors, etc.) there is a strong need to optimize the consumption of power. As a result,

any discussion of new soldier systems that are light, integrated, and modular, must

include the optimization of power storage, transmission, and consumption.

The Soldier systems TRM discussion on power will include several dimensions,

including storage, transmission, harvesting, recapture, control, and so on.

Soldier Capability Requirements

In addition to ongoing improvements in all equipment areas, there are three distinct

areas of increased capability that require specific development for the Army of Today,

the Army of Tomorrow, and the Army of the Future (2020)4. In no particular order, they

are:

Increased C4I and sensor capabilities. It is expected that the dismounted

soldier of the future will have considerable C4I equipment that will enable voice

and data handling for better navigation, target acquisition, communications and

connectivity with other soldiers/teams/sensors/vehicles, monitoring, intelligence,

tactics, logistics, and supply operations. These new capabilities will in turn

improve every operational aspect of the soldier’s team and team of teams.

Better C4I at the soldier level helps the soldier and the entire battle force answer

key questions, such as ―Where am I?‖, ―Where are you?‖, ―Where is the

enemy?‖, and ―How are we doing?‖5 Improved C4I capabilities will also enable

interoperability with counterparts.

3 Power could involve a discussion of ―energy‖, which would include the soldier’s own energy

requirements and other forms of energy, such as thermal energy. However, for the purposes of

the Soldier Systems TRM, the discussion will begin with a focus on electrical power.

4 The concept of Army of Today, Tomorrow, and the Future is expanded on later in the report.

5 This discussion includes new sensor and sight capabilities for the soldier within the new C4I

capabilities.

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Increased lethal and non-lethal capabilities. Non-lethal activities of the

dismounted soldier, such as crowd control, are growing. As a result, the soldier

needs capabilities to fulfill non-lethal roles, including weaponry to assist in

situations that require a non-lethal deterrent effect.

Improved survivability, personal and protective equipment (PPE). There is a

continued effort to understand and provide the best equipment to protect

soldiers. New developments in this area include improved materials and

improved shielding. This is included as an ―increased‖ requirement because

―improved‖ PPE typically involves ―more‖ PPE. For this reason, it is being

considered as a distinct increment to existing equipment.

All four design characteristics of weight reduction, integration, modularity, and power

optimization are important in these three specific areas of capability development. In

addition, they bear directly on the mobility of the dismounted soldier, and on his ability to

sustain himself throughout an operation.

2.4 Structuring the Soldier Systems Technology Roadmap Discussion

The above description of the dismounted soldier illustrates the diversity and complexity

of his capability requirements. To enable the Soldier Systems TRM to pursue an orderly

and useful discussion of technology solutions, it was decided to structure the TRM

workshop presentations and discussions according to the following four sequential topic

areas:

Energy, Power, and Sustainability

C4I/Sensors/Mobility

Survivability/Clothing/Footwear

Lethal and Non-Lethal Weapons

Discussion in each of these areas was to be guided by the design principles presented

in 2.1 The Dismounted Soldier.

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3. Setting the Scene: A Vision of the Future Soldier System

For purposes of description, the Visioning and Future Capabilities Workshop can be

divided into two parts:

General, introductory presentations. These were designed to welcome

participants, define the workshop goals and process, and set the scene for the

focused presentations and breakout sessions that would follow.

Focused presentations and breakout sessions. These dealt with the

workshop's four areas of focus: Power/Energy and Sustainability, C4I/Sensors,

Survivability and Personal Protective Equipment, and Lethal and Non-Lethal

Weapons. Presentations in each area were followed by breakout sessions and

participant debriefing.

This chapter summarizes the introductory presentations. The focused presentations and

breakout session results are summarized in chapter 4. Focusing the Vision: Key Areas

of the Soldier System.

The Introductory Presentations

Participants brought extensive knowledge

in a wide variety of areas to the Visioning

and Future Capabilities Workshop. To

augment this knowledge with soldier-

system-specific information that would build

a foundation for the visioning sessions and

act as a catalyst for discussion, the

workshop began with introductory

presentations that provided an overview of

the workshop's purpose and process, and

an introduction to current thinking at DND

and elsewhere regarding the future soldier

system vision. This report provides

summaries of these presentations,

including a few key slides only. The presentations are available in their entirety at

www.StrategicReviewGroup.ca

Introductory "Setting the Scene"

Presentations

Welcome

What is a Technology Roadmap?

The Workshop – How it Works

Soldier Modernization

Technology Mind Mapping and Technology Readiness LevelsHuman Systems Integration Future Security Environment

Army of Tomorrow & Future Army

The workshop presentations are available at: www.StrategicReviewGroup.ca

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3.1 Visioning Workshop Welcome

The Soldier of Today, Tomorrow, and the Future

The focus of the Visioning and Future Capabilities Workshop is the soldier of today,

tomorrow, and the future, and the systems needed to enable the soldier to perform

optimally in the five NATO capability areas of Survivability, Sustainability, Lethality,

Mobility, and C4I.

These capabilities are enhanced by a number of components integrated as a system of

systems or sub-systems, with the Human dimension being an integral part of each area.

The Dismounted Soldier System (DSS) is defined as everything (items or equipment) the

soldier wears, carries and consumes to fulfill the soldier's tasks as an individual, as the

member of a fighting team, and as part of higher-level operational units on the battlefield

and in a tactical environment.

The Integrated Soldier – a "System of Systems"

The dismounted soldier is integrated with other components of the Canadian Forces, so

that the soldier and the soldier system are part of a "system of systems" that, as a team,

acts as a force multiplier.

The system architecture consists of:

Based on Soldier Systems Technology Roadmap: Vision and Future Capabilities

Workshop Welcome, LCol. M. Bodner and DND Senior Representative.

Capability Area Sub-systems

Lethality (non-

lethality) Weapon sub-system

Mobility Mobility sub-system

Survivability Protection sub-system

C4I C4I sub-system

Head-borne sub-system

Training sub-system

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3.2 Soldier Systems Technology Roadmap Overview

What is Technology Roadmapping?

A technology roadmap is a collaborative process for developing innovative products and

processes to meet future demands. The Soldier Systems Technology Roadmap applies

roadmapping principles to the Soldier System.

Canada – and Industry Canada in particular – has considerable experience in

roadmapping. Since roadmapping was initiated in 1995, over 35 technology roadmaps

have been completed. Industry Canada currently has four technology roadmaps under

development.

Visioning Workshop Goals

The opening exercise associated with any

technology roadmap is typically a visioning

session. It brings together stakeholders to

"think outside the box" and explore ways in

which they can work together to define and

achieve specific goals. The stakeholders

attempt to develop a vision of the goal – in

this case, the soldier system of the future,

which is part of the Army of Tomorrow

(AoT) – and to explore ideas about how

technology might help meet the goal and what must be done to ensure that it does.

