Nilai ciri bagi penyerapan inframerah disebabkan oleh

getaran regangan dalam molekul organik (Characteristic values for infrared absorption due to

stretching vibrations in organic molecules)

Julat ciri (Characteristic ranges)

Ikatan (Bond)

Nombor gelombang (salingan panjang

gelombang) [Wavenumber

(reciprocal wavelength)] /cm–1

C – H alkana, alkena, arena (alkanes, alkenes, arenes) 2840 hingga

(to) 3095

C = C 1610 hingga (to) 1680

C ≡ C 2070 hingga (to) 2250

C = O aldehid, keton, asid, ester (aldehydes, ketones, acids, esters) 1680 hingga

(to) 1750

C – O alkohol, eter, ester (alcohols, ethers, esters) 1000 hingga

(to) 1300

C ≡ N 2200 hingga (to) 2280

C – Cl 700 hingga (to) 800

‘bebas’ (‘free’) 3580 hingga

(to) 3670

O – H ‘berikatan hidrogen’ dalam alkohol, fenol (‘hydrogen-bonded’ in alcohols, phenols) 3230 hingga

(to) 3550

‘berikatan hidrogen’ dalam asid (‘hydrogen-bonded’ in acids) 2500 hingga

(to) 3300

N – H amina primer (primary amines) 3350 hingga

(to) 3500

8

BUKU DATA (DATA BOOKLET)

KANDUNGAN (CONTENTS)

Mata pelajaran Halaman (Subject) (Page) 960 Fizik 2 (960 Physics) 962 Kimia 3 – 8 (962 Chemistry)

Majlis Peperiksaan Malaysia Bandar Baru Selayang

2003

3.00

× 1

08 m s–1

4π ×

10–7

H m

–1

8.85

× 1

0–12 F

m–1

(1/(3

6π))

× 1

0–9 F

m–1

1.60

× 1

0–19 C

6.63

× 1

0–34 J

s

1.66

× 1

0–27 k

g

9.11

× 1

0–31 k

g

1.67

× 1

0–27 k

g

8.31

J K

–1 m

ol–1

6.02

× 1

023 m

ol–1

1.38

× 1

0–23 J

K–1

6.67

× 1

0 –11

N m

2 kg–2

9.81

m s–2

= = = ≈ = = = = = = = = = =

c μ 0

ε 0

e h u me

mp

R L, N

A

k G

g

(Spe

ed o

f lig

ht in

free

spac

e)

(Per

mea

bilit

y of

free

spac

e)

(Per

mitt

ivity

of f

ree

spac

e)

(Mag

ntiu

de o

f ele

ctro

nic

char

ge)

(Pla

nck

cons

tant

)

(Uni

fied

atom

ic m

ass u

nit)

(Res

t mas

s of e

lect

ron)

(Res

t mas

s of p

roto

n)

(Mol

ar g

as c

onst

ant)

(Avo

gadr

o co

nsta

nt)

(Bol

tzm

ann

cons

tant

)

(Gra

vita

tiona

l con

stan

t)

(Acc

eler

atio

n of

free

fall)

960

FIZ

IK

(960

PH

YSIC

S)

Nila

i Pem

alar

(V

alue

s of c

onst

ants

) La

ju c

ahay

a da

lam

ruan

g be

bas

Ket

elap

an ru

ang

beba

s

Ket

elus

an ru

ang

beba

s

Mag

nitu

d ca

s ele

ctro

n

Pem

alar

Pla

nck

Uni

t jis

m a

tom

ber

satu

Jisi

m re

hat e

lekt

ron

Jisi

m re

hat p

roto

n

Pem

alar

gas

mol

ar

Pem

alar

Avo

gadr

o

Pem

alar

Bol

tzm

ann

Pem

alar

gra

viti

Pect

uan

jatu

h be

bas

2

Tindak balas (Reaction)

Eθ / V

Mg2+ + 2e– Mg – 2.38 Mn2+ + 2e– Mn – 1.18 Mn3+ + e– Mn2+ + 1.49

MnO2 + 4H+ + 2e– Mn2+ + 2H2O + 1.23 MnO4

– + e– MnO42– + 0.56

MnO4– + 4H+ + 3e– MnO2 + 2H2O + 1.67

MnO4– + 8H+ + 5e– Mn2+ + 4H2O + 1.52

NO3– + 2H+ + e– NO2 + H2O + 0.81

NO3– + 3H+ + 2e– HNO2 + H2O + 0.94

NO3– + 10H+ + 8e– NH4

+ + 3H2O + 0.87 Na+ + e– Na – 2.71

Ni2+ + 2e– Ni – 0.25 [Ni(NH3)6]2+ + 2e– Ni + 6NH3 – 0.51 H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e– 2H2O + 1.77

