Structural CollapseStructural CollapseWarm / Cold Zone Operations Warm / Cold Zone Operations

Causes of CollapseCauses of Collapse

WINDSTORMWINDSTORM

FIREFIRE

EARTHQUAKEEARTHQUAKE

EXPLOSIONEXPLOSION

FLOODFLOOD

CONSTRUCTION BRACINGCONSTRUCTION BRACING

VEHICLE IMPACTVEHICLE IMPACT

OVERLOADING OF STRUCTURAL COMPONENTSOVERLOADING OF STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS

The first in officer will have to make The first in officer will have to make a big decision upon arrivala big decision upon arrival

Avoid it- Barrier tape Avoid it- Barrier tape around the hazardous around the hazardous upon arrival.upon arrival.

Remove it- Pulling down Remove it- Pulling down a cracked and leaning a cracked and leaning chimney.chimney.

Shore it- Constructing Shore it- Constructing shoring and /or bracing.shoring and /or bracing.

Monitor it- Setup Monitor it- Setup monitoring with a warning monitoring with a warning system.system.

Size-up considerationsSize-up considerations

VictimsVictims

Six sided approachSix sided approach

Structural elementsStructural elements

Age, construction& Age, construction& condition of the condition of the structurestructure

Collapse warning Collapse warning signssigns

Emergency responders’ Typical Emergency responders’ Typical PPEPPE

NFPA 1951NFPA 1951 Standard Standard on protective on protective ensemble for USAR ensemble for USAR operations ( NFPA operations ( NFPA 2001)2001)

NFPA 1971NFPA 1971 Standard Standard on protective on protective ensemble for ensemble for structural firefighting ( structural firefighting ( NFPA 2000)NFPA 2000)

Defining the Hazard EnvironmentDefining the Hazard Environment

The Hot Zone- Is the area The Hot Zone- Is the area closest to the collapse closest to the collapse The Warm Zone- Is The Warm Zone- Is established to provide an established to provide an area to control access to area to control access to the immediate disaster the immediate disaster site, (Tool ,Equipment site, (Tool ,Equipment storage along with storage along with possibly the cut station)possibly the cut station)The Cold Zone - Is the The Cold Zone - Is the outer boundary of the outer boundary of the incident (Rehab, incident (Rehab, Probable location of cut Probable location of cut team)team)

What we could do at a structural What we could do at a structural collapse scene with Technical collapse scene with Technical

Rescue AwarenessRescue AwarenessIdentify from a distance, what is the task at handIdentify from a distance, what is the task at handCall for a specialized rescue team if shoring is Call for a specialized rescue team if shoring is neededneededOrder materials such as lumber, steel,rope,or Order materials such as lumber, steel,rope,or chainchainSet up a safe zone around the unstable building Set up a safe zone around the unstable building ( Hot, Warm, Cold Zones)( Hot, Warm, Cold Zones)Divide members into team such as Red, White & Divide members into team such as Red, White & BlueBlueUse these teams for operations such as a safety Use these teams for operations such as a safety team, staging team, cut team, logistics, financeteam, staging team, cut team, logistics, finance

Review of different types of building Review of different types of building constructionconstruction

Type 1 Fire resistiveType 1 Fire resistive

Type 2 NoncombustibleType 2 Noncombustible

Type 3 OrdinaryType 3 Ordinary

Type 4 Heavy timberType 4 Heavy timber

Type 5 Wood frameType 5 Wood frame

Review of the general collapse Review of the general collapse patternspatterns

PancakePancake

V- CollapseV- Collapse

Lean-ToLean-To

Compression / Tension Compression / Tension

Review of the destructive forces Review of the destructive forces placed on a structureplaced on a structure

BendingBending

CompressionCompression

TensionTension

ShearShear

Shearwall crack patternsShearwall crack patterns

CracksCracks

HazardsHazards

Collapse PatternsCollapse Patterns

90 deg wall collapse-90 deg wall collapse- In which a wall falls and In which a wall falls and literally rotates outward from its foundation @ 90 literally rotates outward from its foundation @ 90 degrees on to the grounddegrees on to the ground

Curtain Fall-Curtain Fall- You'll have at type of construction You'll have at type of construction where the masonry or stone or some type of where the masonry or stone or some type of veneer materials will peel offveneer materials will peel off

Inward/outward-Inward/outward- Where as the wall begins to Where as the wall begins to collapse, it breaks somewhere in the middle and collapse, it breaks somewhere in the middle and into one or more pieces and one piece kicks out into one or more pieces and one piece kicks out the other is pushed in.the other is pushed in.

The cutting teamThe cutting team

Cutting officerCutting officer

Layout FF(1)Layout FF(1)

Feeder FF (1)Feeder FF (1)

Cutting FF (2)Cutting FF (2)

Tool & equipment FF Tool & equipment FF (2)(2)

Runner FF (2)Runner FF (2)

Determining raker shore angle & Determining raker shore angle & lengthlength

45 Degree angle – Height of the raker x 1745 Degree angle – Height of the raker x 17

Example 8’ tall x 17 = 136” or 11’ 4”Example 8’ tall x 17 = 136” or 11’ 4”

60 Degree angle – Height of the raker x 1460 Degree angle – Height of the raker x 14

Example 8’ tall x 14 = 112’ or 9’ 4”Example 8’ tall x 14 = 112’ or 9’ 4”

Gusset plates & wedge sizesGusset plates & wedge sizes

12” x 24” for a Double T shore = 3 total12” x 24” for a Double T shore = 3 total

6” x 12” for a Double T shore = 2 total6” x 12” for a Double T shore = 2 total

12” x 12” for a solid raker = 6 total12” x 12” for a solid raker = 6 total

Wedges - 4 x 4 x 18” cut @ an angleWedges - 4 x 4 x 18” cut @ an angle

Wedges - 2 x 4 x 12” cut @ an angle Wedges - 2 x 4 x 12” cut @ an angle

Types of shoringTypes of shoring

CribbingCribbing

Double T shoreDouble T shore

Raker shoreRaker shore

Sloped floor Sloped floor

Approximately 5,130 individuals Approximately 5,130 individuals were working at the WTC collapse were working at the WTC collapse

site on a daily basis. Of these, site on a daily basis. Of these, there were about 1,200 there were about 1,200

firefighters:,2,000 police officers:, firefighters:,2,000 police officers:, 496 USAR team members and 496 USAR team members and

1,350 construction workers.1,350 construction workers.( Elisburg andMoran,2001)( Elisburg andMoran,2001)