Based on Soldier Systems Technology Roadmap: Rationale and Governance, Geoff

Nimmo, Manager TRM Secretariat, Industry Canada

The Visioning Goal: To foster a

discussion on the linkages between future

Soldier Systems capabilities and the

technology development interests of a wide

range of interested organizations.

To provide feedback on DND’s future

capabilities.

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Technology Roadmap Phases and Foci

A technology roadmap has three phases:

Definition. Focusing on organization, governance, and collaboration-tool

development

Development. Consisting of workshops to validate the vision, identify gaps and

niches, establish links between technology and capability needs and timing, and

recommend future R&D projects to address these gaps and niches

Implementation. In the context of the Soldier System, this consists of an annual

soldier systems conference, continued dialog with collaboration tools, sponsored

and unsolicited R&D projects, and ongoing revision of the roadmap plan to adapt

to a changing vision or changing external drivers.

The Soldier Systems Technology Roadmap has entered the second phase –

Development. The Visioning and Future Capabilities Workshop was the first of several

workshops planned for this phase.

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3.3 Visioning Workshop Logistics

Workshop Objective, Process, and Product

The opening exercise for any technology roadmap is typically a visioning session. It

brings together stakeholders to "think outside the box" and explore ways to work

together to define and achieve specific goals – in this case, related to the soldier system

of the future, part of the Army of Tomorrow (AoT) – and to explore ideas about how

technology might help meet the goals and what must be done to ensure that it does.

In the case of the Soldier Systems TRM workshop, close to 200 people representing

industry, government, and academia met for two days to contribute to the development

of a vision of the future soldier system. For a list of attendees, see Appendix B, List of

Visioning Workshop Participants.

Based on "Soldier Systems Technology Roadmap: Workshop Opening, Phil Carr, The

Strategic Review Group Inc.

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3.4 The Canadian Soldier Modernization Effort

A Soldier-Centric Solution

The Canadian Soldier Modernization Effort takes a soldier-centric perspective of future

capabilities.

The objective is the continuous improvement of the capability to meet Canadian and

Canadian Forces defence requirements, so that the Army remains strategically relevant

and tactically decisive over time.

The development process by which land capabilities are conceived, designed, and

developed, has four phases:

Conceive. Operating concepts are conceived and translated into capability

requirements

Design. Selected capability requirements are translated into validated designs

for force employment

Build. The components are integrated to realize the capability of the Army

Manage. The process is continually managed to ensure continuous effective

capability development

The Interoperability Challenge

One of the major challenges associated with the modernization effort is ensuring that all

of the many components that make up the soldier system are interoperable. Canada, as

part of NATO, is involved in defining and adhering to levels of standardization to help

ensure interoperability.

Based on Canadian Soldier Modernization Effort, Global market, and NATO Vision,

LCol M.A. Bodner, DLR5

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3.5 Technology Mindmap and Technology Readiness Levels

Mind Mapping Key Technologies

Mind mapping has been used by DND to identify and organize a wide range of soldier-

systems-relevant technologies and developments that could help address soldier system

capability requirements up to the year 2020.

DND has broken down the highest-level mind map into lower-level maps that focus on

the individuals soldier system mind map, team tactical systems mind maps, and team of

team operational and strategic mind maps. The components are many and complex –

more than 900 technology items have been identified – and the soldier system mind map

alone can be broken down into a number of lower-level mind maps.

Technology Readiness Levels

When planning future systems, a key consideration is the ability to measure the maturity

level of a technology, in order to assess when it might become operational. With different

industries, perspectives, terminologies, processes, and cultures involved in the various

projects associated with each technology, this is not an easy task.

There are many models for measuring technology maturity, including technology

readiness levels (TRL), integration maturity levels (IML), system readiness levels (SRL),

design maturity levels (DML), and manufacturing readiness levels (MRL).

DND's solution to the many approaches is to develop a common measurement that

includes technology readiness, integration maturity, design maturity, system maturity,

and manufacturability. This Technology Readiness Level scale is the baseline against

which technology maturity levels are measured.

Understanding and tracking technology readiness levels will be one of the success

factors of the Soldier Systems Technology Roadmapping project. Industry is encouraged

to contribute to this using the Industry Collaboration and Exchange Environment (ICEE),

a database and online Wiki. For more information, visit http://soldiersystems-

systemesdusoldat.collaboration.gc.ca/

Based on Soldier Systems Technology Mindmap & Readiness/Maturity Levels, David

Tack, Humansystems Inc.



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3.6 Human Systems Integration

The Soldier System and Human Factors Engineering

Human factors engineering must be taken into consideration when examining any

aspect of soldier system technology.

This means applying knowledge of human characteristics, capabilities, limitations, and

needs to the specification, design, development, testing, and acquisition of equipment

and systems. It is a multi-disciplinary field that combines psychology, physiology, and

engineering, and the challenges are many and complex.

Based on Human Systems Integration: Soldier system Challenges & Trade-Offs, Major

Linda Bossi, Human Factors Engineer, Integrated Soldier Systems Project

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3.7 Micro Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (Luncheon Conference)

Insect-Size Drones – Nano Air Vehicles (NAV)

NAVs are a new class of military system that offer the possibility of being able to gather

critical information in urban operations.

Their benefits include low visibility, precision, low cost and weight, little or no logistical

footprint, and mission versatility. They are able to hover, perch, and perform other high

agility manoeuvres, and offer a potential technology for indoor reconnaissance.

Based on Flapping Wing Aerodynamics for Insect-Size Drones, Mr. F. Lesage, DRDC –

a luncheon conference

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3.8 The Future Security Environment

What's Ahead?

Globalization, power shifts in the international system, resource scarcities, state

weakness and collapse, identity and distributional issues, rapid scientific and

technological innovation, demographic shifts, disease, the rising significance of non-

state actors – these trends and more must be factored into an assessment of the future

environment in which the soldier, and the soldier system, will be required to operate.

The battle-space can be expected to become increasingly complex, multi-dimensional,

non-linear, uncertain, and lethal. Conflict will occur on a variety of fronts – moral, socio-

political, economic, military, abroad and at home – often simultaneously. Enemies can

be expected to have a greater capacity to rapidly adapt to Western thinking and strategy.

Governments will face multiple challenges, including multi-tasking, bureaucratic turf

wars, and ministerial agendas. International organizations will likely confer legitimacy,

but operational problems will continue. Regional organizations and alliances will

increase in credibility, and NGOs and IGOs can be expected to gain power and

credibility.

