RESEARCH REPORT ON BUILDING SERVICES of

SUBANG PARADE,

Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.

 

 

 

  Tutor: MR SANJAY

 

 

0302966

0303127

0303646

0316922

0302970

0303128

LEE YIANG SIANG

LING TECK ONG

POH WEI KEAT

ALEX CHUNG KA SENG

LEE CHEE SIONG

ZERROX TAN AIK KAH

Table of Contents   1.0 Introduction 1.1 Abstract 1.2 Acknowledgement 2.0 Air Conditioning System 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Literature Review 2.2.1 Central Plant System 2.2.2 Cooling System 2.2.3 Air-Handling Units (AHU) 2.2.4 Fan Coil Units (FCU) 2.3 Case Study 2.3.1 Introduction 2.3.2 Cooling Tower 2.3.3 Chilled Water System 2.3.4 Air-Handling Units (AHU Room) 2.3.5 Fan Coil Units (FCU) 2.3.6 Diffusers 2.3.7 Duct System 2.3.8 Pipe System 2.4 Analysis 2.5 Conclusion 3.0 Fire Safety System 3.1 Literature Review 3.2 Aim 3.2.1 Education 3.2.2 Passive Fire Protection 3.2.3 Active Fire Protection 3.3 Active Fire Protection 3.3.1 Smoke Detector 3.3.2 Fire Control Room 3.3.3 Manual Pull Station 3.3.4 Fireman Intercom Station 3.3.5 Fire Alarm 3.3.6 Manual Call Point 3.3.7 Non-Water Based System 3.3.8 Classification and Use 3.3.9 Automatic Sprinkler System 3.3.10 Typical Deluge System 3.3.11 Water Based System 3.3.12 Fire Pump Room 3.4 Passive Fire Protection System 3.4.1 Emergency Exit Signage 3.4.2 Fire Escape Door

3.4.3 Door Closer- 3.4.4 Fire Escape Staircase 3.4.5 Railings 3.5 Conclusion 4.0 Electrical System 4.1 Intoduction 4.2 Literature Review 4.2.1 Power Transmission   4.2.2 Devices 4.3 Case Study   4.3.1 Electrical Distribution System   4.3.2 High Voltage, Transformer

Room & Low Voltage Room   4.3.3 High Tension Switch Gear   4.3.4 Raceway, Conductor Electrical

Riser   4.3.5 Back Up System 4.4 Analysis 4.5 Conclusion 5.0 Water Supply System 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Literature Review 5.3 Case Study   5.3.1 Water Storage   5.3.2 Water Supply   5.3.3 Fire-Flow Requirements   5.3.4 Pump Systems   5.3.5 Cold Water Systems   5.3.6 Piping-   5.3.7 Maintenance 5.4 Analysis 5.5 Conclusion 6.0 Wastewater Disposal System 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Literature Review 6.3.1 Sanitary Appliances 6.3.2 Traps 6.3.3 Sump 6.3.4 Stack 6.3.5 Septic Tank 6.3.6 Manholes 6.3.7 Drainage

6.3.8 Insulation 6.4 Analysis 6.5 Conclusion 7.0 Mechanical Transportation System 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Literature Review 7.3 Elevators   7.3.1 Case Study   7.3.2 Geared Traction Elevator   7.3.3 Plunger Hydraulic Elevator   7.3.4 Elevator Car Control   7.3.5 Requirements of Elevators   7.3.6 Special Considerations 7.4Escalators 7.4.1 Case Study   7.4.2 Escalator Arrangement   7.4.3 Location   7.4.4 Size, Speed, Capacity and Rise   7.4.5 Components   7.4.6 Safety Features   7.4.7 Fire Protection   7.5 Conclusion

8.0 References   

Subang Parade was the first ‘regional’ shopping centre in Selangor

when it was opened in 1988. The centre is located in the heart of

Subang Jaya’s commercial district, a township 25 minutes drive from

Kuala Lumpur.

Subang Parade's positioning strategy is neighbourhood focused, with

an emphasis on its primary trade area. This market focus provides the

centre with a captive customer base, whose needs are met by a tenant

mix offering value and convenience. In 2011, the introduction of a

cinema has further enhanced the tenant mix of the centre, bringing us

closer to our purpose in meeting customers' needs.

Subang Parade's refurbishment was recognised by the International

Council of Shopping Centers (ICSC) with a Silver Award for

Development & Design at the 2008 ICSC Asia Awards. Subang Parade

remains the largest shopping centre in Subang Jaya.

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 ABSTRACT

The research report will be looking into the workings of the services system

in the Subang Parade such as the Air conditioning and ventilation systems,

Fire safety systems, Electricity supply system, Water supply system and the

Sewerage system. The report will aim at introducing the fundamentals of all

the mentioned systems as well as an analysis of the system and the

advantages and disadvantages that have been analyzed and synthesized to

our own understanding and also based on the regulations of buildings and

its services such as Uniform Building By Law and also Malaysian Standards.

Requirements and adherence will also be analyzed based on each services

respected controlling arm.

1.2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to extend our gratitude to each individual that has helped

and assisted us to complete this research report which without your

involvement, this report would be insufficient and unsatisfactory. A special

thanks we would like to give to Mr. Sanjay for guiding us through each

tutorial and providing us with an aim to accomplish.

We would also like to thank the staffs at Subang Parade, especially Mr.

Rahman for welcoming and giving us an insight into the services system

incorporated into the building and also for being patient and understanding

of us during our visit there.

2.0 AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM 2.1 INTRODUCTION

This research paper discuss about the Thermal Control of our chosen case study building, Subang Parade Mall through this research, we can learn about the air-conditioning system of the building chosen and have a well and deep-understanding to it.

The thermal comfort can be easily achieved once this system had been introduced. Besides, it helps to redraw in the natural air from outside and expel the state air to create better ventilation as well as the air circulation within the building. It is also able to control the temperature and the air purity within the building.

In Subang Parade Mall, there is only a mechanical system in a building that provides fresh air. It removes unwanted air from the building. Air-conditioning system in this mall where all the components within the system will be explained in detail. The components of the air-conditioning will be studied based on the following sequence:

•  Cooling tower •  Chilled water system •  Air-handling unit (AHU) •  Fan coil unit (FCU) •  Supply air diffusers •  Return air grilles •  Ductwork •  Piping system

In accordance with rules and standards are also being investigate. Rules and standards have been set by various bodies to ensure that quality air is provided via the air-conditioning system. The standards used to examine here is MS1525.

2.2 LITERATURE REVIEW

Air-conditioning system is important to improve indoor air quality of a building.

air-condition accomplishes four functions at the same time; they are to control air-

temperature, control air humidity, air-circulation and air quality. There are many different

types of air-conditioning found in the industry and they are usually classified according to

how the condenser is being cooled. They are the air-cooled condenser, which uses air to

cool the condenser; the water-cooled condenser, which uses water to cool the condenser;

the direct expansion, which uses evaporator to cool the air directly.  

2.2.1 Central Plant System

Central plant system has one central source of conditioned air that is

distributed in a network of ductwork. Thus, it is usually used in large buildings as the

equipment is bulky. The room air-conditioning units are self-contained package, which are

usually positioned in every room to provide cool air. Most air-conditioning system these

days in Malaysia uses water-cooled system, which uses cooling tower.  

2.2.2 Cooling System

All air-systems transfer cool-air from a central plant through the duct system as

mentioned above, which then distributes the air specific diffusers and into the individual

rooms of the building. Water-cooled system uses chiller plant to produce water that is

pumped into fan coil units found in AHU rooms. Heat rejected from room to water is then

pumped back into chiller unit where it is rejected by a condenser (water directed from

cooling tower). Water is then chilled again and pumped back to the rooms.

Diagram 01 Schematic Diagram of Subang Parade Mall Air-conditioning System  

There is another type of cooling system called the direct expansion

system (DX system) that generally operates split or multi-split systems.

This system is usually used in smaller buildings or residential areas. The

refrigerant carries rejected room heats though a dry coil and fan. Then,

the refrigerant is compressed into liquid again by the compressor and

the cycle repeats. A DX system is a system in which the refrigerant

expands directly inside a coil to effect the cooling of the air.

2.2.2.1 ALL-AIR SYSTEM

All air-systems transfer cool-air from a central plant through

the duct system which then distributes the air specific diffusers and

into the individual rooms of the building. It normally comprises the

cheapest equipment cost, but is not necessarily easy or cheap.

 

2.2.2.2 ALL-WATER SYSTEM

Water-cooled system uses chiller plant to produce water that

is pumped into fan coil units found in AHU rooms. Heat rejected

from room to water is then pumped back into chiller unit where it is

rejected by a condenser (water directed from cooling tower). Water is

then chilled again and pumped back to the rooms.

Diagram 01 Flow of all-water air conditioning system  

2.2.2.3 DIRECT EXPANSION SYSTEM (DX SYSTEM)

The DX system generally operates split or multi-split systems. This system is

usually used in smaller buildings or residential areas. The refrigerant carries rejected room

heats though a dry coil and fan. Then, the refrigerant is compressed into liquid again by

the compressor and the cycle repeats. A DX system is a system in which the refrigerant

expands directly inside a coil to effect the cooling of the air.

 

2.2.3 AIR-HANDLING UNITS (AHU)

All basic air-handling units have an AHU. The AHU functions to supply constant

airflow, draw air in from outside, filter any pollutants, control temperature, and deliver

fresh air into the distribution system. AHU is made up of a number of components. There

is an electrically driven fan to push the air through the distribution system; another fan is

used to extract air from the return ductwork. Then, a filter is used to remove solid

pollutant. A cooling coil, found in the AHU, uses cool water that circulates from the chiller

plant, cools the air before distributing it to the diffusers.

2.2.4 FAN COIL UNITS (FCU)

Fan coil units are also found in the air-conditioning system, it acts similar to an

induction system. The difference is that the fan coil unit replaces the induction unit. The

fan coil consists of finned-tube coil and a fan section. The fan section circulates air

continuously though the coils. The coils are constantly supplied with cool water.

2.3 CASE STUDY

2.3.1 INTRODUCTION

The Subang Parade Mall is a huge shopping mall located at

Subang area; due to the building size, it utilizes a general central air-

conditioning system. This system is very appropriate for big buildings as it is

efficient in providing high cooling loads, which needs to be cooled at all

times (Eg. Shopping malls, hospitals). This system works by distributing cool

air to all areas via a duct system, then to a complex plan of diffusers form

specific AHU rooms found in a building. The desired temperature of building

can be controlled in the AHU rooms. If one specific AHU unit fails to work,

the whole designated area for that particular AHU would fail as well. The

quantity of AHU in each floors are suggested by the built up area and the

users as well. In this case of the Subang Parade Mall, 6 AHU are found in

each floors.

Instead of an air-cooled system or direct expansion system

explained under literature review, the Subang Parade Mall uses the Central

Air-conditioning system. The main components of Central Air-conditioning

system are cooling tower, chiller units, AHU, duct system and diffusers.

Chiller unit is a device used to remove heat from liquid through the

absorption refrigerant cycle. The condenser used in this particular case of

Subang Parade Mall is called the Water Cooled Condenser. Cooling tower

located at the rooftop functions to cool the water pumped by the condenser.

Condenser transfers the heat inside chiller plant to water. The water will then

be cooled and the cycle will be repeated.

CENTRAL AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM

2.3.2 COOLING TOWER

Cooling towers are devices that extract heat out to the atmosphere from the

hot water and the cooled water will send back to chiller. In Subang Parade Mall, there are

6 cooling towers that located on the roof top level of the building (see Diagram 03) to

enhance pressure of water flow and was not covered by roof to maximize its efficiency.