O2 + 4H+ + 4e– 2H2O + 1.23 O2 + 2H2O + 4e– 4OH– + 0.40

O2 + 2H+ + 2e– H2O2 + 0.68 2H2O + 2e– H2 + 2OH– – 0.83

Pb2+ + 2e– Pb – 0.13 Pb4+ + 2e– Pb2+ + 1.69

PbO2 + 4H+ + 2e– Pb2+ + 2H2O + 1.47 Sn2+ + 2e– Sn – 0.14 Sn4+ + 2e– Sn2+ + 0.15 Ti2+ + 2e– Ti – 1.63

Ti3+ + e– Ti2+ – 0.37 Zn2+ + 2e– Zn – 0.76

Supaya ringkas, molekul air terkoordinat tidak dimasukkan untuk ion kompleks. (For simplicity, coordinated water molecules have not been included for complex ions.)

7

Elektrod piawai dan keupayaan penurunan piawai (pada suhu 298 K = 25 °C) [Standard electrode and reduction potentials (at 298 K = 25 °C)]

Tindak balas (Reaction)

Eθ / V

Ag+ + e– Ag + 0.80 Al3+ + 3e– Al – 1.66 Ba2+ + 2e– Ba – 2.90 Br2 + 2e– 2Br – + 1.07

Ca2+ + 2e– Ca – 2.87 Cl2 + 2e– 2Cl– + 1.36

2HOCl + 2H+ + 2e– Cl2 + 2H2O + 1.64 Cr2+ + 2e– Cr – 0.91 Cr3+ + 3e– Cr – 0.74

Cr3+ + e– Cr2+ – 0.41 Cr2O7

2– + 14H+ + 6e– 2Cr3+ + 7H2O + 1.33 Cu+ + e– Cu + 0.52

Cu2+ + 2e– Cu + 0.34 Cu2+ + e– Cu+ + 0.15

[Cu(NH3)4]2+ + 2e– Cu + 4NH3 – 0.05 F2 + 2e– 2F– + 2.87

Fe2+ + 2e– Fe – 0.44 Fe3+ + 3e– Fe – 0.04

Fe3+ + e– Fe2+ + 0.77 [Fe(CN)6]3– + e– [Fe(CN)6]4– + 0.36

Fe(OH)3 + e– Fe(OH)2 + OH– – 0.56 2H+ + 2e– H2 0.00

H2 + 2e– 2H– – 2.25 I2 + 2e– 2I– + 0.54 K+ + e– K – 2.92 Li+ + e– Li – 3.04

6

18

(VII

I)

4.0

He

2 20.2

N

e 10

40.0

A

r 18

83.8

K

r 36

131

Xe

54 22

2 R

n 86

17

(VII

)

19.0

F

9 35.5

C

l 17

79

.9

Br

35 127 I

53 210

At

85 175

Lu

71 262

Lr

103

16

(VI)

16.0

O

8 32

.1

S 16

79

.0

Se

34

128

Te

52

209

Po

84

173

Yb

70

259

No

102

15

(V)

14.0

N

7 31

.0

P 15

74

.9

As

33

122

Sb

51

209

Bi

83

169

Tm

69

258

Md

101

14

(IV

)

12.0

C

6 28

.1

Si

14

72.6

G

e 32

11

9 Sn

50

20

7 Pb

82

167

Er

68

257

Fm

100

13

(III

)

10.8

B

5 27

.0

Al

13

69.7

G

a 31

11

5 In

49

20

4 Tl

81

165

Ho

67

252

Es

99

12

65.4

Zn

30

11

2 C

d 48

20

1 H

g 80

163

Dy

66

251

Cf

98

11

63.5

C

u 29

10

8 A

g 47

19

7 A

u 79

159

Tb

65

247

Bk

97

10

58.7

N

i 28

10

6 Pd

46

19

5 Pt

78

157

Gd

64

247

Cm

96

9 58.9

C

o 27

10

3 R

h 45

19

2 Ir

77

152

Eu

63

243

Am

95

8 55.8

Fe

26

10

1 R

u 44

19

0 O

s 76

150

Sm

62

244

Pu

94

7 54.9

M

n 25

98

Tc

43

186

Re

75

145

Pm

61

237

Np

93

6

a

= j

isim

ato

m re

latif

(rel

ativ

e at

omic

mas

s)

X =

sim

bol a

tom

(ato

mic

sym

bol)

b

= n

ombo

r pro

ton

(pro

ton

num

ber)

52.0

C

r 24

95

.9

Mo

42

184

W

74

144

Nd

60

238 U

92

5

a X

b 50.9

V

23

92

.9

Nb

41

181

Ta

73

141

Pr

59

231

Pa

91

4 47.9

Ti

22

91

.2

Zr

40

178

Hf

72

140

Ce

58

232

Th

90

3 45.0

Sc

21

88

.9

Y

39

La to Lu

A

c to Lr

13

9 La

57

22

7 A

c 89

2 (II)