Implications for the Army and Soldier of the Future

As a result of these expected developments, the Army must become even more

adaptive, networked, agile, combat effective, sustainable. The focus must increasingly

be on joint, interagency, multinational and public-focused operations.

To meet the challenges ahead, the Canadian Forces must exploit new technologies,

particularly enhanced decision-making aids and robotics whenever possible. And it must

optimize its use and management of energy and seek alternative energy sources.

Based on The Future Security Environment, Mr. Peter Gizewski, Defence

Scientist/Strategic Analyst, LCORT/DLCD-Land Futures

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3.9 The Army of Tomorrow and the Future

The Soldier of Today, Tomorrow, and Beyond

The soldier system is evolving. And it must continue to evolve if it is to be capable of

fulfilling its role in the anticipated future security environment.

The soldier system must be capable of operating in diverse environments, facing diverse

threats, and performing diverse tasks. Operations can be expected to include peacetime

military engagement, peace support, stability and defensive operations, as well as

offensive operations that include counter-insurgency and major combat.

Operational Functions

To address the expected environment and tasks, the Army of the future must excel in

five areas of operation:

Command. The operational function that integrates all the operational functions

into a single comprehensive strategic, operational or tactical level concept

Sense. The operational function that provides the commander with knowledge

Act. The operational function that integrates manoeuver, firepower and offensive

information operations to achieve desired effects

Shield. The operational function that provides for the protection of a force's

survivability and freedom of action

Sustain. The operational function that integrates strategic, operational, and

tactical levels of support to generate and maintain force capability

The overarching goal of the Soldier Systems Technology Roadmap is to help put in

place the superior planning processes needed to ensure that the Army of Tomorrow and

the Army of the Future can meet these challenges and achieve its goals.

Based on Land Concept and Capability Development: "Army of Tomorrow" and

"Future Army 2040, LtCol Ron Bell, Directorate of Land Concepts and Designs

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4. Focusing the Vision: Key Areas of the Soldier System

The introductory presentations described in chapter 3. Setting the Scene: A Vision of the

Future Soldier System, were followed by presentations in the four key focus areas –

Power/Energy & Sustainability, C4I/Sensors, Survivability and Personal Protective

Equipment, and Lethal and Non-Lethal Weapons. A breakout session followed the

presentation in each area. This chapter describes the breakout session process, and

summarizes the focused presentations and breakout session results.

Focused Presentations and Sessions

Power / Energy & Sustainability

Breakout Session 1: Power/Energy & Sustainability

C4ISR (Command, Control, Communication, Computers, Surveillance, Reconnaissance) & Sensors

Breakout Session 2: C4I/Sensors

Clothing, Footwear & Load Carriage

Personal Protective Equipment & Survivability

Smart Textiles (Lunch Conference)

Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear (CBRN)

Breakout Session 3: Survivability and Personal Protective Equipment

Lethal Weapons/Non-Lethal Weapons

Breakout Session 4: Lethal/Non-Lethal Weapons

The workshop presentations are available at: www.StrategicReviewGroup.ca

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How the Breakout Sessions Worked

During the breakout sessions – one of

which followed each of the focused

presentations – participants at about a

dozen tables brought their expertise to

bear on each area of focus. Each table

had a leader who chaired the

discussion, and a recorder who

summarized the results of the

discussion on a flip chart.

To ensure that multiple perspectives

were brought to the discussions,

facilitators ensured that each table

included a mix of participants from

industry, government, and academia.

Each table was given the same

visioning questions to address (see

sidebar). They focused on developing

a vision for a soldier system 5, 10, and

15 years into the future.

Topics that did not relate to the

visioning exercise goals – for example,

the government procurement process

or DND policies or processes – were

placed in a "parking lot" for

consideration at another time in

another setting. (For a list, see Parking

Lot Issues, on page 56.)

Following each breakout session, selected tables reported the results of their

discussions to all the participants. In addition, the flip chart notes generated at each

table were collected, compiled, and analyzed. The results were used to generate the

visioning breakout summaries in this chapter, and will serve as a base for each of the

coming Soldier Systems TRM workshops.

The Visioning Drivers

In each of four breakout sessions, participants

addressed these questions:

1. How does your specific industry segment

relate to this technology area (e.g., soldier-

level power/energy/ sustainability)?

2. Based on DND's vision for 15 years out for

that technology area, what does this

technology need to be able to do in 10 years,

then in 5 years? (Or, perhaps in the other

direction: short, medium, longer-term.). Always

maintain the soldier-level perspective: "why"

the soldier needs this technology.

3. If a technical discussion is going to be held on

this technology area (e.g., power/energy/

sustainability), is there a fundamental question

that definitely needs to be considered by

DND/CF/DRDC?

Optional, if time permits

4. What categories does this area break down

into, to ensure a holistic/integrated discussion

about technologies?

5. What has to be considered when discussing

how this technology area links to other soldier-

level technology areas

(connectivity/integration)?

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4.1 Power/Energy and Sustainability

The Requirements and the Challenges

Energy supply has always been a critical component of combat. It is fundamental to the

soldier, and everything the soldier carries has an impact on energy consumption and

sustainability.

The power consumed by a soldier in the course of operations requires a source and a

method of distribution and management. Soldiers need to minimize energy demand,

optimize energy use, and manage peak power. The focus must be on generation,

transportation, and distribution of power.

Although typically thought of as electrical power, sustainability of power as a combat

supply involves many variables, including food energy, water, clothing, ammunition,

medical support, load carriage, focused logistics, and more.

Power can be derived from an energy source, such as batteries, or potentially harvested

and scavenged from a range of sources, such as the soldier's heel strike, weapons

discharge, and other activities. At present, soldiers carry many batteries, including

spares, and there is no "one size fits all" solution.

When discussing power generation, affordability must be taken into account. Future

energy solutions being considered at present include fuel cells, batteries, thermoelectric

generators, and a variety of energy harvesting techniques and technologies.

As with all of the areas of focus of the Soldier Systems TRM, power and energy must be

viewed as something to be integrated with every aspect of a soldier's equipment or

activity. For example, integration of power and data transmission in textiles would enable

higher efficiency, less weight, and a better form factor. It would also address the need for

an integrated architecture for the soldier system, by transporting data and energy on the

same medium.