But there is one cooling tower break down and have not repair yet during our visit.

The type of cooling towers used in Subang Parade Mallis the packaged cooling

towers which are pre-assembled in factory by Nihon Spindle. Packaged cooling tower are

compact units but the capacity of it is limited. Due to the limited capacity of the

packaged cooling tower, it is only used for buildings with low heat rejection requirements

such as hospitals, hotels and office buildings like Subang Parade Mall .

Diagram 03 Cooling Tower Location  

Besides that, the cooling towers used in Subang Parade

Mallare the mechanical draft cross flow cooling tower. Cooling rates of

mechanical draft towers depend upon their fan diameter and speed of

operation and can be adjusted based on the needs of the building. In this

type of cooling towers, the condensed water is pumped from chiller room at

level LG 2 to the top of the cooling tower and falls downward over the fill.

The air, however, is introduced at the side either on one side (single-flow

tower) or opposite sides (double-flow tower) and the latter is used in Subang

Parade Mallto maximize heat transfer between water and air in order to cool

down the air. An induced draft fan draws the atmosphere air across the

wetted fill and expels the hot air through the top of the structure. The basin

at the bottom of the cooling tower collects all the cooled water and transfer

back to the chiller room (see Diagram 03).

Diagram 04 Cooling Tower Diagram  

According  to  MS  1525  code  8.8:    “The  system  design  should  provide  means  for  balancing  the  air  and  water  system  such  as  but  not  limited  to  dampers,  temperature  and  pressure  test  connecCons  and  balancing  valves.”    

2.3.3 Chilled Water System

Subang Parade Mall utilizes water cooled chillers, whereby heat is

transferred via cool water from chiller plant, AHU, as well as the cooling

tower. Chilled water system is usually found in big buildings because of its

efficiency and size as water cooled chillers are compact and require very

limited space. The chiller plant room is located at level basement Services

room as the operation of chillers are noisy and may disturb the users in the

building. There are 7 chillers in the plant room: 4 big chillers and 3 small

chillers. The big chillers will function in pair and alternative on weekday

while the small chillers will be operate on weekend or there is emergency

break down on one of the big chillers.

The chillers are connected to AHU of each floors to circulate the

chilled water, as well as connected to the cooling towers which are located

at the roof to circulate the condensed water. The circulation for both chilled

water and condensed water are supported by respective pumps to

maximize efficiency and thus can run simultaneously. Chilled-water system

uses chilled water to transport heat energy between the refrigerants and the

AHU room.

The warm refrigerant that has been sent back from the AHU

rooms is cooled by the chilled water from the Cooling Tower. Then, the

chilled water is transfer back to the Cooling Tower as it has now gain heat

energy. Besides, the condensing water acts just like the Cooling Tower to

cool the mechanical equipment in Chiller room.

Diagram 04 Chiller  

According to MS 1525 code 8.11.1:

“Chiller water pumps circulating chilled water through the piping system

external to the package, and cooling tower pumps and fans circulating water

or air through the condenser and cooling tower are not to be included in the

consideration of the COP for the component”

2.3.3.1 EVAPORATOR

The evaporator is the heat exchanger where the heat is removed from

the system by the boiling of the refrigerant in the evaporator .Refrigerant

flows over evaporator tube bundle and evaporates, removing heat energy

from the water, thus the water is being chilled and circulates back to the AHU.

However, this process causes the refrigerant to evaporate into vapour as it

gains heat from the air. The refrigerant vapour is drawn out of the evaporator

by a compressor that “pumps” the vapor to the condenser.

Diagram 05 Evaporator  

2.3.3.2 COMPRESSOR

The refrigerant vapour will then be drawn into the compressor. The compressor

is needed to converse this low pressure and low temperature gaseous refrigearant into

high pressure, high-temperature gas. Then the vapour will be compressed by increasing

the pressure and the temperature of the vapour to a level that is required which is

typically 98°F and then flows into the condenser.

2.3.3.3 CONDENSER

The condenser is also the heat exchanger where the refrigerant gas condenses,

giving up its heat to the atmosphere(refer to Diagram 2.3.4). The cold water that cooled

in cooling towers is transferred to condenser to absorb heat from the hot refrigerant gas.

This caused the hot gas in the condenser to be condensed and turned back into liquid

form and being transferred to the evaporator. Meanwhile, the heat transferred the cold

water becomes hot water and is circulated back to the cooling tower to be cooled.

Diagram 06 Condenser  

2.3.3.4 REFRIGERANT

The type of refrigerant used in the chiller is known as R-22 or HCFC-22 or

Chlorodifluoromethane as it is less damaging compared to other refrigerants

such as CFC and R-11. R-22 is widely used in refrigerant systems either in

residential or commercial.

 

2.3.3.5 CONDENSER & CHILLED WATER PUMP

There is two types of pump in the chilled water system: condenser pump and

chilled water pump. The condenser pump channels the hot condensed water to

the cooling tower and then returns back the cold condensed water into the

condenser. The chilled water pump pumps the chilled water to every AHU

room and it also returns the warm chilled water to the chiller so that it can be

chilled.

Diagram 07 Condenser Water Pump (CWP)  

Diagram 08 Chilled Water Distribution Pump  

2.3.3.6 CONTROL PANELS

The control panels controls all the processes and can adjust manually by the

technicians in the chiller plant room. The control panels also indicate the

temperatures and pressure of each of the chiller.

Diagram 09 Control Panel  

2.3.4 AIR-HANDLING UNIT (AHU ROOM)

The AHU room (Air-Handling Unit) is a room that can be found in every floor

of Subang Parade Mall and each floor has 6 AHU rooms. So many AHU are needed

due to building’s size and complexity as well as the air flow requirements.

As the name AHU (Air-Handling Unit) suggest, the main function of AHU is to

handle the airflow within the entire building. The air is draw back from the office

units, let it pass through the cooling coils, mix with fresh air and then channel back

to the office units.

The system for this is called the constant airflow system. This means the

temperature of airflow will not vary and the AHU is able to provide cool air at the

specific temperature. The temperature can be adjusted with a controlled panel

found in the AHU (see Diagram 10). Since it is a central air-conditioning system, the

temperature is constant throughout the entire building; hence different temperature

for each room cannot be adjusted.

The AHU are all enclosed in rooms specifically designed for AHU only. In

order to protect AHU and other components in it from external forces or pressure, it

is place inside a room, in a form of enclosure. This room of enclosure ensures

compactness and it protects the components within it.

Diagram 10 Air Handling-Unit  

According  to  MS  1525  code  8.6,  Air  handling  duct  system  insulaCon:    “All  ducts,  plenums  and  enclosures  installed  in  or  on  buildings  should  be  adequately  insulated  to  prevent  excessive  energy  losses.  AddiConal  insulaCon  with  vapour  barriers  may  be  required  to  prevent  condensaCon  under  some  condiCons.”    

2.3.4.1 AIR FILTER

Air returning from the rooms enters the air grilles and then transfers to air

ionizer before to the air filter. Ionizer  use charged electrical surfaces to generate

electrically charged air and removes the dirt, impurities and unwanted contaminations in

the air. This helps to improve the air quality. After air passes the air ionizer, it then moves

to air filter before the cooling coil as to ensure the cleanliness of air as well as a

protection for the downstream components.

2.3.4.2 FAN

There are two fans in an AHU room: fan that blow air to go through cooling coil

and supply fan that blow air into the supply duct.

2.3.4.3 COOLING COIL

Cooling coil is made with copper pipes; it is coiled up to increase its surface

area to maximize the heat transfer within the air. Heat is taken away from the mixed air

upon contact with cooling coil. The cooling coil is attached to chilled water pipe

transferred from the chiller plant via a blue pipe as to cool down the mixed air.

Diagram 11 Air Filter  

2.3.4.4 Mixing Box

This is where the cool air is mixed with the fresh air. The damper controls by

manipulate the ratio of fresh air and recycled air while exhausting part of the

recycled air. When the air sensor detects more than 500pm carbon dioxide in the

return air from office unit, the system will be activate automatic and intake the fresh

air from the roof and surroundings of the building so that the air in the building can

be refresh.

2.3.5 Fan Coil Units (FCU)

Fan coil units (FCU) are small units, which are usually piped with chilled water

for cooling. FCU uses chilled water instead of refrigerant and it is ceiling mounted.

FCU is similar to inducting system, with the inducting unit replaced by the fan-coil.

The basic components found in a FCU are a finner-tube and a fan section. The fan

functions to recalculates air continuously, from the coil that is supplied with cool

water.

Fan coil units system is similar to AHU but in a smaller scale and the fan speed can

be controlled. FCU are normally used for small spaces. As for the Subang Parade

Mall , the computer server room is the only room within the building that uses FCU.

This is because the server of the room needs continuous cooling for 24 hours.

Diagram 12 Fan Coil Units (FCU)  

2.3.6 DIFFUSERS

2.3.6.1 SUPPLY AIR DIFFUSERS

Diffusers are designed to distribute equal amount of air into the

rooms of Subang Parade Mall . Diffusers do not require any generation of

power and it improves the efficiency of the entire air-conditioning system

by dividing the distribution of air form AHU rooms. Diffusers give the

users a comfortable environment constantly by removing any areas with

heat and providing uniform distribution of heat.

At the Subang Parade Mall , there are 2 main types of diffusers

being applied which are directional square diffuser and linear slot diffuser.

Most of the diffusers are found on the floor of offices and some are

mounted on ceiling in public-use spaces like corridor, cafeteria and etc.

The size of both type diffusers for this case is same throughout, however

the number of diffusers on each floor depends on the area that needs to

be covered with air-conditions. The air diffusers work by capturing the air

from fan at the AHU and splitting air into smaller streams forcefully. Tiny

streams will allow air to flow smoothly and evenly throughout the room.

2.3.6.2 RETURN AIR GRILLES

Return Air Grille functions to carry the air back to the specific

area in AHU room. The return air grille is covered with grillwork to cover

up the duct behind it. It is also to avoid big objects from entering the duct

and damaging the AHU. A filter can also be found behind the grille to

trap pollutant, which can reduce the maintenance level. Unlike the

diffusers, the return air grilles are placed at the ceilings of Subang Parade

Mall.

It works just like a pump; a fan behind the grille sucks out warm

air from the space as well. The return air grilles are larger than the

diffusers, but lesser in numbers. As one can see in Diagram 13, the

number of return air grilles are much more lesser than the supply air

diffusers.

Diagram 13 Return Air Grill  

2.3.7 DUCT SYSTEM

Duct system functions to carry cooled air from AHU into the rooms of the

building via a diffuser. The duct used for this building is made of galvanized steel because

this material has good insulation qualities. This is to make sure the air remains cool while

it is being transferred into the diffuser. A blower or fan is also installed within the duct to

help circulate movement of air.

2.3.8 PIPE SYSTEM

There are pipes in the AHU room, which are connected to the chiller plant

room. This pipe brings in cool water for the cooling coil to cool the air, which will later on

be distributed to the users via the diffuser.

‘MS 1525:8.5 Piping insulation: All piping installed to serve buildings and within

building should be adequately insulated to prevent excessive energy looses. Additional

insulation with vapour barriers may be required to prevent condensation under some

conditions.’

