states of matter changes all around us. what is matter? matter is anything that has mass (atoms) and...
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States of States of MatterMatter
Changes all around Changes all around usus
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What is What is MatterMatter??
•Matter is anything that has mass (atoms) and volume (takes up space).
• EVERYTHING is made of matter.
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3 States of Matter
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Water in all 3 statesWater in all 3 states
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44 States of Matter States of MatterThere are four
states of matter:– Solid– Liquid– Gas– Plasma
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What Makes Something a Solid?
Solids:– Retain their
shape,– Molecules are
close together, with strong force between molecules that holds the shape,
– Molecules moving very slowly (vibrating)
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SolidsSolids
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What Makes Something a Liquid?
Liquids:– Take the shape of
its container, – Molecules close
but not as tightly held as in solids,
– Molecules move around each other.
– Liquids can have different viscosities
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What is Viscosity?What is Viscosity?ViscosityViscosity = a liquids = a liquids
resistance to changing its resistance to changing its shape. shape.
Thicker = higher viscosityThicker = higher viscosity
Thinner = lower viscosityThinner = lower viscosity
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What is a Gas?What is a Gas?• GasGas:
– takes the shape of its takes the shape of its container, container,
– molecules are very far apart molecules are very far apart and moving fast. and moving fast.
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Some GasSome Gas
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More GasMore Gas
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Lots and Lots Lots and Lots of Gasof Gas
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Everything is in Everything is in MotionMotion
All molecules are in motionAll molecules are in motion
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Everything has Everything has HeatHeat
All molecules have heat.
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What is What is Heat?Heat?
Heat is a Heat is a form of form of energyenergy
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WHAT IS HEAT?WHAT IS HEAT?• Heat is:
– a form of energy– the energy of vibrating molecules
(Kinetic energy)– molecules are always moving
(vibrating) therefore all matter has heat
– the faster that molecules vibrate the more heat they have
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Heat is…Heat is…• HEAT is the total kinetic energy of an
object
(Compared with Temperature which is the average Kinetic energy)
ex. Block of ice vs. match
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Where Does Heat Come Where Does Heat Come From?From?
Sun, burning fuel, friction Sun, burning fuel, friction
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How Does Heat How Does Heat Move?Move?
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ConvectionConvection
ConvectionConvection = a substance in motion = a substance in motion carries heat energy with it. (requires carries heat energy with it. (requires matter)matter)
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ConductionConduction
Conduction = is the molecule to molecule transfer of heat energy. (requires matter)
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RadiationRadiation
Radiation = photons travel through space from emitter to another point (does not require matter)
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How Do We Measure Heat?How Do We Measure Heat?
• Thermometer – measures the average Kinetic energy of the molecules in a substance.
• Celsius = water freezes at 0oC and boils at 100oC
• Farenheit = water freezes at 32oF and boils at 212oF.
• Kelvin = begins at Absolute Zero = -275 celsius = limit of coldness = the lowest possible kinetic energy that molecules can have (Theoretic point)
•
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What is Absolute Zero?What is Absolute Zero?
• Absolute Zero = the temperature at which kinetic energy of molecules is zero, there is NO movement of the molecules.
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The Kinetic Molecular TheoryThe Kinetic Molecular Theory
• Kinetic Molecular TheoryKinetic Molecular Theory – explains thermal energy as the random movement of atoms or molecules; explains the properties of matter.
• All matter is made of atoms (molecules)• The molecules are in constant motion
(kinetic)• Motion and spacing of the molecules
determines the state of matter• Temperature of the molecules determines the
motion and thereby the state of matter.– More heat = more motion = more space
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Molecular Spacing and Heat Molecular Spacing and Heat Determine State of Matter or Determine State of Matter or
PhasePhase
• SolidSolid = close molecules, slow, “cold”
• LiquidLiquid = pretty close, faster, “warm”
• GasGas = far apart, fast, “hot”
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Phase Changes – Evaporation Phase Changes – Evaporation and Boilingand Boiling
• LiquidLiquid + heat GasGas (Evaporation)– ex. Puddle disappearing on a hot day
(Boiling)
– BoilingBoiling = pressure of escaping water vapor = air pressure
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Evaporation is a Cooling ProcessEvaporation is a Cooling Process
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Phase Changes - MeltingPhase Changes - Melting
• SolidSolid + heat LiquidLiquid (Melting) – ex. Ice melting to water
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Phase Changes - CondensationPhase Changes - Condensation
• GasGas – heat LiquidLiquid (Condensation) – ex. Liquid forming on the outside of a
cold glass
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Phase Changes - FreezingPhase Changes - Freezing
• LiquidLiquid – heat SolidSolid (Freezing) – ex. Water cooling and changing into ice
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Phase Changes - SublimationPhase Changes - Sublimation
• SolidSolid + heat GasGas (Sublimation) – ex. Dry ice, moth balls disappear over time
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Phase Changes - DepositionPhase Changes - Deposition
• Gas – heat Gas – heat Solid (Deposition) Solid (Deposition) –ex. Snow, frost on windows, breath ex. Snow, frost on windows, breath
on cold day, frost in freezeron cold day, frost in freezer
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Thermal ExpansionThermal Expansion
• Thermal Expansion = the Thermal Expansion = the expansion that occurs as a expansion that occurs as a substance is heatedsubstance is heated
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ReviewReview
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