Based on Power/Energy & Sustainability: Vision & Future Capability Requirements,

Ed Andrukaitis, Defence R&D Canada, and Claude Lemelin, DSSPM

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When it comes to power, optimization is key, and the following considerations should be

kept in mind:

Power-aware doesn't necessarily imply minimization of power or energy

Decreasing average power does not imply decreasing maximum power

Power and energy efficiency should be viewed as separate design goals

Power-constrained applications are distinct from energy-constrained ones

Energy-constrained systems do not always target energy minimization

In summary, energy is fundamental to the soldier. Everything a soldier carries has an

impact on energy consumption/sustainability. Energy is expensive. Power demand must

be kept acceptable in terms of cost and load. Each component of the soldier system is a

trade-off when it comes to energy consumption and carrying load. The goal is to

leverage existing and future technologies to provide a superior power generation and

consumption model for the soldier system.

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Power/Energy Sustainability Breakout Session Visioning

Sample responses to Visioning Question 2: To realize the soldier system vision, what

does technology need to be able to do 5, 10 and 15 years into the future?

Miniaturization

Weight Reduction

System Interoperability

Dynamic Power Management (DPM)

Power and Equipment Fully Integrated

Alternative Power Sources (bio fuel)

Hardware/Software Integration

Rechargeable Power Sources

Self-Generating Power Sources

5 yr 10 yr 15 yr

5 yr 10 yr 15 yr

5 yr 10 yr 15 yr

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Summary of Participant Visioning Input – Power/Energy Sustainability

5 Years 10 Years 15 Years

Miniaturization

Graceful degradation

Standardize batteries – one size fits all

Lighter personal protection/armour

High-efficiency LEDs

Power weapon rail

Light-weight, secure, authenticated mobile communications system

Interoperability, with improved rechargeable capability

Explore power harvesting capabilities from ongoing activities (e.g., weapon firing, boot heel strike, body movement)

More efficient power generation and distribution while lightening the load

Solar uniform for trickle charge

Better management of power consumed in C4ISR components

Increased power awareness

Rechargeable power source to replace current disposable batteries

User-selected power degradation

Integrate software features with equipment

Smart armour

Transmit information from sight to visor

No more throw-away batteries

Reduced fuel consumption

Greater reliability and re-configurability of components

Increased power monitoring and harvesting/scavenging

Solar panels on equipment

Harvest energy from weapons discharge (mechanical, kinetic, light, acoustic, thermal)

Battery integration into textiles

Engineering perspective to focus on reduced consumption

Nano fibres for lightness and power transmission

Rechargeable power sources

Self-generating power sources

Caseless ammo for reduced weight

Mission-specific batteries

Integrate battery into garment textile

Fully integrated personal protective equipment for CBRN (chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear)

Dynamic Power Management (DPM)

Reasonable cost

Integrated human factors at design stage

Robot soldiers

New energy generation capabilities

Fuel cell/battery hybrid system

Harvest energy from ammo

Improved power density

Alternative power sources (bio fuel)

Wearable power sources and supplies that can be recharged once inside a vehicle

Integrated power and data network

Power generation in uniform

Increased power harvesting in all areas

Enable transfer of power among individuals in the group

Power generation from solar and textiles

Improved energy storage

If a technical discussion is going to be held on this technology area, is there a fundamental question that definitely needs to

be considered by DND/CF/DRDC?

1. Focus on good architecture as a starting point – modular design, standard interfaces.

2. Environmental issues must be taken into account; increase sophistication, but decrease complexity; manage power as a group.

3. Need some clarity on the role/conops for the soldier in order to determine the technologies he/she will need, and then examine the power question.

4. Consider the group as a system: does everyone need everything?

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4.2 C4I/Sensors


In the Soldier Systems context, C4I/Sensors focuses on all aspects of command,

control, communications, intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, and friend-vs.-foe

identification for the dismounted soldier6.

C4I technology currently in use by the dismounted soldier includes radio

communications systems, unmanned and manned aerial surveillance vehicles,

unattended ground sensors, robotic surveillance vehicles – essentially all aspects of

human intelligence and electronic warfare. Additional components of the solution include

night-vision goggles, laser-aiming systems, thermal binoculars and weapon sights, and

handheld Global Positioning Systems.

The goal for the army of tomorrow is to be ―network enabled.‖ Networked sensors,

weapon systems, and soldiers must be able to leverage the military advantages that the

effective integration of information systems – both human and technological – can

produce through the creation and exploitation of information.

The future army's vision is for a multi-dimensional seamless system driven by

revolutionary developments in artificial intelligence, robotics, and sensor systems. These

include neural man-machine interfaces, rapid prototyping, and alternative power

sources. The end goal is to provide a fully integrated, interoperable, network-enabled,

command-centric C4ISR system for land operations that meet overall Canadian Forces

program objectives.

6 The area is also known as C4ISR (Command, Control, Communication, Computers,

Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance) or ISTAR C2 (Intelligence, Surveillance, Target

Acquisition, and Reconnaissance – Command and Control).

Based on:

C4I, Sensors and Navigation, Major B Turmel and P. Comtois

Land Force C4ISR Strategy, LCol Walter Wood, DLR4

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As with all aspects of the soldier system, integration is key, and weight is an issue. More

devices mean more batteries and more weight. Integrating and standardizing

components is a major goal – for example, developing modular head-borne systems that

adjust to the type of threat, have built-in BCID (battlefield combat identification)

capabilities, increase visual and audition capabilities, and include a personal weapon

sight.

Other factors include the need to function both night and day in all kinds of operational

conditions, to control multiple sensors at the same time, to develop line of sight

weapons, and to coordinate the activities of individual soldiers with air and artillery

components. There is also the question of how to overcome information overload and

focus on what matters, as well as on security aspects of communications.

The following table summarizes constraints and limitations, as well as capability

requirements and challenges related to C4ISR.

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C4ISR Vision and Future Capability Requirements

Constraints and Limitations

Weight (miniaturization of C4ISR-related technology)

Volume (miniaturization of C4ISR-related technology

Power consumption

Information overload

Policy (frequency spectrum allocation, security policies)

Programmatic realities – Integration issues highly depend on coordination between many capital projects

Absence of ―commercial infrastructure‖

$$$

Vision and Future Capability Requirements (Geo-location capability)

Improved performance of geo-location capability o Friendly forces and assets (moving sensors) o Enemy forces

Where are my buddies now?

Where is the enemy now?

Current limitation

Integrated Blue Force Tracking (BFT) and Battlefield Combat Identification (BCDI)?

Vision and Future Capability Requirements (Communication Capability)

High throughput for rich services

Coverage in different environment

Operation in Canada and abroad (licensing)

Adaptable waveform (Performance optimized for environment and mission)

Connectivity with higher echelon services and sensors

RF unfriendly environment – new communication technologies such as magnetic induction

Wireless Soldier

PDA

Event-driven info NEC network

Body area network

Weapon (RFID tag, IR camera)

Helmet (GPS, Camera, Visor display)

Wireless earplugs

Watch (ID, GPS, Time, Telephone …)

Ammo cartridge with RFID

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C4ISR Vision and Future Capability Requirements (cont’d)

Sensors

―Soldier feed‖ from the network

Threat detection

Physiological sensors?