Diagram 15 Pipe in AHU line  

Diagram 14 Pipe in AHU line  

2.4 ANALYSIS

Indoor Air Quality

According to MS1525: 2007

Indoor Design Conditions Section 13a

“At normal comfort room temperature (23 to 26°c), the acceptable air

velocity would be in the region of 0.15 to 0.5 m/s. The indoor design

conditions of an air-conditioned space for comfort cooling is

recommended to have dry bulb of 23 to 26°c. The recommended design

relative humidity is 55-70%. The recommended air movement is 0.15 to

0.5 m/s. According to Department of Malaysian Standards, the maximum

air movement is 0.7m/s. “

From the analysis of our case study, Subang Parade Mall , it is true that

the building complies with thermal control requirements stated in

MS1525. Dry bulb temperature is constantly set at 25°c to fulfill the

requirement, as well as for the comfort of mall user and workers..

 

Air Distribution System

According to MS1525: 2007

Separate air distribution system

“Zones which are expected to operate non-simultaneously for more than

750 hours per year shall be served by independent air conditioning

systems.”

According to the Department of Malaysian Standards, zones, which are

expected to operate, should be served by separate air distribution

system. To comply with this requirement, the Subang Parade Mall , the

offices operate non-simultaneously for more than 750 hours per year by

using the air distribution system.

 

 

ACCORDING TO MS1525: 2007

Off-hour Control

“ACMV system should be equipped with automatic controls capable

of  accomplishing a reduction of energy use for example through

equipment shutdown during periods of non-use or alternative use of the

spaces served by the system.”

The Subang Parade Mall only schedules to open during office hours.

The ACMV system turn off automatically shut down after office hours to

prevent waste of energy.

 

Temperature control.

“Each system should be provided with at least one thermostat

for the regulation of temperature. Each thermostat should be capable

of being set by adjustment or selection of sensors over a minimum

range of between 22°C to 27°C.”

The Subang Parade Mall has a thermostat at the top floor to measure

temperature of building. Hence the temperature is always at a average

of 23°C.

2.5 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, using a centralized air-conditioning system is best

appropriate for the Subang Parade Mall, because of this large scale of

commercial shopping space. The components of the air-conditioning

system such as AHU, Chiller plant and cooling tower were placed at

appropriate levels. This helps the system to run smoothly and save

great amount of energy at the same time. 

The building complies with the by-law in terms of air-

distribution, off-hour control and temperature-control. This has

contributed to the comfort and efficiency the air conditioning system

within the building.  Subang Parade Mall with this centralized air-

conditioning system can maintain by certain thermal comfort

temperature and generate with energy efficiency achieve the best

ventilation solution for this large scale mall.

3.0 ACTIVE AND PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION.

3.1 LITERATURE REVIEW

Fire is defined as the results of the chemical reaction called combustion. In

which substances combine chemically with oxygen from the air and

typically give out bright light, heat, and smoke. The basic factors of a fire

triangle are fuel, heat and oxygen, together with the chemical reaction

between one another. Fire is a visible, tangible side effect of matter

changing form. It starts in three main ways, by accidents due to the misuse

of appliances, dropping a cigarette or match on a sofa or mattress, the

deliberate ignition or arson by certain people within the space and lastly,

the failure of equipment including electrical malfunctions and overheating

in certain rooms. The temperatures achieved in fires are usually beyond

the ability of building cooling systems t o control. Thus, special water

system is fixed in the form of sprinklers to deprive fire of high

temperatures. Another design responses are to install fire suppression

system to cover the fuel, or displace oxygen, O2 with carbon dioxide,

CO2 that inhibits the chemical action to flame itself.

 

 

3.2 AIM

 

The rudiment aim of passive and active fire protection systems is to

prevent the spread of fire and smoke from one space to another space of

building, allowed dweller to escape safely without the any fire menace. It

enable to reduce and control the building damage as well from fire hazard

even neighbor building and reduce the risk of emergency system collapse.

 

-Education

-Passive fire protection

-Active fire protection

 

3.2.1 EDUCATION

 

Education is important for operator in mastering skills in term of emergency

precautions of that building. The function of active and passive fire protection

system in fire hazard, the blind angle of this system and also the weak point

and strong point of the covered area are those important study has to include

in teaching objective.

The dweller and owner have right to understand all the safety security system

code on plan works when fire hazard and fire escape plan should be provide.

 

3.2.2 PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION

Passive Fire protection (PFP) is one of the components of structural fire

protection, which provide existing fire safety to the building and do not rely

on the operation of any form of mechanical device. It is to maintain the

rudiment requirements of building fire separation, structural stability, building

compartmentation and safety escape. For instance, passive systems in the

form of fire rated doors, barrier, ceilings and structural fire protection. Passive

fire protection system provided an alternative way to slow down the fire

spread when incident happen by make use of fire protection tools on site.

Passive design are always designed with the building which included the fire

water, fire walls, escape route, emergency access and opening protection.

Passive fire protection is only effective for short duration exposure about 1-2

hours.

3.2.3 ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION

 

Active fire protection system widely used in the process industries for

protection in the form of suppression, extinguishers, sprinkler, alarm and

extract ventilation. There are always on alert and first to act in case of fire.

The overall aim of active system is to extinguish the fire by:

 

•  Detecting the fire early and evacuate the building.

•  Alerting emergency services at an early stage of the fire.

•  Control the movement of smoke and fire.

•  Suppress and/or starve the fire of oxygen and fuel. (NAFFCO, 2004)

 

This system includes automatic, or manual operation systems such as, water-

based system, non-water based system, fire alarm systems, fireman intercom

system and smoke control system. These systems are crucial in protecting

properties and the lives of the occupants. Active fire protection system

includes the action of retarding the progress of fire spread, putting out the

fire, or being notified of fire happenings and smoke conditions. The most

popular type of automatic sprinkler system under water-based system is by

using water to put out or slow down the progress of a fire. Some other

examples of the water-based system are hydrant system, hose reel system

and wet riser system. Some examples of non-water based active fire

protection systems that can help to extinguish a fire are CO2 automatic

sprinkler system, foam and chemical system. These systems are most likely

being used in places where water is not advisable against firefighting, such as

transformer room in certain shopping malls where it contained such high

voltage of electrical devices. Alternatively, manual active fire protection that

requires human operation such as the use of fire extinguishers, this is only

advisable during an occurrence of a small fire. Besides that, active fire

protection also includes the fire alarm system and smoke control system.

These are vitally important to protect life and to ensure a quick fire

department response. Generally, smoke control systems consist of smoke

detecting devices being placed throughout a building that detect the

smoke and heat from a fire. These detectors are extremely sensitive and

can notify the occupants of a building of danger with plenty of time to get

out of the building and call for help, meanwhile notify the fire department

automatically, which is very useful especially during night times when the

buildings are not under guarded.

 

ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION

Active fire protection system is a system widely used in the process

industries for protection. There are always on alert and first to act in case of

fire. The overall aim of active system is to extinguish the fire by:

•  Detecting the fire early and evacuate the building.

•  Alerting emergency services at an early stage of the fire.

•  Control the movement of smoke and fire.

•  Suppress and/or starve the fire of oxygen and fuel. (NAFFCO, 2004)

 

3.3 ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION

3.3.1 SMOKE DETECTOR

Smoke detector is a typically as an indicator of fire and is one of the

important safety tools to detect smoke and heat while fire in the building.

Smoke detectors usually powered by a central fire alarm system, which is

powered with a battery backup. When heat sensation reaches the fixed

temperature it will send a signal to master plan while the surroundings

temperature reaches 47°C. For the installation of smoke detector, it has a

laser sensor inside, while the smokes flew in and lower down the detection

of laser. It will be activated and sent signal to master panel.

 

Analysis

Under UBBL 1984 section153: Smoke detectors for lift lobbies.

• All lift lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors.

• Lift not opening into a smoke lobby shall not use door.

• Reopening devices controlled by light beam or photo detectors unless

incorporated with a force close features which after thirty second of any

unless incorporated with a force close feature which are thirty seconds of

any interruption of the beam causes the door to close within a preset-time.

There are two types of smoke detector commonly found in the market

that are photoelectric smoke detector and ionization smoke detector.

Figure above shown the photoelectric smoke detector used in

Subang Parade.

Figure 2. : Sensing chamber in a photoelectric smoke detector that smoke reflected light to activate the detector.

Source:

Photoelectric smoke detector is generally more responsive to fires that begin

with a long period of combustion with smoke but without flame. The detector

works when smoke reflecting the straight light from light source on to the

sensing chamber to trigger the alarm shown in Figure 2.

Photoelectric Smoke Detector

1.  Optical chamber

2.  Cover

3.  Case molding

4.  Photodiode (detector)

5.  Infrared LED

3.3.2 FIRE CONTROL ROOM

Fire Control Room at ground floor

According to the guidelines, the fire control room have to meet the

requirement of the building that has an effective height of more than 50m

and shall be separated from the rest of the building by two hour fire rated

elements of structure.

 

Analysis

UBBL 1984 section 238:- Command and Control Centre

Every large premises or building exceeding 30.5 meters in height shall be

provided with a command and control center located on the designated

floor and shall contain a panel to monitor the public address, fire bridge

communication, sprinkler, water flow detectors, fire detection and alarm

systems and with a direct telephone connection to the appropriate fire

station by passing the switchboard.

Therefore, the Subang Parade meets the requirement that the fire control

room is located at ground floor near the lift lobby and staircase as it has 4

stories including the car parks located at basement and one lower ground

floor above. There are 2 guard observing the control room continuously

and begin to manage an appropriate action when there are any signal form

the detectors come directly to the control unit.

Figure above shown the example of fire control room in Subang Parade

(as we are not allowed to take photo inside.) Source: http://

www.hydrafoundation.org/uploads/media_items/north-hants-fire-hydra-

suite-control-room.480.321.s.jpg

T h e s i t e h a s a d i r e c t

communication system to the

nearest firefighting station to

allow for immediate warnings

to take place shown in figure 5.

Figure 5: Digital Alarm Communicator link directly to the Nearest Jambatan

Bomba.

The general requirements for fire control room are as follows. It should:

• Have a minimum floor area of 10m². Can be larger depending on the

equipment required.

• Location near the main entrance or exit to the building’s main lobby in a

designated room.

• Preferably be adjacent to a fire lift lobby or any other location as

designated by the relevant authority.

• Be accessible via two path of travel. One from the front entrance and the

other form a public place or fire-isolated passageway, which leads to a

public place has a two hour fire rated door.

• Have an independent air handing system if mechanical ventilation is

provided throughout the building.

• Be adequately illuminated to not less than 400 lux.

• Provide the ability to communicate (e.g. via telephones and loudspeakers)

with all parts of the building, and with fire and other emergency services.

• Be provided with insulation form ambient building noise.

• Be under the control of the Chief Fire Warden (or similar appointed

person).

3.3.3 MANUAL PULL STATION

Manual pull and key switch box normally located near HT sub station and gen

set room. While the room is on fire, ones can straight activate the key switch or

pull box.

Figure 3.3.3 a: Key Switch Box Found in the fire Control Room  

3.3.4 FIREMAN INTERCOM SYSTEM

Fire intercom system provides a communication between the Master

Console, or commonly known as Fire Command Centre and the remote Handset

Stations. The system consists of a remote handset station and Master control panel

which is normally installed at the Fire Control Room. The Intercom handset stations

are located at staircases of each floor in Subang Parade. At the Master control panel,

a call alert lamp shall flash with audible signal when there is incoming call. Upon

lifting the handset, the audible signal will be silenced. The master control panel is

also equipped with a fault indicator unit to indicate the type of fault, see Figure

1.3.3.4b.

Figure 3.3.4 b: Remote Handset Station

Figure.3.3.4b: Emergency and EWIS is equipped in Subang Parade fire control room.

Figure above shown a telephone connected directly to the external exchange.