9.0

Be

4 24.3

M

g 12

40

.1

Ca

20

87.6

Sr

38

13

7 B

a 56

22

6 R

a 88

962

KIM

IA

(962

CH

EMIS

TRY)

Ja

dual

Ber

kala

(Per

iodi

c Ta

ble)

Kum

pula

n (G

roup

)

1 (I) 1.0 H

1 6.9 Li

3 23.0

N

a 11

39

.1

K

19

85.5

R

b 37

13

3 C

s 55

22

3 Fr

87

3

8.31

J K

–1 m

ol–1

9.65

× 1

04 C m

ol–1

6.02

× 1

023 m

ol–1

6.63

× 1

0–34 J

s

3.00

× 1

08 m s–1

1.67

× 1

0–27 k

g

1.67

× 1

0–27 k

g

9.11

× 1

0–31 k

g

–1.6

0 ×

10–1

9 C

22.4

dm

3 mol

–1 p

ada

stp

(at s

tp)

24.4

dm

3 mol

–1 p

ada

suhu

25 °C

(a

t 25 °C

)

1.00

× 1

0–14 m

ol2 d

m–6

pa

da 2

98 K

(25 °C

) [a

t 298

K (2

5 °C

)]

4.18

kJ k

g–1 K

–1

4.18

J g–1

K–1

= = = = = = = = = = = = = =

R F L h c mp

mn

me

e V m

Kw

(Gas

con

stan

t)

(Far

aday

con

stan

t)

(Avo

gadr

o co

nsta

nt)

(Pla

nck

cons

tant

)

(Spe

ed o

f lig

ht in

a v

acuu

m)

(Mas

s of p

roto

n, H

)

(Mas

s of n

eutr

on,

n)

(Mas

s of e

lect

ron,

e)

(Ele

ctro

nic

char

ge)

(Mol

ar v

olum

e of

gas

)

[stp

is e

xpre

ssed

app

roxi

mat

ely

as 1

01 k

Pa a

nd 2

73 K

(0 °C

)]

(Ion

ic p

rodu

ct o

f wat

er)

(Spe

cific

hea

t cap

acity

of w

ater

)

Nila

i, Pe

mal

ar, d

an P

iaw

aian

Pen

ting

(Im

port

ant V

alue

s, C

onst

ants

, and

Sta

ndar

ds)

Pem

alar

gas

Pem

alar

Far

aday

Pem

alar

Avo

gadr

o

Pem

alar

Pla

nck

Laju

cah

aya

dala

m v

akum

Jisi

m p

roto

n, H

Jisi

m n

eutro

n, n

Jisi

m e

lekt

ron,

e

Cas

ele

ktro

n

Isip

adu

mol

ar g

as

[stp

din

yata

kan

seca

ra h

ampi

r se

baga

i 101

kPa

dan

273

K (0

°C)

Has

il da

rab

ion

bagi

air

Mua

tan

haba

tent

u ai

r

4

Tenaga pengionan pertama, kedua, ketiga, dan keempat bagi unsur terpilih, dalam kJ mol–1

(First, second, third, and fourth ionisation energies of selected elements, in kJ mol–1)

Nombor Pertama Kedua Ketiga Keempat proton (Proton (First) (Second) (Third) (Fourth) number) H 1 1310 – – – He 2 2370 5250 – – Li 3 519 7300 11800 – Be 4 900 1760 14800 21000 B 5 799 2420 3660 25000 C 6 1090 2350 4610 6220 N 7 1400 2860 4590 7480 O 8 1310 3390 5320 7450 F 9 1680 3370 6040 8410 Ne 10 2080 3950 6150 9290 Na 11 494 4560 6940 9540 Mg 12 736 1450 7740 10500 Al 13 577 1820 2740 11600 Si 14 786 1580 3230 4360 P 15 1060 1900 2920 4960 S 16 1000 2260 3390 4540 Cl 17 1260 2300 3850 5150 Ar 18 1520 2660 3950 5770 K 19 418 3070 4600 5860 Ca 20 590 1150 4940 6480 Sc 21 632 1240 2390 7110 Ti 22 661 1310 2720 4170 V 23 648 1370 2870 4600 Cr 24 653 1590 2990 4770 Mn 25 716 1510 3250 5190 Fe 26 762 1560 2960 5400 Co 27 757 1640 3230 5100 Ni 28 736 1750 3390 5400 Cu 29 745 1960 3550 5690 Zn 30 908 1730 3828 5980 Ga 31 577 1980 2960 6190 Ge 32 762 1540 3300 4390 Br 35 1140 2080 3460 4850 Sr 38 548 1060 4120 5440 Sn 50 707 1410 2940 3930 I 53 1010 1840 2040 4030 Ba 56 502 966 3390 5000 Pb 82 716 1450 3080 4080

5