Disposable micro/nano UGS and UAVs

Look through wall sensors

Precise human target detection, recognition, identification and tracking capability

Sensors and effectors Integration

o Sensor remote control and interrogation o Weapon Remote control o Soldier as a sensor

Integration with Higher Infrastructure and Platforms

Soldier’s C4ISR capability between mounted state and dismounted state should be almost transparent and transition should be ―smooth‖

Voice and data services should be provided and controlled from the same input and output devices

Security solution transparent to user

Fully enabled JIMP (Joint, Inter-agency, Multi-national and Public) Capability

Sensors and effectors Integration – target handoff

Information Management

Appropriate information presented to dismounted soldier and commander o What information he needs to do his job o ―Context-based‖ information (mission based/task based) o Avoid information overload o Pre-processed/‖Fused‖ information

Decision aid tools in order to o Support situation analysis o Achieve situation awareness faster o Provide options to do better informed decision

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C4I/Sensors Visioning Breakout Session Visioning



Sensors Integrated into Materials

Miniaturization

Wireless Soldier Network

Cross-functional Integration with Body Armour

Fully integrated Future Army

Micro UAVs

Large-scale deployment of Integrated System

Wireless Voice, Data, and Video

Device Integration and Reduced Power Needs

5 yr 10 yr 15 yr

5 yr 10 yr 15 yr

5 yr 10 yr 15 yr

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Summary of Participant Visioning Input – C4I/Sensors


Sensor integration into materials

Textiles with biometric sensors

Wiring power and data through fabrics

Funding of immediate capabilities

Convergence of silo developments

Early goal setting essential for delivery of an integrated solution

Increase bandwidth for soldiers (voice and data)

"Solve" power problem

Investigate use of symbols for visual communications (more effective internationally)

50% less power for same capability

Miniaturization

Wireless network between soldiers

On-soldier display

Usable, intuitive, user-friendly components

Goggles with visual display

All-weather-enabled sensors

Nanotechnology in garments to recognize allies

Wireless push-to-talk in weapon

Build "tiger team" of industry to identify integration possibilities

Large-scale deployment of integrated system

Standard device/platform

Information exchange standards

Decide on display method/input method/platform

Wireless voice, data, and video

Access to persistent surveillance (e.g., UAV feed)

Biometrics security system for personnel/material in hands of enemy

Ability to upload to intelligence database

10 watts for soldier – miniaturization

Encryption/encoding of voice/data

Miniaturization and decreased power usage

Vertical and horizontal info flows and decision making

Fusion of devices and decreased power usage

New sensor capabilities

Common secure wireless communications

Increased bandwidth

Profiles for different users – authentication

Cross-functional integrations between C4ISR materials and electronics and body armour and weapons

Full integration of future army

Dynamic symbology

Horizontal/vertical integration and universal interoperability

Shared video (frequency allocation does not allow improved bandwidth)

Parallel networks or one common network

Micro UAVs

Remote disable/biometric disable

Training standard device to device

Sunglasses that gather, organize, transmit, present data

Cultural shift means new perspectives

Faster time to deploy

Wearable power sources and supplies that can be recharged once inside the vehicle and power all C4I/Sensor components

Miniaturization and increased power usage

All sensors controlled by one item (e.g., sunglasses)



1. Security personnel must have agreed-upon policies and standards.

2. Need to keep in mind generational differences in attitudes and ways of interacting with technology.

3. Important for army to have a comprehensive C4SI strategy and manage technology development.

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4.3 Survivability and Personal Protective Equipment


Survivability and personal protective equipment for the dismounted soldier includes

clothing, footwear, and load carriage equipment. When clothing and equipping the

soldier, a wide range of potential threats must be taken into account, including:

environmental hazards, such as weather, bacteria and disease, temperature

extremes, wind, water (rain and immersion ), dust, insects and animals

attack from individuals,

improvised explosive devices

occupational hazards, such as fratricide, crime, and enemy sympathizers

ballistic and non-ballistic hazards

fragmentation, flame, flash and heat, blast, laser, noise

chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) threats

Technology that addresses the issue of survivability and protection tends to focus on

layering of lightweight breathable materials with moisture-wicking and other capabilities.

Also included are climate-specific boots and clothing, goggles, hats, pads, body armour,

mosquito nets, and anti-bug coatings. The focus is increasingly on lightweight

multifunctional materials in combined layers, and a range of nanotechnologies for health

monitoring, insulation, and ventilation.

As with all other aspects of the soldier system, weight must be taken into account, and

integration with all other aspects of the system must be considered. For example, nano-

fibers capable of transferring energy and data would address both weight and integration

issues.

Based on:

Clothing Footwear Load Carriage Equipment, Major L.A. Coghill DLR-5-10

Shield/Survivability & Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), Capt. R.T. Montague, DLR-5-10-2

Smart Textile Applications for the Soldier of the Future, Jean Dumas, DRDC Valcartier

Joint CBRN Physical Protection, Major Kevin Caldwell D CBRN D 2-5

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Other aspects of survivability include signature management for identification of friendly

combatants; multispectral camouflage for a variety of environments; a load carriage

system that is light, modular, flexible, and provides universal attachments for integration

of all gear; and improved shields to protect both the soldier and non-combatants.

Because almost three-quarters of what a soldier touches or uses is in the form of flexible

or textile materials, one hope is that smart textile technologies can be used to address

many of these requirements and greatly increase operational efficiency.

Once again, the key to success is viewed as convergence and integration. And the

overall goal remains to increase protection against all hazards over all parts of the body

while lowering weight, stiffness, and cost. Solutions must be acceptable to the soldier,

capable of adapting to different situations, and durable.

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Survivability and Personal Protective Equipment Breakout Session Results



Lighter, More Efficient Clothing

Integration With Other Components of Soldier System

Greater Functionality (durable, anti-microbial, etc.)

Phase-changing materials

Multi-function System (ballistic, biological, etc.)