3.3.5 FIRE ALARM

There are two types of fire alarm mechanisms that need to be installed in the

building to notify people in the building that there may be a fire and need to be

evacuated. The two types of mechanisms for fire alarm are the fire emergency

light and fire alarm bell.

According to UBBL 1984, Section 237:

1)  Fire alarms shall be provided in accordance with the Tenth Schedule to these

by-laws.

2)  All premises and building with gross floor area excluding car park and storage

area exceeding 9290 square meters or exceeding 30.5m in height shall be

3)  provided with a two-stage alarm system with evacuation (continuous signal) to

be given immediately in the affected section of the premises while an alert

4)  (intermittent signal) be given adjoining section.

5)  Provision shall be made for the general evacuation of the premises by action

of a master control.

According to UBBL 1984, Section 155:

1. The fire mode of operation shall be initiated by a signal from the fire alarm

panel which may be activated automatically by one of the alarm devices in the

building or manually.

2. If mains power is available all lifts shall return in sequence directly

to the designated floor, commencing with the fire lifts, without

answering any car or

landing calls, overriding the emergency stop button inside the car,

but not any other emergency or safety devices, and park with doors

open.

3. The fire lifts shall then be available for use by the fire brigade on

operation of the fireman’s switch.

4. Under this mode of operation, the fire lift shall only operate in

response to car calls but not to landing calls in a mode of operation

in accordance with

by-law154.

5. In the event of mains power failure, all lift shall return in sequence

directly to the designated floor and operate under emergency power

as described under

paragraphs 2 and 4.

According to UBBL 1984, Section 255:

1. Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and

extinguishing fire and with fire alarms together with illuminated exit

signs in accordance with the

requirements as specified in the Tenth Schedule to these by-laws.

The fire alarm mechanisms also apply to the Subang Parade that has

982,000 square feet. In order to make the Subang Parade to be more

effective way of fire safety, a fire alarm system is set up to alert the

occupants thought noise, light or both at the same time. As mentioned,

there are two types od fire alarm mechanisms sued to install that are fire

emergency light and fire alarm bell.

The figure above shown the fire emergency light, control panel box, alarm box and

emergency break glass had been installed in front of transformer room.

Emergency light is to alert people in building through light and sound. This

mechanism is effective for people whom are deaf or poor hearing that could not

be able to hear the fire alarm bell instead they might notice the fire emergency

light in order for them to evacuate. The light in green showed normal situation as

for the red light showed fire in order for people to evacuate. The emergency light

usually installed in a common area for immediate and effective way for people to

evacuate or to escape.

3.3.6 ALARM BELL

Alarm bell also named as alarm sounder shown in figure below.

Functionally in manual or automatic as well as by breaking down the glass

of manual call point. If a smoker detector detects smoke or heat or

someone operates a manual call point, then alarm bell will operate to

alert other in the building that there may be a fire and to evacuate. It may

also incorporate remote signaling equipment, which would alert the fire

brigade via Subang Parade.

Diagram: Fire Alarm Bell Found in Lift Lobby

Diagram: Fire Alarm Bell Found in Lift Lobby

3.3.6 MANUAL CALL POINT

A manual call point also called as an emergency break glass is a device

that enables the occupants to raise the alarm by breaking the frangible

element on the fascia. Most of the manual call points mounted 1.4m from

the floor and installed where they can be easily seen especially on the

floor and installed where they can be easily seen especially on floor

landings of stairways and at exists to open air. Most importantly, the

manual call points should be installed on the floor side of an access door

to a staircase so the floor of origins indicated at the control panel. Extra

call points should be installed, where necessary, so that the greatest travel

distance from any point in the building to the nearest call point does not

exceed 30m. A greater number of call point maybe needed in high risk

areas or if the occupant are likely to be slow in movement.

                   Diagram:  Fire  Alarm  with  Break  Glass  

 

Automated processes triggered by fire alarms

a. When the Fire alarm goes off in any zone, all fire shutters and fire

curtains will fall within 5 minutes.

b. When the smoke detector is activated, it will trigger the fire alarm in

the zone, which will then trigger the fire shutters and fire curtains.

c. When the sprinklers in any zone are activated, the fire alarms in that

zone will be automatically triggered, and the rest of the automated

process subsequently triggered.

3.3.7  Non-­‐Water  Based  System  

Carbon  Dioxide  System  

 Carbon  dioxide  system  is  widely  used  in  every  household,  commercial  buildings  because  of  

its   effecAveness   to   hold   down   igniAon   of   potenAally   flammable   mixtures   and   exAnguish   fires  

involving   flammable   liquids   or   gases.   Although   CO2,   inert   gases   certainly   help   exAnguish   fire   by  

displacing   oxygen,   they   are   even  more   effecAve   by   acAng   as   a   heat   sink,   absorbing   combusAon  

energy.  CO2  is  stored  in  cylinders  as  a  liquid  under  great  pressure.  It  does  not  conduct  electricity  

and  will   not   normally   damage   sensiAve   electronic   equipment.   In   Subang   Parade,   such   system   is  

used  in  the  transformer  room  instead  of  water-­‐based  sprinkler  system.  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Diagram:  CO2  cylindrical  tanks  located    

in  the  transformer  room  

                   Diagram:  Gas  ExAnguisher  Diagram  

 

d. There a 2 stage Alarm System with evacuation (continuous signal) given

immediately in the affected section of the premises while an alert

(intermittent signal) is given in the adjoining section.

e. When there is a fire alarm all lifts return to the designated floors,

without answering any car or landing calls

f. When there is a fire alarm, the fire lift only responds to car calls.

Portable Fire Extinguisher

A fire extinguisher, flame extinguisher, or simply an extinguisher, is an

active fire protection device used to extinguish or control small fires, often in

emergency situations. Typically, a fire extinguisher consists of a hand-held

cylindrical pressure vessel containing an agent, which can be discharged to

extinguish a fire. Basically, the fire extinguisher can be found at all the floors,

to be specific besides every fire escape doors and hose reel rooms and

almost every corner that easy to reach in Subang Parade.

Diagram: Portable Fire Extinguisher Used in Subang Parade

                   Diagram:  Compartment  of  Portable  Fire  ExAnguisher  

 

PLACEMENT

Most of the Fire Extinguishers are located in the Hose Reel Closets

and the Wet and Dry Risers. For aesthetic reasons the Fire Extinguishers are

not immediately visible, though they are located near enough to Fire exits,

in ‘concealed’ Fire Hose Reel closets, which are located in close proximity to

the Fire Exit Doors, and along the Fire Escape paths.

                       LocaCon  of  Portable  Fire  ExAnguisher  

 

                       LocaCon  of  Portable  Fire  ExAnguisher  

 

According to UBBL Law 1984, Section 227:

Portable Fire Extinguisher shall be provided in accordance with relevant

codes of practice and shall be sited in prominent position on exit routes to

be visible from all direction and similar extinguishers in a building shall be of

the same method of operation.

The type of fire extinguisher that Subang Parade uses throughout the

building is dry powder extinguisher. Portable Fire extinguishers installed are

primarily of Dry Powder variety, which can extinguish majority of classes of

fire:

Diagram: Table of Classes of Fire and Travel Distance

Fire  Class     ProperAes   Travel  Distance  

Class  A   Solid  material  of  organic  nature  with  formaAon  of  glowing  ambers  (e.g.  paper,  

wood)  

75  S.  (22.9m)  

Class  B   Liquid  or  liquefiable  solids  (e.g.  petrol,  kerosene,  diesel)  

50  S.  (15.2m)  

Class  C   Gases  (e.g.  Oxygen,  Carbon  Monoxide)   Based  on  A  or  B  Hazard  

Class  D   Metals  (e.g.  Sodium,  Potassium,  Magnesium)  

75  S.    

Class  E   Electrical  equipment   -­‐  

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requires that

employers select and distribute fire extinguishers based on the classes of

anticipated workplace fires and also on the size and degree of the hazards,

which would affect their use. The above chart contains OSHA requirements

for classes of fires and travel distance to an extinguisher. There is no

distance requirement for Class K extinguishers. They are typically placed at

the point of possible cooking fire ignition.

A  Class  B  fire  exAnguisher   is  used  for  flammable   liquid  and  gas  fires  

such  as  oil,  gasoline,  etc.  ExAnguishers  that  are  suitable   for    Class  B  

fires  should  be  idenAfied  by  a  square  containing  the  le[er  “B”  in  red.  

A  Class  C  fire  exAnguisher   is  used  on  fires  that   involve   live  electrical  

equipment   which   require   the   use   of   electrically   nonconducAve  

exAnguishing  agents.  ExAnguishers   that  are  suitable   for  Class  C  fires  

should  be  idenAfied  by  a  circle  containing  the  le[er  “C”  in  blue.  

A   Class   D   fire   exAnguisher   is   used   on   combusAble   metals   such   as  

magnesium,  Atanium,  sodium,  etc.  Class  D  fires  should  be   idenAfied  

by  a  five  point  painted  star.  ExAnguishers  that  are  suitable  for  Class  C  

should  be  idenAfied  by  a  star  containing  the  le[er  “D”  in  yellow.  

A   Class   K   fire   exAnguisher   is   used   on   fires   involving   cooking  media  

(fats,   grease   and   oils)   in   commercial   cooking   such   as   restaurants.  

These  exAnguishers  are   idenAfied  by  a  polygon  containing  the   le[er  

“K”  in  black.  

3.3.8 CLASSIFICATION AND USE

The  type  of  fire  that  they  will  exAnguish  classifies  fire  exAnguishers.  

 

 

A  Class  A  fire  exAnguisher  is  used  for  ordinary  combusAbles,  such  as  

wood,   paper,   some   plasAcs   and   texAles.   ExAnguisher   should   be  

idenAfied  by  a   triangle  containing   the   le[er  “A”  and  triangle  should  

be  in  green.  

3.3.9 AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEM

Automatic sprinkler system is found in our case study. The sprinkler system was found

covered every floor of the building. The dimension between two sprinkler head is

4.2m wide and 3m high, as shown in the diagram below.

Sprinkler Tank and Sprinkler Pumps

The water for the sprinkler piping system is supplied from a reinforced concrete tank

located in basement. The Sprinkler Pump draws water from the sprinkler

tank, to distribute the water to the sprinklers. The sprinkler pump comprises an Alarm

Cont. Valve, which serves as the jockey pump. It is sensitive to changes in

water pressure in the sprinkler piping system. When any sprinkler(s) is activated and

water is discharged through the sprinklers in that zone, the pressure in the valve is

reduced, triggering the duty pumps to pump water from the Sprinkler Tank.

There are a total of 3 pumps to supply water to the sprinkler systems of all zones and

levels of each with holding pressure of 120 psi. There is only one jockey

pump for all Duty pumps. As long as the sprinklers in any one of the zones have been

activated to discharge water, all the Duty pumps will be triggered to pump water from

the RC sprinkler tank. Since only the sprinklers in the affected zone have been

activated, the rest of the sprinklers will not discharge water, even though the duty

pumps connected to the zone have been activated to pump water.

                   Diagram:  Sprinkle  Box  Containing  the  Switches  

 

Pendent Sprinkle

Pendant type hangs from the pipeline, its water deflector is placed at the

bottom, but water spreads in the same circular pattern as that of an upright

sprinkler. When concealed, pendant sprinklers hide under the ceiling under a

special cap that falls away when the surrounding temperature rises to a

prescribed level. If the temperature continues to rise, the concealed pendant

head automatically drops and begins to spray water.

