steppers and vfd - chemeketa community collegefaculty.chemeketa.edu/csekafet/elt291/18.pdf ·...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Steppers and VFD - Chemeketa Community Collegefaculty.chemeketa.edu/csekafet/ELT291/18.pdf · running is not possible with most types of VFD’s. If power switching is anticipated,](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022042209/5eaceea85253fd261d6fd04b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Industrial Motors
• DC Motors• AC Motors• Three Phase Motors• Specialty Motors
– Variable Frequency Drives – Stepper Motors
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But first…..Servos!
Servos can be AC or DC but they do one thing:
Sense the output position and adjust the input source to compensate for the difference.
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Variable Frequency Drives
Consider VFDs for pumps and fans where flow varies
Variable frequency drives (VFDs), a type of variable speed drive, are motor controllers
that vary the speed of squirrel cage induction motors
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Variable Frequency Drives
VFDs save substantial energy when applied to variable-torque loads, and result in
reductions in electricity bills in most facilities
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Variable Frequency Drives
These energy savings are possible with variable-torque loads, such as fans and
pumps, because torque varies as the square of speed, and horsepower varies as the cube
of speed. For example, if fan speed is reduced by 20%, motor horsepower (and energy consumption) is reduced by 50%.
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Variable Frequency Drives
VFDs generate variable voltage and frequency output in the proper volts/hertz ratio for the
motors from the fixed utility-supplied power
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Variable Frequency Drives
VFDs can be retrofitted into existing motor systems, and can operate both standard and high-efficiency motors ranging in size from
1/3 HP to several thousand HP
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Variable Frequency Drives
Unlike mechanical or hydraulic motor controllers, they can be located remotely and do not require mechanical coupling
between the motor and the load
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Variable Frequency Drives
Applications:
centrifugal fanspumps (centrifugal, propeller, turbine)
agitators axial compressors
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Variable Frequency Drives
Three major VFD designs
1. Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)2. Current Source Inverter (CSI)
3. Variable Voltage Inverter (VVI)
Flux Vector PWM
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Variable Frequency Drives
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
PWM outputs emulate sinusoidal power waves by varying the width of pulses in
each half cycle
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Variable Frequency Drives
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
Advantages of PWMs are low harmonic motor heating, excellent input displacement
power factor, high efficiencies at 92% to 96%, and ability to control multiple motor
systems with a single drive.
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Variable Frequency Drives
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
The dominant VFD design in the 1/2 HP to 500 HP range because of its reliability,
affordability and availability
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Variable Frequency Drives
Current Source Inverter (CSI)
Quite reliable due to their inherent current-limiting characteristics and simple circuitry
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Variable Frequency Drives
Current Source Inverter (CSI)
CSIs have regenerative power capabilities, meaning that CSI drives can reverse the power flow back from the motor through
the drive
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Variable Frequency Drives
Current Source Inverter (CSI)
CSIs "reflect" large amounts of power harmonics back to the source, have poor input power factors, and produce jerky motor operations (cogging) at very low
speeds
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Variable Frequency Drives
Current Source Inverter (CSI)
CSIs are typically used for large(over 300 HP) induction and synchronous
motors.
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Variable Frequency Drives
Voltage Source Inverter (VSI)
Similar to CSI designs, but VSIs generate variable-frequency outputs to motors by
regulating voltage rather than current
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Variable Frequency Drives
Voltage Source Inverter (VSI)
Harmonics, power factor and coggingat low frequencies can be problems.
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Variable Frequency Drives
VFD’s should be properly installed to avoid damage to their electronics. This includes proper grounding, mounting, connection,
voltage, and cooling.
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Variable Frequency Drives
[1] Installing VFDs intended for wall mounting as free standing units will interfere with the "chimney effect"
cooling of the heat sink. Always install wall-mounted units against a smooth,
flat, vertical surface or install a piece of plywood or sheet metal to create the
required cooling channels.
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Variable Frequency Drives
[2] Ensure that the power voltage supplied to VFDs is stable within plus or minus
10% to prevent tripping faults.