Exo-mechanical Load Assist

Smart Fibers

Automatic Environment Control/First Aid

Embedded Microsensors

5 yr 10 yr 15 yr

5 yr 10 yr 15 yr

5 yr 10 yr 15 yr

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Summary of Participant Input – Survivability and Personal Protective Equipment


Investigate thermal, wet, durability, disposable uniforms (situation dependent)

Maintain IR reduction capabilities (even in zippers)

Continue human factors considerations

Integration with other soldier systems components (armour)

Other solder system components should always consider integration into clothing

Cooling system, lighter interim garment

Define an architecture philosophy

Decontamination system

Interface between helmet and frag vest

Integration of head-mounted sensors etc. with helmet

Physiological sensors in first layer

Multiple layers, multiple materials, each layer tailored to type of activity/mission

Backwards and frontwards compatibility

Self-wicking, non-melting

Better anti-microbial in fibre

Better cooling fibre

Better armour with same weight

Enhanced durability

More adjustable carriage

Introduction of smart fibres for protection, wicking, fire

Increased durability (washing, service life)

"Automatic" first aid

Re-usable, recycled fibres with recoverable base components

CBRN integration

EM/P shield

Exoskeleton

Clothes that gadgets plug into

Self adjusting solution – e.g., self-adapting to temperature

CBRN protection (short term)

Insect repellent in tissue

More flexible armour

Self-adapting tissue (thermal)

Energy harvested from movement

Robotic assisted carriage

Biometric energy, weight reduction

Embedded micro sensors and IM components

Physiological sensors integrated into clothing

Integrated environmental sensors (CBRN, heat)

Task and environment-specific protection, with compatible technologies

Light, flexible displays on the arm connections through textiles

Innovative input devices to withstand environment

Layers of textiles for protection, wicking, comfort

Adopt technology used by people and create applications and plug-ins to use in military setting

Phase-changing materials

Chameleon (visual, thermal, IR)

Multi-function system (bio, ballistic, chemical etc.)

Active material that reacts automatically to threats

Task/environment specific protection

Directed energy

More adaptable, integrated, modular, practical, lighter integrated solution

CBRN protection

Adaptive armour, with help of intelligent tissues or shear thickening liquid

Energy storage system in helmet or armour

Completely adaptive camouflage

Communications in uniform

Thermo-textile energy conversion

Adaptive visual masking textiles

Exo-mechanical load assist

Nano-material ballistic protection



1. Must address the trade-off between comfort and protection (e.g., CBRN suit).

2. Address heat buildup in uniform as equipment is added.

3. Need to consider protection from failure of equipment.

4. Modularity could cause soldier customization, which could decrease protection.

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4.4 Lethal and Non-Lethal Weapons


The soldier system includes both lethal weapons for combat roles, and non-lethal

weapons for crowd control and similar situations.

Lethal Weapons

Rifles, sniper systems, anti-armour weapons, close-area suppression and multiple-

effects weapons are all vital components of the soldier system. These weapons include

sensors and electronic devices to help the soldier locate targets and improve accuracy.

Current capability deficiencies in the area of lethal weapons include inadequate lethality

because weapons do not defeat increased personal protection, a lack of multi-effect

ammunition, the need for greater firing accuracy, the need for better sighting capabilities

in all conditions, and noise and flash management. In addition, ergonomic improvements

are needed to optimize weight, compactness, and operating capabilities.

The Canadian Forces have ongoing weapons upgrades and research projects designed

to improve the quality of their lethal weapons. A systems approach aims to select

component technologies based on Analytical Hierarchy Procedure and Human Systems

Integration. Operational analysis is used to predict and assess weapon systems options.

As a NATO member, Canada's choice of weapons aims for compliance with

standardized agreements (STANAGs) to ensure that common operational capabilities

are supported by all alliance members. NATO is conducting research into lethal

weapons, with groups looking at technical interfaces, power, and human factors

expected to report in December 2009. Canada's SARP 2 (Small Arms Replacement

Project 2) is an ongoing project to replace the forces small arms capabilities. Issues

facing the project include the need to coordinate with the Integrated Soldier System

Project (ISSP), the U.S. Army, and NATO.

Based on:

Canadian Army Portable Weapons Future Needs & Capabilities, Major Bruce Gilchrist, NATO LCG 1 Weapons and Sensors Team

Canadian Army Non-Lethal Requirements, Major Stéphane Dufour, NATO TG3 Vice-Chairman / NATO DAT 11 Team Project Director

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Non-Lethal Weapons

With the Canadian Forces increasingly deployed in population centres and situations

where combatants are not clearly identifiable, there is a greater need for non-lethal

weapons that control populations without resulting in undesired casualties.

The goal of non-lethal weapons is to apply force appropriately, with scalable effects for

different types of threats. A non-lethal capability is required to warn, confirm intent,

discriminate, and ensure compliance from local populations of an undetermined combat

status, within a range ensuring force protection and capability overmatch.

Non-lethal weapons that are available now, or soon will be, include a laser dazzler;

pepper spray; traditional crowd confrontation equipment, such as shields, personal

protective equipment, and batons; 12 gauge bean bag and 40 mm sponge rounds; and

distraction devices ( aka Flash Bang grenades). Both NATO and the Canadian Forces

have ongoing research and development projects aimed at efficiently and reliably

measuring effects, and building better non-lethal weapons with improved range,

accuracy, scalability of effect, reliability, and reversibility of effects.

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Lethal and Non-Lethal Weapons Breakout Session Visioning


must technology be able to do 5, 10 and 15 years into the future?

Power Rail

Improved Accuracy

Integrated Lethal and Non-Lethal Capabilities

Smart Targeting

Caseless Ammunition

Less Weight, Better Integrated Target Acquisition

Robust Soldier-to-Soldier Network

Removable Sights

Variable-Power Laser

5 yr 10 yr 15 yr

5 yr 10 yr 15 yr

5 yr 10 yr 15 yr

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Summary of Participant Visioning Input – Lethal and Non-Lethal Weapons


Powered rail essential

Calibre/lethality selectability

Video sighting

Non-lethal high-voltage, self-generated lightning bolt

Acoustic and disorientation devices

Vehicle engine jammer

Power standard

Progression of robotic support

Investigate long-distance and better accuracy NL weapons

Test methodology standards

EMP round to disable vehicles

FN 303 round – 85 m range vs. 40m

Accuracy, precision management

Combine aim and dazzler sights

Variable velocity bullet

Vented propellant chamber

Projectile doing both lethal and non-lethal rose

Create robust soldier-to-soldier network

Better distance/accuracy non-lethal weapons

Removable sight

Non-projectile weapons

Warning technology

Laser with variable power

EMP to stop vehicle

Technology built into clothing

Unique pattern recognition to friends

Long-range detection of threat

Weapon connected with power supply on kit or uniform

Magazine feed direct from uniform – no reloading necessary

Non-lethal (sedative air burst)

Smart targeting using sensor network – marking, targeting, identification

Adaptive lethal/non-lethal personal wan

Adjustable (auto) kinetics/variable mussle velocity

Smart projectile

Automated target detection/identification and engagement

Fire control system – integrates displaced point of aim based upon fact-embedded TRG

"Netted" capability at section/platoon

"Smart" ammo with scalable effects

Case-less ammo

Enhanced resolution OLED

Cost-effective range finding

Use recoil for energy/power

Get rid of cartridge

Decrease weight

Better target acquisition



Must maintain focus on training and skill. Must be able to revert to marksmanship should all else fail.