Diagram: Rows of Pendent Sprinkles in Subang Parade

                   Diagram:  Compartment  of  Pendent  Sprinkle  

 

                   Diagram:  Closer  Up  of  Sprinkle  

 

Upright Sprinkle

An upright sprinkler, as its name implies, stands atop the pipeline, whereas a

pendant type hangs from the pipe. An upright sprinkler, however, comes with a

water deflector at the top so that water coming out of the orifice shoots upward

and then spreads in a circular pattern. Upright sprinklers are used mostly in places

where obstructions may block water spray during a fire, and their height allows

them to aim water around possible obstacles.

Diagram: Upright Sprinkle in Subang Parade

Disc-­‐supporAng    metal  Cap  

Deflector  

Metallic  Framed  Body    

Water  Discharged  Orifice  

                   Diagram:  Compartment  of  Upright  Sprinkle  

 

                   Diagram:  Closer  Up  of  Upright  Sprinkle  

 

                   Diagram:  DistribuAon  of  Sprinkle  System  

 

1.  Water  Storage  Tank  2.  Sprinkle  Pump  3.  Pump  Controller  Panel  4.  Pump  Switch  5.  Bu[erfly  Switch  6.  Sprinkle  Head  7.  Sprinkle  Drain  

                   Diagram:  OperaAon  of  Sprinkle  System  

 

3.3.10 TYPICAL DELUGE SYSTEM

Diagram: Compartments of Deluge System

In deluge system, the arrangement of deluge fire sprinkler system piping is similar

to a wet or dry stem with two major differences:

A. Standard sprinklers are used, but they are all open. The activating elements have

been

removed so that when the control valve is opened water will flow from all of the

sprinklers

simultaneously and deluge the area with water

B. The deluge valve is normally closed. The valve is opened by the activation of a

separate

fire detection system

Deluge systems are used where large quantities of water are needed quickly to

control a fast-developing fire. Deluge valves can be electrically, pneumatically or

hydraulically operated.

Wet Riser

Wet Riser also plays important role in putting down fire. In Subang Parade,

wet riser is located near the lift lobby and at the emergency staircase in

each and every floor. It supplies water from the water tank through wet

risers pipes and is distributed to canvas hoses and hose reel at each floor.

The pipes supplying water from the tank to the hoses are pressurized at all

the time. As mentioned earlier there are three pumps are jockey pump,

duty pump and standby pump, located at the pump room which is needed

for water to travel from the water tank to the hoses.

                       LocaCon  of  Fire  Hose  Reel  

                       LocaCon  of  Fire  Hose  Reel  

Water Tank

The firewater storage tank is located at the basement level 1 in the fire

pump room. The wet riser system and water sprinkler system uses the same

water. The volume of water contained into the tank in sufficient to supply

water to the whole building.

According to UBBL 1984, Section 247:

1)  Water storage capacity and water flow rate for fire fighting system and

installation shall be provided in accordance with the scale as set out in

the tenth schedule to these By-laws.

2)  Main water storage tanks within the building, other than for the hose reel

system, shall be located at ground, first or second basement levels, with

fire brigade pumping inlet connection accessible to fire appliances.

3)  Storage tanks for automatic sprinkle installation where full capacity is

provided without the need for replenishment shall be exempted from the

restrictions in their location.

Diagram: Hose Reel Pump connected to Water Storage Tank

Wet riser, canvas hose and hose reel are found in the two wet riser section

of every floor. The canvas hose has a standard size of 65mm diameter with

a length of 30m. The canvas hose are pressure at each floor that is control

by a landing valve that allows the return of excess pressurized water back

to the wet riser tank through a drain pipe. The hose reel in the building

uses 30mm diameter with a length of 40m. Unlike the canvas hoses that

need a high pressure, the hose reel pipe have a pressure reducer at the

end of the wet riser pipe so that the water that send to hose reel will be a

lower pressure pipe. But when the valve at the start of the hose reel s

open, water comes out at high pressure.

 

                                       Diagram:  Wet  Riser  Pipe  and  Hose  Reel    

 

                                         Diagram:  Wet  Riser  Outlet    

According to UBBL 1984, Law 248: Marking on wet riser

1) Wet riser, dry riser, sprinkle and other fire installation pipes and fittings

shall be painted red.

2) All cabinet and areas recessed in walls for location of fire installations and

extinguisher shall be clearly identified to the satisfaction of Fire Authority or

otherwise clearly identified.

According to UBBL 1984, Law 23: Installation and testing of wet rising

system

1)  Wet rising system shall be provided in every building which topmost floor

is more 30.5m above the fire appliance access level

2)  A hose connection shall be provided in each fire fighting access lobby

3)  Each wet riser outlet shall comprise standard 63.5mm coupling fitted with

a hose of not less than 38.1mm diameter equipped with an approved

types cradle and variable fog nozzle.

3.3.11 WATER BASED SYSTEM

External Fire Hydrant

Water Hydrant fire-fighting system consists of hydrants connected to same

pipeline; the other end of the pipeline is attached to the pumps and water

supply tank of the fire fighting room. The fire fighting hydrant line is close

loop pipe system to maintain the pressure in the water hydrant fire fighting

system. The networks of pipes are located underground. The hydrants are

used in case of emergency when there is need for more water. Firemen will

connect their equipment to the outlets of the hydrant, forcing water into the

system.

There are approximately 10 external fire hydrants found around Subang

Parade. The distance between the fire hydrant and the building is between

4m to 8m. Fire hydrant is place beside the road so that fire brigade could

get easy access to input their hose.

                   Diagram:  External  Fire  Hydrant  Diagram  

 

                   Diagram:  External  Fire  Hydrant  in  Subang  Parade  

 

                                                                                             Diagram:  LocaAon  of  Fire  Hydrant  in  Red  

                                                                                             Diagram:  Hydrant  System  Detail  Drawing  

Fire hydrant is located at the boundary of our case study. The type of fire hydrant

used is two-way fire hydrant. It is made up of cast iron that could withstand high

water pressure. The following diagram shows the location of fire hydrant in

Subang Parade.

3) Standby Pump

The standby pump acts as the same function of duty pump. It replaces the

function of duty pump when the duty pump does not function as required or

is under repair. Standby pump can be manually from the control panel

switch off.

Pressure Switch

The type of pressure switch used in Subang Parade is the alarm pressure

switch. In a wet pipe sprinkler system, an alarm pressure switch is typically

installed on top of the retard chamber into a one half inch tapped outlet. A

time delay is not needed when using a pressure switch because the retard

chamber will divert water flowing through the alarm line during pressure

surges from the city water supply. A drip valve allows water to drain from the

chamber. Alarm pressure switches are pre-set to alarm at 4 to 8 PSI on rising

pressure. The pressure setting can be field adjusted to obtain a specific

pressure alarm response between 4 and 20 PSI.

Diagram:  CirculaAon  of  system  showing  how  the  standby  pump  automaAcally  start  when  the  main  pump  fail  

 

According to UBBL 1984 Section 226:

Where hazardous processes, storage or occupancy are of such character as

to require automatic system sprinkles or other automatic extinguishing

system, it shall be of a type and standard appropriate to extinguish fire in

the hazardous materials stored or handled or for the safety of the occupants.

Water supplied to these pump is stored in a reinforced concrete tank found

next to the pumping station. The tank is connected to a 4-way breeching

inlet to enable the fire brigade to pump water into the system in case of

disruption in water supply.

Diagram: Stop Valve to Control Flow of Water from Tank Pump

Diagram:  Compartments  of  Pressure  Switch  

3.3.12 FIRE PUMP ROOM

Diagram: Location of Fire Pump Room in Plan

                   Diagram:  Close-­‐up  of  Fire  Pump  Room  in  Basement  Level  

 

According to UBBL 1984 Section 247(2): Water Storage

Main water storage tanks within the building, other than for hose reel

systems, shall be located at ground, first or second basement levels, with fire

brigade pumping inlet connections accessible to fire appliances.

1) Jockey Pump

Apparatus that works together with a fire-pump as a part of the fire protection system. It is

designed to maintain the pressure in the system elevated to a specific level when the

system is not in use, so that the fire pump doesn’t have to run all the time and the system

doesn’t go off randomly. It can also help prevent the system from drainage when a fire

happens and water rushes into the pipes.

2) Duty Pump

When pressure in pipe goes down, duty pump takes the lead and supply enough pressure

of water to maintain the system in running order. However, if this pump fails to run due to

some defaults, standby pump is activated automatically by the system. Duty pump can be

switch off manually from the control panel in case of necessity.

                   Diagram:  Overlook  of  the  Fire  Pump  Room  

 

3.4 PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

Fire Escape Plans

                   Diagram:  Basement  Fire  Escape  Plan    

                   Diagram:  Lower  Ground  Fire  Escape  Plan  

                   Diagram:  Ground  Floor  Fire  Escape  Plan    

                   Diagram:  First  Floor  Fire  Escape  Plan  

Fire escape provide a method of escape in the fire to allow the occupant to

evacuate from the building to a safer area outside of the building, which also

mean assembly area. There are routes and exits that were designed

specifically in Subang Parade in case of fire.

Escape route is a designed safe pathway to occupants, from an area of the

building to a place such as fireproof staircase, where the occupants will be

safe and capable of escaping from the fire or smoke as a fire protected area

or a fire fighting access lobby.

According to UBBL 1984: Enclosing Means of Escape in Certain Building.

1)  Every staircase provided under these By-laws in a building where the

highest floor is more than 1200mm above the ground level, or in any

place of assembly, or in any school when such staircase is to used as an

alternative means of escape shall be enclosed throughout its length with

fire resisting materials

2)  Any necessary openings, except openings in external walls which shall not

for the purpose of this by-law include wall to air wells, in the length of

such staircase shall be provided with self-closing doors constructed of fire

resisting materials.

3.4.1 EMERGENCY EXIT SIGNAGE

                   Diagram:  Keluar  Sign  found  in  front  of  each  fire  door  

Exit Emergency signage indicate the way to safety outdoor area or assembly

point. It is an effective guidance tool, helping to reduce panic an confusion

by providing a clear directional system. These signs are always lit for cases

of necessity. The letters are written in block letters sufficiently big to be seen

and green on color to attract attention. In Malaysia, the exit signage is

written in Malay word “KELUAR, which mean EXIT.

3.4.2 FIRE ESCAPE DOOR

Location: All escape door

Material: Solid hardwood core with asbestos insulating board

Dimension: Single leaf 900mm x 2100mm x 38mm

Double leaf: 1800mm x 2100mm x 38mm

Fire Rated: 1 hour

                   Diagram:  Double  Leaf  Door                      Diagram:  Single  Leaf  Door  

According to UBBL 1984 Section 172:

1)  Storey exits and access to such exits shall be marked by readily visible

signs and shall not obscured by any decoration, furnishings or other

equipment.

2)  A sign reading “KELUAR” with an arrow indicating the direction shall be

placed in every location where the direction of the travel to reach the

nearest exit is not immediately apparent.

3)  Every exit sign shall have the word “KELUAR in plainly legible letters not

less than 150 meter high with the principal strokes of the letters not less

than 18 mm wide. The lettering shall be in red against a black

background.

4)  All exit signs shall be illuminated continuously during periods of

occupancy.

According to UBBL 1984 Section 162:

Fire doors including frames shall be constructed to a specification which can

be shown to meet the requirements for the relevant FRP when tested in

accordance with section 3 of BS 476: 1951.

3.4.3 DOOR CLOSER

All the fire door closers of the building are made out of aluminum.

Overhead door closers are typically surface mounted. Door closer ensure

the doors are closed. Hence preventing escape of smoke if fire into the

protected areas and staircase section and slow down the spread of fire

   Diagram:  Surface  Mounted  Door  Closer  

According to UBBL 1984 Section 164:

1)  All fire doors shall be fitted with automatic door closers of the

hydraulically spring operated type in the case of swing doors and of wire

rope and weight type in the case of sliding doors.

