strength of bolt-fixings in laminated strengthened glass
TRANSCRIPT
Strength of bolt-fixings in laminated strengthened glass
Kent PerssonDiv. of Structural Mechanics, LTH
Lund University
Glass in Building Structures • Many advantages from an architect’s
point-of-view, light, airy constructions
• More common to use glass as load bearing parts of the building structure
• More advanced structures requires more advanced material knowledge
• Lack of design criteria makes it difficult to design safe and secure buildings
Tensile Strength of Toughened Glass
• Floatglass– Ultimate strength bending: ~ 60 MPa– Design code value: ~ 30 MPa
• Toughened glass– Ultimate strength bending : ~ 200-250 MPa
(lower around holes and along edges)– Design code value: ~ 60 MPa
Bolted Connections
• Bolts used as joints to connect glass to glass and to other materials
• Methods to predict the mechanical behaviour of glass-bolt joints are required
Studies of Bolted Connections
• Establish relationships between loads and strength of the glass-bolt connection– Experimental tests and numerical analyses
• Utilize obtained relationships in design tool for point fixed glass
Design tool for glass - ClearSight
A computer based design tool, for analysing strengthof bolt-fixed laminated strengthened glass
Masters thesis by J. Malmborg
Design Tool for Glass contd.
• Easy-to-use computer program – the user must not be acquainted with the numerical method being used
• The result should be easy to interpret
• Program follows building design codes
• Based on the results, the user will be able to determine if the tested configuration holds
• Initially, one type of bolt and a few load cases
Geometry and Load Types
• Two different loads are considered: line load and distributed load
• Arbitrary number of bolts • Rectangular glass panes
Material Properties
• Material properties may be given for both glass and the intervening PVB-foil
• Stiffness properties, density and the design strength value of glass may given
• Default values of the parameters are coded into the program
Experimental Studies of Two Types of Bolts
Cylindrical bolt Countersunk bolt
In part from masters thesis by C. Bength
Experimental Test Setup
Strain gauges glued on the glass at the tension side, close to the edge of hole
Cylindrical Bolt in Compression Loading
Countersunk Bolt in Compression Loading
Experimental Results for Cylindrical Bolt
Experimental Results for Countersunk Bolt- load on countersunk end
Results of Compression Test
Force, (N) Tensile stress at failure, (MPa)
Cylindrical bolt 4600 177
Countersunk boltLoad on countersunk end
5600 127
Countersunk boltLoad on flat end
7200 172
Experiment - Cylindrical bolt in bending
Experiment - Cylindrical bolt in bending
Results of Bending Test
Bending Moment, (Nm)
Tensile stress at failure, (MPa)
Cylindrical bolt 210 50
PHalf bolt and glass pane shown.
Only glass pane shown.Stress concentrations around the hole.
Finite Element Analyses of Experimental Tests
FE-analysis for Cylindrical Bolt
σmax=155MPa σmax=168MPa
FE-analyses for Countersunk Bolt-load on countersunk end
σmax=147MPaσmax=120MPa
FE-analysis, cylindrical bolt in bending
σmax=60MPa σmax=150MPa
Visualisation of Results
Example 1: Facade Glass
Holes to close to edge!
Example 1: Facade Glass
Holes moved, strength not exceeded.
Exempel 2: Balustrade Glass
With two bolt fixings only, the glass will not withstand the loads according to the design code.
Exempel 2: Balustrade Glass
With four bolts, no dangerous stresses develops when subjected to load according to the design code.
Conclusions
• Svårt att förutse härdningsspänningarnas storlek kring hål och kanter – stor säkerhetsfaktor måste användas.
• Komplicerade spänningstillstånd kring hål pga mjukt mellanliggande PVB-skikt.
• Numeriska beräkningar överensstämmer braexperimentella data.
• Hur fungerar limmade infästningar mekaniskt?
Thank You