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4.5 Parking Lot Issues

Topics that arose during the discussions, but that did not focus directly on technology

and the soldier system, were placed in a "parking lot." For example, discussion of

command and control vs. the soldier's freedom to choose, the importance of training to

the soldier system, intellectual property concerns, regulatory policies, and funding

issues, were all considered "parking lot" material.

Parking lot issues that arose included the following:

1. R&D budgets in Industry must be addressed. There is a need for greater

budgets.

2. Need Canadian industry support and protection to achieve these goals.

3. Access to government funding needed.

4. Generational differences will have to be addressed (e.g., the baby boomer

soldier vs. the Gen X soldier). How to bridge the gap?

5. Better processes are needed for smoother interaction between industry and

DND.

6. Industry can provide improvements, but seems unable to get them to the military.

Or, the military is unable to capitalize on improvements.

7. Must have better communication between DND and industry.

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5. The End of the Beginning

The Visioning and Future Capabilities Workshop was designed to stimulate a discussion

among a wide range of stakeholders in government, industry, and academia about future

soldier system capabilities and the technologies that could be involved in building them.

It also focused on what must be done to ensure that the necessary research and

development is carried out to make the technology and capabilities a reality.

The thoughtful and enthusiastic input of the presenters and workshop participants – as

indicated by the presentation overviews and breakout session summaries in this report –

is a clear indication that this discussion got well underway during the workshop.

5.1 Next Steps in the Roadmapping Project

The Soldier Systems Technology Roadmap Visioning and Future Capabilities Workshop

was just the beginning of the Development phase of the roadmap journey. A technology

roadmap changes constantly over time, as communication among stakeholders

continues, new stakeholders join the process, technologies evolve, new technologies

emerge, and more information and ideas become available – often because of the

synergy resulting from the range of participants and their interactions during and after

the visioning exercise.

If the number of business cards exchanged at the Visioning and Future Capabilities

Workshop is any indication, the discussion among representatives of the industries and

organizations attending the workshop has just begun – ideas will continue to be

generated, and the vision of the Soldier System of the future will evolve and sharpen.

Future Workshops

The Visioning and Future Capabilities Workshop is just the first of several workshops

planned as part of the Soldier Systems Technology Roadmap. (For a schedule, see

page 58.)

Future workshops will focus in greater detail on each of the four areas addressed in the

Visioning workshop – Power, C4I, Survivability, and Lethality/Non-Lethality. Each

workshop will result in its own summary report. Following all of the workshops, a Cap

Stone report will summarize the results of the Soldier Systems Technology Roadmap up

to that time, and outline the next steps in the ongoing roadmapping process.

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5.2 Schedule of Upcoming Workshops

Upcoming Soldier Systems Technology Roadmap Workshops

Subject to change. For the latest schedule, see:

http://soldiersystems-systemesdusoldat.collaboration.gc.ca/eic/site/sstrm-

crtss.nsf/eng/h_00018.html

Workshop Date Location

Power/Energy/Sustainability September 21–23, 2009

Sheraton

Vancouver Wall

Centre

Vancouver, B.C.

Weapons: Lethal and Non-Lethal November 24-26, 2009 Toronto, Ontario

C4I (Command, Control,

Communications, Computers,

Intelligence)

January 27-28, 2010 Calgary, Alberta

Sensors March, 2010 Quebéc City,

Québec

Survivability/Personal Protective

Equipment/Footwear/Clothing/Load

Carriage

May/June, 2010 Ottawa, Ontario

Enabling Technologies/Future Projects September, 2010 Halifax, Nova

Scotia

Roadmap Integration November, 2010 Ottawa, Ontario



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A. Soldier Systems Technology Roadmap Governance

The Soldier Systems TRM is guided by the following:

Technology Roadmap Senior Review Board (TRMSRB)

An independent Technology Roadmap Senior Review Board (TRMSRB) oversees

the Soldier Systems TRM.

Executive Steering Committee (ESC)

An Executive Steering Committee (ESC) provides general guidance on the

operational development of the Soldier Systems TRM. Led by two co-chairs — the

Canadian Forces sponsor and the Industry Representative — the ESC is composed

of industry (50%) and government senior representatives (50%).

Technical Subcommittees

Technical Subcommittees (TSCs) guide the development of the technical workshops

and review the information captured in the ICee collaborative tool. Each

subcommittee has two co-chairs — one from industry, one from government — and

is composed of technical experts from industry and government. The TSCs focus on

the following sub-components of the roadmap:

Power/Energy/Sustainability

Weapons: Lethal and Non-Lethal

C4I (Control, Command, Communications, Computers, Intelligence)

Sensors

Survivability/Personal Protective Equipment/Footwear/Clothing/Load Carriage

Enabling Technologies/Future Projects

Roadmap Integration

Note: All non-government members of the Executive Steering Committee and

Technical Committees are selected through joint industry-government consultation.

They are expected to sign and follow an ethics code.

Facilitator

The Strategic review Group Inc. — hired as a facilitator through a competitive

process — organizes the workshops and committee meetings, prepares minutes of

the sessions, and develops Technology Roadmap reports.

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B. List of Visioning and Future Capabilities Workshop Participants

Visioning Workshop Participants

Last Name First Name Organization

Addison Tim CGI Information & Management Consultants Inc.

Anctil Benoit Biokinetics and Associates Ltd.

Andrukaitis, Dr. E. DRDC

Arden Dale Defence R&D Canada

Balma Robert Department of National Defence

Beckett Richard Gabae Development

Beland Paul DRDC

Bell, Lcol R. DND

Benaddi, Dr. Hamid Stedfast Inc.

Berlinger Mathias Bermatex Innovation

Bernier Andre General Dynamics Ordnance and Tactical Systems-Canada Inc.

Betts, Peng K. Ross Shipley Canada Corp.

Bisson Michel STC Footwear Inc.

Blackburn Robert Longbow Product Development

Bleriot Risselin

Boisvert Jonathan NRC

Bonaventure Jacques

Bossi, Maj. Linda DND

Bourget Daniel DRDC

Bowes Rick DRS technologies

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Boyne, Maj. Stephen DRDC

Brouillette Lysanne G.A. Boulet Inc.