2)  Double doors with rabbeted meeting stiles shall be provided with

coordinating device to ensure that leafs close in the proper sequence.

3.4.4 FIRE ESCAPE STAIRCASE

Like any other firefighting facilities, Subang Parade has its own fire escape

staircases with door boundaries at each floor of the shopping mall including

the basement car park. The type of fire escape staircase used is half landing

staircase and the material used is cement concrete. There is an opening to

the outdoor at each stairway exit enabling smoke to escape during fire and

also for ventilation. The landing area has a dimension of 1.2m x 2.4m. The

stairway landing is wide

enough to accommodate the users during a fire to escape.

Fire Escape staircase allow the occupants of the building to escape from the

building to a safer area or assembly point when there is fire event or any

emergency event happen. According to the law, the building should have

two means of exits consists of separate exits or doors that leads to a corridor

or other space giving access to separate exits in different directions.

   Diagram:  Fire  Escape  Staircase  in  Subang  Parade  

According to UBBL 1984 Section 166:

1)  Except as permitted by-law 167 not less than 2 separate exits shall be

provided from each storey together with such additional exits as many as

necessary.

2)  The exits shall be so sited and exit access shall be so arranged that the

exit are within the limits of travel distance as specified in the seventh

schedule to these by-law and are readily accessible at all time.

According to UBBL 1984 Section 166:

In buildings exceeding 30 metres in height all staircases intended to be

used as means of egress shall be carried to the roof level to give access

thereto.

one floor discharging into it calculated in accordance with provisions in the

Seventh schedule to these By-laws.

3. The required width of a staircase shall be the clear width between walls

but handrails may be permitted to encroach on this width to a maximum of

75 mm.

4. The required width of a staircase shall be maintained throughout its

length including at landings.

5. Doors giving access to staircases shall be so positioned that their swing

shall at no point encroach on the required width of the staircase or landing.

According to UBBL 1984 Section 229(4):

A fire fighting staircase shall be provided to give direct access to each fire

fighting access lobby and shall be directly accessible from outside the

building at the fire appliances access level.

The width of the staircase is 1350mm, allowing two people to be able to use

it at the same time. The height of riser is 170mm and the tread is 290mm.

Every flight of stairs has more than four riser and due to that. Handrail is

required for safety purpose of the occupants in the building. The height of

the handrail is 950mm, and no intermediate handrail are required in this

building, as the width of the staircase does not exceed 2255mm

   Diagram:  Fire  Escape  Staircase  Details  

According to UBBL 1984 Section

168:

1. Except as provided for in by-law

194 every upper floor shall have

means of egress via at least two

separate staircases.

2. Staircases shall be of such width

that in the event of any one

staircase not being available for

escape purposes the remaining

staircases shall accommodate the

highest occupancy load of any

3.4.5 Railings

Railings are usually seen in the dimension of 1.0m heights x 0.04m in

diameter. It is painted in grey iron. The railings have minor parallel railing in

distance of

0.2m each to accommodate different height of occupants when escaping.

Whereas for areas that do not have a fire exit, the respective fire staircase

will link

them to the nearest fire exit, which the distance between one fire exit and

another is within 45 meters. The entire stairway is constructed with non-

flammable

materials. A landing is provided to ensure the users to have enough

circulation space in the stairs to avoid any injuries or accidents during an

emergency. It is also realized that no piping are found within the stairway.

Thus obeying the law number 157 as follow.

   Diagram:  Staircase  Railing  

According to UBBL 1984 Section 157: Protected Shafts consisting of

Staircase

A protected staircase containing a staircase shall not contain any pipe

conveying gas or oil or any ventilating duct other than a duct serving only

that staircase.

In Conclusion, both active and passive fire protection system plays an

important role in protecting the building against an eventual fire

breakdown. Along with its functional aspect, the passive systems also

attribute in aesthetic features. As far as active fire protection system is

concerned, it contribute to its fair share in the protection of the

building. But nowadays, more technologically advanced system for the

detectors are available. There are more responsive and more efficient.

3.5 CONCLUSION

4.0 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

Tenaga National Berhad (TNB) who is the largest company electricity

utility company in Malaysia, and also Southeast Asia are in charge of

generation, transmission, distribution and sale of electricity throughout

Peninsula Malaysia and Sabah. They are also in charge of repairs, testing,

maintenance of all equipment, construction of power plants and

manufacturing of high voltage gears to ensure continuous transmission

and distribution of electricity. According to Norayhunt (2008), Malaysia has

a mix variety of energy resources such as oil, natural gas, coal and

renewable energies such as hydro powered electricity, biomass and solar.

However, about 75% of the energy used comes from natural gas which in

our opinion is not sustainable. The reason for this is that Malaysia has the

cheapest and most fossil fuel in the region. We as architects should

encourage the construction of more renewable sources.

Electricity is the most prevalent form of energy in a modern building. It

not only supplies electric outlets and electric lighting, but also provides

the motive power for HVAC equipment, traction power for elevators and

material transport, and power for all signals and communications

equipment. An electric power failure can paralyze a facility. A properly

designed facility can quickly return to partial operation by virtue of

emergency equipment that can furnish part of the facility’s electricity

needs for a limited time.

Electricity is form of energy that occurs naturally only in unusable forms

such as lighting and other static discharges or in natural galvanic cells

(which cause corrosion). The primary problem in the utilization of

electricity energy is that, unlike fuels or even heat, it cannot be readily

stored and therefore must be generated and utilized in the same instant.

This requires an entirely different concept of utilization than, for example,

a heating system with its fuel source, burner, piping, and associated

equipment.

4.1 INTRODUCTION

4.2 LITERATURE REVIEW

4.2.1 POWER TRANSMISSION

Figure  4.1  :  Generally  explanaAon  on  how  power  is  transmi[ed  to  buildings    

Subang Parade is the

first shopping center in

Subang Jaya, Selangor,

Malaysia. It is located

near Wisma Consplant

(formerly Wisma Tractors

until 1995) and Empire

Subang in SS16. Its

anchor tenant is the

Parkson Department

s tore. They requi re

con t inuous f low o f

e l e c t r i c i t y w i t h o u t

breakdowns to ensure

that the department is

forever running during

the working hours. Without it, the entire financial and regulation of securities

will go haywire. Electricity in this building is mostly used for air conditioning,

lighting, elevators, escalators, appliances, etc. Electricity from the power

station is stepped up from the power plant to keep loss of electricity to a

minimum due to resistance of the material transmitting electricity, usually

copper. As shown in the figure, before the distribution stations, it is further

stepped down to either 275kv or 132kv and when it reaches the substation,

it is stepped down to 33kv. The local substations would further reduce the

electricity from 33kv to 11kv, which the Subang Parade uses. In the Subang

Parade, the transformer further steps it down to the usable voltages.

4.2.2 Devices

Several devices used in the distribution of electricity throughout a

building. A meter is used to receive electricity through a residual current

device. A meter helps take measurements of usage and normally takes

measurements in kilowatt per hour. In the case of the SCC, a commercial

electric meter is used instead of a watt hour meter. Main switch,

commonly known as the circuit breaker allows electricity to pass through,

and will break the circuit if overloaded or short circuit. Distribution board

allows for the division of cable to receive current and to distribute it

through a branch circuit.

A branch circuit is typically used instead of a feeder circuit because it is

generally safer. It has a reserve capacity to ensure that the circuit does

short circuit. There are 3 types of outlets used which are single, multiple

and general multiple circuits. Single normally used for heavy usage

appliances, multiple for small devices and general multiple for things like

lighting.

Safety devices such as circuit breakers and fuses are used to prevent

incidents like fire or wreckage of devices from happening due to over

usage. A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch

designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload

or short circuit. Its basic function is to detect a fault condition and

interrupt current flow. Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then must

be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or

automatically) to resume normal operation. Circuit breakers are made in

varying sizes, from small devices that protect an individual household

appliance up to large switchgear designed to protect high voltage circuits

feeding an entire city.

4.3 CASE STUDY

The transmission voltage networks in Malaysia are 500kV, 275kV, 132kV

and the distribution voltages are 33kV, 11kV and 400/230V. The latter is

usually used for residential and the rest for industrial use. In the case of

the Subang Parade, it gets its electricity directly by the TNB Substation.

4.3.1 ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

Outdoor Distribution

Figure  4.2  :  Diagram  shows  how  the  power  is  transmi[ed  to  the  Subang  Parade    

The  following  diagram  shows  the  TNB  switching  room,  gen-­‐set  room,  and  the  rest  

which  includes  the  high  and  low  voltage  area  and  transformers.    

Indoor Distribution

Figure  4.3  :  Diagram  shows  how  the  power  being  transformed  to  low  voltage    

Figure  4.4  :  Diagram  shows  the  locaAon  of  TNB  switching  room  in  yellow  (LG).    

According to TNB, the function of a SSU / Main Switching Station is to

supply a dedicated amount bulk consumer of 32kV, 22kV and 11kV. As for

the Subang Parade’s case, we are getting 11kV. The SSU provides a bulk

capacity injection from the Main Distribution substation to the load center

for distribution. The SSU is normally divided into 3 parts which is the SSU

Switchgear Room, the control room and the battery room. As for the

Subang Parade’s case, there is only a switchgear room.

Main Switching Station (SSU)

Switchgear is the combination of electrical disconnects switches, fuses or

circuit breakers used to control, protect and isolate electrical equipment.

Switchgears are used both to de-energize equipment to allow work to be

done and to clear faults downstream. This type of equipment is directly

linked to the reliability of the electricity supply. As required by TNB, this

room has medium voltage vacuum circuit breaker, vacuum circuit breakers

have rated current up to 6,300 A, and higher for generator circuit

breakers. These breakers interrupt the current by creating and

extinguishing the arc in a vacuum container - aka "bottle". Long life

SSU Switchgear Room

bellows are designed to travel the 6 to 10 mm the contacts must part.

These are generally applied for voltages up to about 40,500 V, which

corresponds roughly to the medium-voltage range of power systems. This

room has no column and cross beam to avoid hindrance. It must have well

ventilation within this room as well.

Legend:

1.  High Voltage / Low Voltage Room

2.  Switch Gear

3.  3 Phase Transformer (11kV to 415V)

4.  Label indicating transformation of voltage

5.  Distribution Panel

6.  Sub Switch boards in various places of Subang Parade

Diagram  4.5  :  Diagram  illustraAng  transformaAon  of  high  voltage  to  low  voltage    

The above diagram illustrates how electricity from the Power station

reaches into the Subang Parade. Before the power station, it reaches the

TNB metering kiosk. After the meter, it reaches the TNB Power Station

(SSU). After that it goes to the Vacuum Circuit Breaker, known also as the

main switch which helps to protect the three phase transformer when it is

overloaded by disconnection the power which is at 11kV in the

transformer room beside it. The transformer further steps down the

voltage to 415kV before transferring it to the Low Voltage area located at

another room. The transformer room is beside the Low Voltage Room.

They are all located close to each other to further increase efficiency and

to prevent energy loss. Air Circuits are installed to prevent leakage of

current for transformer, which could zap a person to death if leaked. After

the transformer, it reaches the distribution panel (switchboard) which it

furthers distributes to the rest of the Subang Parade through the riser.