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Variable Frequency Drives
[3] Motors operating at low speeds can suffer from reduced cooling. For
maximum motor protection on motors to be run at low speeds, install thermal sensors that interlock with the VFD
control circuit. Standard motor protection responds only to over-current
conditions.
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Variable Frequency Drives
[4] Speed control wiring, which is often 4mA to 20mA or 0 VDC to 5 VDC, should be separated from other wiring to avoid erratic behavior. Parallel runs of 115V
and 24V control wiring may cause problems.
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Variable Frequency Drives
Precautions for specifying, installing and operating VFDs are numerous. Improper
installation and start-up accounts for 50% of VFD failures.
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Variable Frequency Drives
[1] Use the VFD start-up sheet to guide the initialization check prior to energizing
the VFD for the first time.[2] Corrosive environments, humidity above 95%, ambient air temperatures
exceeding 40°C (104°F), and conditions where condensation occurs may damage
VFDs
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Variable Frequency Drives
[3] If a VFD is started when the load is already spinning, the VFD will try to pull
the motor down to a low, soft-start frequency. This can result in high current and a trip unless special VFDs are used.
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Variable Frequency Drives
[4] Switching from grid power to emergency power while the VFD is
running is not possible with most types of VFD’s. If power switching is anticipated,
include this capability in the specification.
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Variable Frequency Drives
[5] If a motor always operates at rated load, a VFD will increase power use, due
to electrical losses in the VFD.
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Variable Frequency Drives
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Variable Frequency Drives
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Variable Frequency Drives
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Variable Frequency Drives
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Variable Frequency Drives
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Stepper Motors
Applications
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Stepper Motor Characteristics
Voltage
Resistance
Degrees per step
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Degrees per Step
• Figured out by– Looking at the datasheet– Looking at the motor specifications– Turning the motor by hand and dividing the
number of steps into 360 to determine the degrees per step
– Divide the steps per revolution on the motor casing into 360
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TYPES OF STEPPER MOTORS
Two Basic Types:
• Permanent Magnet
• Variable Reluctance
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Permanent Magnet
Sub Categories:
Unipolar Stepper Motors
Bipolar Stepper Motors
Variable Reluctance Stepper
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Unipolar Stepper MotorsThe most common stepper is the four-coil
unipolar variety, a typical coil format being the one shown below:
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Unipolar Stepper Motors
• These are called unipolar because they require only that their coils be driven on and off.
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Unipolar Stepper Motors
The normal stepping sequence for four-coilunipolar steppers is shown in the following diagram:
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Typical Motor Driver
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Full Phase and Half Phase
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Bipolar Stepper Motors
Bipolar motors are known for their excellent size/torque ratio, and provide more torque for their size than unipolarmotors
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Bipolar Stepper Motors
Designed with separate coils that need to be driven in either direction (the polarity needs to be reversed during operation) for proper stepping to occur
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Bipolar Stepper Motors
Bipolar stepper motors use the same binary drive pattern as a unipolar motor, only the '0' and '1' signals correspond to the polarity of the voltage applied to the coils, not simply 'on-off' signals.
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Bipolar Stepper Motors
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Typical H-Bridge Circuit Driver
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Variable Reluctance Stepper Motors
Referred as Hybrid motors.
Simplest of the stepper motors to control
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Variable Reluctance Stepper Motors
• Bipolar steppers require that the polarity of power to the coils be reversed
• Their drive sequence is simply to energize each of the windings in order, one after the other
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Variable Reluctance Stepper Motors
• It will often have only one lead, which is the common lead for all the other leads.
• Feels like a DC motor when the shaft is spun by hand; it turns freely and you cannot feel the steps.
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Variable Reluctance Stepper Motors
• This type of stepper motor is not permanently magnetized like its unipolarand bipolar counterparts.
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Variable Reluctance Stepper Motors
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Steppers
• RotationalGears
Pulleys
• LinearX-Y Tables