Brown David DND

Buchanan Starlene National Research Council

Buchanan Kevin DND

Budico Victoria The Fashion Technology Transfer Center

Bujold Alain Mawashi Protective Clothing Inc.

Campbell Ross Industry Canada

Carrick Dawn Department of National Defence

Charlebois Scott DND

Cloutier Renelle Industry Canada

Coghill, Maj. Craig DND

Colbert Heather CAE Professional Services

Cole Richard NRC

Colorane Terry DND

Comtois P. DND

Connolly Peter Fidus

Copeman Mike RNicholls Distributors

Couture Nathalie ADRB

Cracknell Carol

Croker Gary Colt Canada

Crossman Danny Pacific Safety Products (PSP) Inc.

Darling Marie E. Rockwell Collins Government Systems

Davidson Jack ELCAN Optical Technologies

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Dexter Deborah Gladstone Aerospace Consulting

Diefenderfer James L-3 Communication Systems-West

DiNardo George Larus Technologies Corporation

Dionne JP Allen Vanguard

Dixon Anthony Peerless Garments LP.

Donais, P.Eng Len Panacis

Dufour, Maj. S. DND

Du Maresq Mike Sp 1ke Inc.l

Dumas Jean DRDC

Dupont Gilles Technopole Defence and Security

Dupuis Madeleine Industry Canada

Edwards Eric Xiphos technologies Inc.

Elfeki Yasmine Department of National Defence (Gatineau)

Ells William A. Quabaug Corp

El-Salfiti Kamal DND

Emond Bruno NRC

Fast Douglas Spectrum Signal Processing

Fletcher Robert Fletcher System Safety Inc.

Frim, Ph.D John DRDC

Gauthier Charles-Antoine NRC

Georgaras Konstantinos Industry Canada

Gisewski, Dr. P. DND

Gray Mark Industry Canada

Gray Todd AIMS Limited

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Guilbault, Maj. Nathalie Dsspm 2-1

Haddow Robert

Harb Ziad AMITA

Hewett Billy Industry Canada

Holmes Ken Industry Canada

Hoopey, Maj. Sean DND

Huard Mariane Industry Canada

Jamieson Brian Sp 1ke Inc.l

Jasiobedzki Piotr MDA Space Missions

Johansen Frank Scepter Corporation

Johnson Jay santosHuman Inc.

Johnston Andrew NRC

Johnston Sean CAE Professional Services

Juteau Bernard PWGSC

Karowski Wojcieu CRA

Katsube Bill DRDC

Kevser, Dr. Taymaz Department of National Defence

Keyser Peter GMA Cover Corp.

Klein Mike Valley Associates Inc.

Kondratova Irina NRC

Kuhar Ed L-3 WESCAM

Laforgue Alexis NRC

Lafrance Andre CAE

Lalonde Robert GE Homeland Protection Inc.

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Lapierre François Consoltex Inc.

Lavoie Mario DND

Lemelin Claude DND

Lepack Richard Frontline Robotics

Lesage Francois DRDC

Lopez, P.Eng Damian Thales Canada

Lypps Brian CAE Professional Services

Mack Charles DND

MacVicar, PEng. Marni Aeryon Labs Inc.

Maguire Jim YKK Canada

Marchildon Alain ImmerVision

Mardell Rebecca Department of National Defence

Margarita Waland

Maury Gerald Rockwell Collins

McNamara Daniel DND

McSwain Sean

Mell Tim Sennheiser Canada

Merel, Dr. Philippe

Merry David M. Insight technology Inc

Meunier Michel G.A. Boulet Inc.

Ming, Dr. Li DRDC

Mirota Michel NRC

Montague, Capt. D. DND

Morissette Jean-Francois Airboss Defence

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Nakaza Ed Human Systems Inc.

Nimmo Geoffrey Industry Canada

Noete Mark SED Systems

O'Neill Laurence General Dynamics Canada

Orzel Allison Lincoln Fabrics Ltd.

Page Tim CADSI

Pageau Gilles DND

Palmer Doug DND

Parsons Bob OSI Geospatial Inc

Patel Vivek

Payna Alex Colt Canada

Pazner Joe YKK

Perley Dan DLCI 2

Plattenberg Minika US Army International Technology center

Poirier Alain Rheinmetall

Poole Richard L-3 Electronic Systems

Porteous Holly Library of Canada

Rajagopalan Sumitra Bioastratech

Reilander Robert Cubic Field Services Canada Ltd/

Ricard Vincent DRDC

Robertson Eric Industry Canada

Robertson Gerald Industry Canada

Robinson Andrew Information Systems Architects

Rondeau André André Rondeau Informatique

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Rousseau Marcel Solacom Technologies

Rowsell, M.E.Des., M.Sc.

Susan DRDC

Rozitis Arnie GD Canada

Ruane Bill EADS Defence and security

Samborsky Steven Strike Face Technology, Inc.

Sandron Letizia Peerless Garments LP.

Saville Nita Industry Canada

Scavo Tony DND / DSSPM 2-6

Senske Randall 2kPlus Information Systems Consulting Inc.

Sheitoyan Jean-Marc Mawashi Protective Clothing Inc.

Smith Fern F. Smith Design

Spanglett Judith Department of National Defence

Srinivasan Raj DND

Srour Clem Industry Canada

St-Denis Charles DND

Stewart Jessie DND

Ta P.Eng David Department of National Defence

Tack Dave Human Systems Inc.

Tang, Ph.D. Helen DRDC

Tanguay Vincent DRDC

Tassé Claude Sofema Canada

Taylor Lisa DND

Taylor Robert Tac Wear inc.

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Tessier Dominic CTT Group

Tetreault Eve Mawashi Protective Clothing Inc.

Teuwen Albert Department of National Defence

Tomlinson Marc J. CT Canada

Toulgoat Mylene DRDC Corporate

Trudel-Boucher David NRC

Turmel Bruno DND

Tzefererakos Steven Industry Canada

Vallee Pierre Revision Eyewear

Walsh Bud Thales Canada, Land & Joint Systems Division

Webber Andrew Armament Technology Inc.

Williams Kevin DRDC

Wingert Douglas ADGA Group Consultants Inc.

Wood Walter

Workman Timothy NRC

Wright Dale

Wright John JPOM

Xu Echo Department of National Defence

Yagminas Joe

Yourt Gloria Pacific Safety Products

Zrymiak Bill DND

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C. Facilitators

The facilitators at the Soldier Systems Technology Roadmap Visioning Workshop were:

Philippe Carr – Lead Facilitator

John Burns

Richard Burton

Shazmin Dosani

George Emery

John Ferguson

Eileen Gordon

Harriet Gorman

Obada Mujawaz