4.3.2 HIGH VOLTAGE, TRANSFORMER ROOM & LOW VOLTAGE ROOM.

Diagram  4.6  :  LocaAon  of  high  voltage  room  (BLUE),  transformer  room  (GREEN)  and  low  voltage  room  (RED)  (LG  Plan)  

Diagram  4.7  :  Plan  view  of  the  High  voltage  room,  Transformer  Room    

4.3.3 HIGH TENSION SWITCH GEAR

Main metal-clad switchgear for commercial, industrial, and public

buildings, as well as Subang Parade is almost invariably located in a Lower

Ground and encapsulated in a separated well-ventilated electrical

switchgear room. These switch gears regulate the flow of electricity within

the electrical system. Switch gear provides protection against overload of

current, short circuit current and insulation failure. It is an insulating barrier

between open contacts which is clearly visible and also a fail-proof

mechanical indicator. The many functions of the switch gear includes

functional switching, emergency switching, emergency stopping and also

stopping of entire mechanism for maintenance. Emergency switching is

used when there is a failure in power, the switch gear would run on the

backup generators providing the power needed. Smaller sub distribution

switchboards require no special room. A wire screen enclosure to prevent

tampering or vandalism plus a large “DANGER-HIGH VOLTAGE” sign are

usually adequate. The diagram below showed the sign “DANGER’’ which

outside the High Voltage Room. From the diagram below, sufficient of

exits, hallways, or hatches for the installation and removal of all equipment

had provided as well. Specification for switchgear should state the

maximum overall dimensions of sections that will be transported and

installed in a piece.

Figure  4.1  :  ‘’DANGER’’  sign  placed  outside  the  room    

Figure  4.2  :  Sufficient  exits  and  hallways  is  provided  for  installaAon  and  removal  of  all  equipment    

Step-Down Transformer

The unique objective of the transformer is to step down high voltage

current from 11kV to 415V through the machinery shown in the Figure

below. There are total 5 transformers in the transformer room at Subang

Parade.

a) b)

c) e) d)

Electricity flows from the TNB substation passing through the switchgear

which is (a), and reaches the 5 transformers (b) to step down the voltage

from 11kV to 415V. It later splits and goes through the ACMV and the

switchboard for distribution to the users, lighting, AHU and etc. (c) helps

to absorb water vapors or oil to reduce the humidity inside the

transformer (d) is a system to check the temperatures of the transformers.

In case of an emergency, the technician would be notified. (e) Transformer

room is a CO² system room which will release carbon dioxide if there was

a fire.

A transformer is an electrical device that transfers energy between two or

more circuits through electromagnetic induction. It changes or transforms

alternating current (ac) of one voltage to alternating current of another

voltage. Transformers used in building work consist essentially of an iron

core on which are wound at least two coils: a primary winding and

secondary winding. A voltage impressed on the primary winding induces

(through the iron core) a voltage in the secondary winding in proportion to

the ratio of turns in the two coils. Thus, a step-down transformer has a

larger number of turns in its primary winding than in its secondary

winding. In theory, transformers are reversible, although in practice they

are rarely used that way. Transformers cannot be used on dc. Transformers

are available in single-phase or three phase construction. In the case in

Subang Parade, Three phase transformer have been used.

Figure  4.3  :  Photos  of  devices  in  Transformer  Room  

Figure  4.4  :  Photos  of  Three  Phase  Transformer  USED  IN  Subang  Parade    

Heat is generated by the passage of current through the transformer coils

due to the winding cable resistance. The heat is transferred to the unit’s

cooling medium, where it is radiated or otherwise disposed of. The unit’s

cooling medium is a property of major importance. Transformers are either

dry (air cooled) or liquid-filled. The choice depends upon the required

electrical characteristics, the proposed physical location of the

transformer, and costs. For the case in Subang Parade, Oil-insulated

Transformer had been used. These present a fire hazard when installed

indoors because flammable oil can spread from a tank leak or rupture. To

prevent this, most oil-filled transformers must be installed in a fire-resistant

vault, the construction of which involves substantial cost. Advantages

offsetting this cost, low losses, long life, excellent electrical characteristics,

low noise level, and high overload capacity.

When an indoor transformer installation is indicated, special consideration

must be given to the transformer’s heat-generating properties. The room

must be well-ventilated. Besides that, indoor transformer installation is

more suitable to install in fire-resistant room. In Subang Parade, the

transformer room had a CO² fire protection system for safety. Carbon

dioxide is used as an extinguishing agent in this fire protection system.

Every time before enter the transformer room, the technician have to see

the sign on the door whether the condition inside the room is suitable for

man to go in. If the sign is green that mean is safe and red sign mean

danger. The figure below showed the sign on the door.

Figure  4.5  :  Photos  of  CO²  Cylindrical  Tank  in  Transformer  Room    

Figure  4.6  :  Photos  of  safety  sign  on  the  door  of  the  Transformer  Room    

Vacuum Circuit Breaker (VCB) and Air Circuit Breaker (ACB)

A circuit breaker is an electromechanical device that performs the same

protective function as a fuse and also acts as a switch. It is a device which

is able to open and close a circuit in a quick time. Both these breakers

have the same function which is to cut off power and to isolate if there is a

fault to prevent outbreaks. Circuit breakers are made in varying sizes, from

small devices that protect an individual household appliance up to large

switchgear designed to protect high voltage circuits feeding an entire city.

Vacuum breakers interrupt the current by creating and extinguishing the

arc in a vacuum container while air circuit breakers use configurable trips

thresholds and delays to trip the circuit when it overflows. Air circuit

breakers usually come in draw-out enclosures for easy access and

maintenance. Vacuum circuit breakers usually have a longer life than air

circuit breakers. Photo below showed the vacuum circuit breaker used in

Subang Parade.

Figure  4.7  :  Photos  of  Vacuum  Circuit  Breaker    

Main Switch Board / Distribution Panel

The main switchboard is a large assembly of panels which contains

switches which allow electricity to be redirected. It is to divide the main

current into smaller currents for further distribution control of current. With

this board, one can control the electrical supply of the entire network from

just one area. The role of a switchboard is to allow the division of the

current supplied to the switchboard into smaller currents for further

distribution and to provide switching, current protection and (possibly)

metering for those various currents. In general, switchboards may

distribute power to transformers, panel boards, control equipment, and,

ultimately, to individual system loads. Distribution panel is a component of

an electricity supply system which divides an electrical power feed into

subsidiary circuits, while providing a protective fuse or circuit breaker for

each circuit, in a common enclosure. Normally, a main switch, and in

recent boards, one or more residual-current devices (RCD) or residual

current breakers with overcurrent protection (RCBO), are also

incorporated.

Figure  4.8  :  Main  switchboard  in  low  voltage  area    

Sub-Switch Board

The sub-switch board has the same functionality of the main switch board

which is to connect and disconnect the electric supply from the main

switchboard. There are many sub switch boards such as the AHU room,

fire pump room, A/C Room and etc.

Diagram  4.8  :Diagram  of  distribuAon  panel.  

Diagram  4.9  :Plan  view  of  sub  switch  board,  (Red=AHU),  (Green=A/C),  (Blue=Elevator)    

Figure  4.9  :  Sub  Switchboard  in  AHU  Room  

Figure  4.10  :  Sub  Switchboard  in  Fire  Pump  Room  

4.3.4 RACEWAY, CONDUCTOR ELECTRICAL RISER

Conductors could be round wires, rectangular cross section or stands that

are usually made out of metals either copper or aluminum. Electrical

conductors are means by which current is conducted through the electrical

system, corresponding to the piping of a hydraulic system. Current is

carried through these wires which are covered with the raceway.

Conductors are wrapped with insulators to prevent them from causing

electric shock. Insulators are called raceway.

Raceway is used for protection and routing of electrical wiring. Electrical

conduit may be made of metal, plastic, fiber, or fired clay. Flexible conduit

is available for special purposes. Conduit is generally installed by

electricians at the site of installation of electrical equipment. Raceways are

generally enclosure of wires and metallic raceways must be grounded.

Rigid conduit and tubing are mostly used in this building as they have fire

stopping elements and they protect the cables from being damaged.

Electrical risers are used to carry electrical supply to upper floors and

distribute them to each floor in the Subang Parade; we can find most

these risers in AHU rooms, car parks and at the service areas. Figure below

showed the raceways and riser.

Figure  4.11  :  Electrical  race  way  and  riser  in  Subang  Parade  

4.3.5 BACK-UP SYSTEM

Generator Set

Diagram  4.9  :LocaAon  of  Generator  Set  in  low  voltage  room  (LG)    

Subang Parade uses a standby system which is needed due to the nature

of the function of the building. They need a system that would protect and

prevent them from having any sort of financial loss especially it being a

commercial building. Two diesel generators had been used as a standby

system in Subang Parade. This kind of generator is the combination of a

diesel engine with an electric generator (often an alternator) to generate

electrical energy. This is a specific case of engine-generator. The figure

below showed both diesel generators in low voltage room, which is (1A) &

(1B).

Figure  4.12  :  Diesel  Generator  (1A)  &  (1B)  in  low  voltage  room  

Diagram  4.10  :Diesel  Generator  and  the  components  

Diesel generating sets are used in places without connection to the power

grid, as emergency power-supply if the grid fails, as well as for more

complex applications such as peak-lopping, grid support and export to

the power grid. Sizing of diesel generators is critical to avoid low-load or a

shortage of power and is complicated by modern electronics, specifically

non-linear loads. The generator will start running automatically when

there is a power failure or a power shortage. The system will automatically

detect the power shortage and start the gen set based on the power

needed to prevent any clash. The generator set consists of three

components which are the fuel system, space housing the equipment and

the set itself. Using a gen-set gives the building an unlimited kVA capacity

and is only set back by the size of the fuel tank. It has to be properly

maintained to ensure that it does not fail if there is a power failure. Gen-

sets are usually placed at the lower ground levels to ensure noise levels

are kept to a minimum and to prevent diesel emissions from reaching the

users. Besides that, the fuel also closed to the gen-set to easy the job of

refill the fuel and ensures the gen-set work continuously during power

shortage. The figure below showed the fuel tank that placed near to the

gen-set.

Figure  4.13  :  Fuel  tank  in  the  low  voltage  room  

4.4 ANALYSIS

Transformer

A transformer is device that changes or transformers alternating current

(ac) of one voltage to alternating current of another voltage. A varying

current in the transformer's primary winding creates a varying magnetic

flux in the core and a varying magnetic field impinging on the secondary

winding.

Under MS1525; 7: Electric power and distribution

 

This clause applies to the energy efficiency requirements of electric

motors, transformers and distribution systems of buildings except those

required for emergency purposes.

All electrical power distribution equipment should be selected for their

energy efficiency and to minimize cost of ownership. Cost of ownership

includes the capital cost and the cost of energy over the equipment life

time.

Supply system voltage has significant impact on losses. Hence, the supply

voltage should be maintained as close as possible to the design/optimum

voltage of the equipment installed.

 

Subang Parade has a gen set that has its own transformers to step down

its current just for it. The figure below show the transformer own by gen-

set. It is not necessary for a gen set to have its own transformer as they

cost relatively expensive. The gen set system should be connected to the

other two transformers that are still able to handle the load of the gen

sets. One less transformer means one less equipment to maintain and

handle.

The transformers, switchboards and gen sets are all located very near to

each other to lower down the cost of consumption of electricity. The

designers put in thought on how to minimize space area and also to

cleverly design a room which is properly organized.

Figure  4.14  :  Gen-­‐set  own  transformer    

Generator Set

The generator sets provide adequate power and supply for the entire

building to run under emergencies such as fire and also as a standby

system where it is always ready to power the building. The generator will

start running automatically when there is a power failure or a power

shortage. The system will automatically detect the power shortage and

start the gen set based on the power needed to prevent any clash. The

generator set consists of three components which are the fuel system,

space housing the equipment and the set itself.

Under UBBL Section 253(1):

Emergency power system shall be provided to supply illumination and

power automatically in the event of failure of the normal supply or in the

event of accident to elements of the system supplying power and

illumination essential for safety to life and property.

The Subang Parade provides all the above statement. Diesel generator is

used as a standby system to provide sufficient power when break down

occur. Besides that, sufficient fuel provided as well beside the generator to

make sure the generator can work properly for a long time during power

shortage.

4.5 CONCLUSION

Going through the Subang Parade and looking at how the electrical

system works is very amazing. Most of the systems are well thought of and

all systems have been working ever since the day it was built. These

systems amazed me because every single part of them works together as

one to carry out function. Maintenance is carried out regularly to ensure

that all systems work well throughout the year. Most of the equipment

used is of top class as they even have a notification system via SMS to

inform the person in charge of problems in the system. The maintenance

becomes easier to handle. From here, I really learnt a lot of knowledge

about electrical system and others services.

As mentioned above, it would be better if the generator shared the

transformer from the switchboard instead of having its own because one

less transformer means one less equipment to maintain and handle. This

would greatly cut down the cost of maintenance. Besides that, the fuel

should be provided or standby sufficiently to make sure the generator can

work continuously during power shortage.

Otherwise, all is good and the systems there work great as well.

5.0 WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

This chapter is about the basic and general study regarding water

services available in the case study chosen which is the Subang Parade.

The information mentioned is associated with the case study upon how

the water supply is available and being distributed throughout the

entire building.

The water services study covered also include the water supply system,

water distribution system and also water supply piping. The water

supply will also be analyzed to give a more concrete understanding

about the water services.

5.1 INTRODUCTION

5.2 LITERATURE REVIEW

The water supply is essentially important to maintain the health of the

community, sustainability of the industry, business and agriculturally.

Without sufficient water supply, our present society would not have

evolved and our lives today wouldn’t be recognizable. With

technologies evolving, and the amount of pollution increasing, we

depend on treated water to avoid threats. Knowing that the volume of

water consumed by our community each day, enormous infrastructures

were required.

 

In Malaysia there are a number of private water companies that

together supplies to millions of consumers with millions of litres of

water. SYABAS is one of the private companies that currently supplies

treated water to over 7 million consumers in Selangor, Kuala Lumpur

and Putra Jaya.

 

 The core business in SYABAS would be related to the water supplied to

consumers, which has been processed and treated before distribution.

Rain falls and river flows will be pumped to the water treatment plant

and from there, raw water is treated by going through the process of

aeraton, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, disinfection

and conditioning. The treated water that is already safe for drinking will

then be pumped to the balancing reservoirs before being distributed to

service reservoirs. From here, then water is supplied to its consumers.

Water supply and services in Malaysia is under the concurrent

jurisdiction of the Federal Government and State Governments. In order

to increase the country’s water services quality particularly protecting

consumers’ rights, two legislative frameworks, namely the National

Water Service Industry (NSW) Act (2006) (Act 655) and the National

Water Services Commission (SPAN) Act (2006) (Act 65) were introduced.

 

With a well-regulated water services in place, this will help to promote

efficiency and long-term sustainability of the water industry to benefit

the consumers, investors as well as the operators. Consumers in

Malaysia enjoy a 24-hour water supply and water is reliable and safe in

terms of quantity and quality. It is treated according to international

standards for drinking water set out by the World Health Organization

(WHO). All domestic, commercial and industrial users are metered.

Water tariff are vary from state to state.

5.2.1 WATER SUPPLY BY LAW

In Subang Parade, water is used as domestic purpose, for flushing

toilets, is used in air conditioning system and for sprinkler system to

project water to the fire when there’s a fire incident happening.

5.3 CASE STUDY

Due to differences in culture, climate and economic wealth, water

demand varies significantly between countries (Smith and Ali, 2006).

The demand for water also varies over the 24-hour period.

 

Therefore, storage capacity required for the building can be determined

from hours of supply, pressure in mains and fire storage requirements.

 

In Subang Parade, storage compartments are divided into two:

Underground Storage: Necessary to collect water from the city mains

during hours of water supply if the pressure is not enough to reach the

point of supply.

Overhead Storage: mandatory for flushing toilets.

 

5.3.1 WATER STORAGE

Area in red indicate the location of the water service area which is at the

basement floor, near the entrance of the carpark.

Figure  5.1  :  LocaAon  of  water  service  area.    

To store water, water storage are to be installed and there are a few

requirements linking to installation and protection of water storage

tanks:

 

•  Tanks are installed on bases above ground level, platforms where the

tank is being located at is designed to bear the weight of the tank

when it is filled to maximum capacity, without unnecessary alteration

taking place.

•  Metal tank are to be installed with a membrane of non-corrosive

insulating material between the support and the underside of the

tank.

•  Tanks must be supported in a certain manner, so that no load is

transmitted to any of the attached pipes.

•  Tanks are located somewhere accessible for inspection, repairs,

maintenance and replacement.

•  Tanks must be provided with a cover, designed to prevent the entry

of dust, roof water, surface water, groundwater, birds, animals or

insects.

•  Insulation from heat and cold should also be specified.

•  Tanks storing potable water should not be located directly beneath

any sanitary plumbing or any other pipes conveying non-potable

water.

Figure  5.2  :  Water  storage  tank  located  at  basement  floor.  

Horizontal concrete beam lying on the floor slab are used as supporting

the water storage tanks and to make space for pipe system under the

tank.

Figure  5.3  :  Horizontal  concrete  beam  

Horizontal  concrete  beam  

Figure  5.4  :  SucAon  tank  and  main  supply  pipe.  

Placement of the water tank.

There are three main water

tanks available at the Lower

ground of Subang Parade,

which is the R.C. suction

tank, R.C sprinkler tank and

R.C. wet riser tank. The R.C.

suction tank stores water

that will be used to pump up

to the domestic water tank,

located at the roof, if

needed. The R.C. suction

tank is used to store water

from SYABAS distributed to

the domestic tank. In case of

situations when the main

water supply

Figure  5.5  :  R.C  sprinkler  and  R.C  wet  riser  tank.  

is turned off, the suction tank should act as a back up to provide

necessary water needed for the building. Water is already stored in the

R.C. suction tank, but when the pressure is low, the water will then be

pumped up to the main domestic water tank located at the roof top.  

The R.C. sprinkler tank and R.C. wet riser tank stores in water supply

from the red colored water bulk meter, which is directly from SYABAS.

Figure  5.5  :  Water  supply  and  R.C  sprinkler  piping.  

Water  supply  pipe  

R.C  sprinkler  pipe  

Pipe with blue indication is the pipe which transport water to selected

area from the water storage tank, whereas the R.C sprinkler pipe is

indicate in red.

UBBL

247

(2) Main water storage tanks

within the building. Other

than for hose reel systems,

shall be located at ground,

first or second basement

levels, with fire brigade

pumping inlet connections

accessible to fire appliances.

UBBL

247

(3) Storage tanks for automatic

sprinkler installations where full

capacity is provided without

need for replenishment shall be

exempted from the restrictions in

their location.

SYABAS comes directly from the water main, underground and then being

distributed to the water bulk meter which is located outside near the car

parking area.

 

 

Source of water supply for

Subang Parade comes directly

from SYABAS, which generally

stands for “Syarikat Bekalan

Air Selangor Sdn. Bhd.” It is a

company where it’s in charge

of water d is t r ibut ion in

Selangor. Water supply from

5.3.2 WATER SUPPLY

!

Figure  5.6  :  Syabas  logo  

5.3.3 FIRE-FLOW REQUIREMENTS

The system must be capable of

supplying the fire flow specified

plus any other demand that cannot

be reduced during the fire period at

the required residual pressure and

for the required duration. The

requirements of each system must

be analyzed to determine whether

the capacity of the system is fixed

UBBL

247

(1) Water storage capacity and

water flow rate for fire fighting

systems and installations shall be

provided in accordance with the

scale as set out in the Tenth

Schedule to these By-Laws.

by the domestic requirements, by the fire demands, or by a combination of

both. Where fire-flow demands are relatively high, or required for long

duration, and population and/or industrial use is relatively low, the total

required capacity will be determined by the prevailing fire demand. In

some exceptional cases, this may warrant consideration of a special water

system for fire purposes, separate, in part or in whole, from the domestic

system. However, such separate systems will be appropriate only under

exceptional circumstances and, in general, are to be avoided.

5.3.4 PUMP SYSTEMS

Pump Selection.

The type of pump selected depends upon many factors, including the

yield of the rate of a well, the daily flow (and maximum instantaneous

flow rate) needed by the users, the size of the storage or pressure tank

used, and the total operating pressure tank used, and the total

operating pressure against which the pump works (including the height

to which water must be raised within the well). First cost, maintenance,

and reliability are also factors, as is the energy used by the pump. In

cold climates, a pump and water supply system must be protected

from freezing.

Of these factors, the two critical selection determinants are the flow

rate ( volume per minute or per hour to be delivered ) and the total

pressure (or head). The flow rate depends upon the number of fixtures

to be served. The total pressure includes the suction lift, static head,

and friction loss plus the pressure head.

In Subang Parade, hydro

pneumatic system is used. The

hydro pneumat ic system

consists of a pressure vessel

and a pressure pump. The

pressure vessel contains water

with a pressurized air space to

provide the pressure for the Figure  5.7  :  Hydro  pneumaAc  system  

system. With water demand, water flows from the vessel, increasing the air

space as well as decreasing air pressure. This lower pressure signals the

pump to start. The pump meets the demand with the excess volume backing

up in the pressure vessel. This decreases the air space and increases the

pressure once again. When the upper level is reached, the pump shuts off.

The newer pressure vessels have a neoprene bladder to separate the air

space from the water.

Diagram  5.1  :  Hydro  pneumaAc  tank  system  

Water supply system in which water is pumped from the supply system into a

pressure tank for storage. Air in the tank is compressed by the water entering

the tank. As the pressure in the tank increases, the pressure in the water

distribution system also increases, since it is fed from the tank.

5.3.5 COLD WATER SYSTEMS

The water supply comes from

the R.C Suction (figure 5.4)

tank located at the basement

floor of the building and is

pumped up to the main water

domestic tanks for storage.

From the domestic tanks,

located on the rooftop, the

cold water is distributed

throughout the basement via

domestic water pumps. The

building has 3 f loors to

distribute water to, and since

the domestic pump is located

above all the floors, gravity is

used to distribute the water to

the lower floor levels.

 

Figure  5.7  :  DomesAc  water  pump  

Figure  5.8  :  DomesAc  water  tank  (retrieved  from  internet  source.  

Domestic water

pump is used to

pump the water

to the domestic

water tank

located at the

roof top.

Domestic

water tank

located at the

rooftop of

Subang

Parade.

Diagram  5.2  :  GravitaAonal  System  

5.3.6 PIPING

Water distribution piping varies according to their usage and functionality in

supplying water to their designated areas. Each pipe sizes and material

correspond to their respective distribution outlets in order to provide the

necessary pressure for the usage of the users. Below are tables indicating the

different types of piping and their respective material and sizes.

 

Type Material Size

Cold water rise (from suction tank to roof tank)

Mild steel cement lining pipe (MSCL)

100

Cold water rise (from pump room to 2nd floor)

Stainless steel pipe 50

Cold water distribution (lower ground to roof)

ABS PN 15 50

Cold water distribution (lower ground to first floor public toilet and common areas)

ABS PN 15 100

Table  5.1  :  Pipe  size  

Referring to the Uniform Building By-Laws (UBBL), there are no regulations or

code that states the needs in providing water services in accordance to the

by-laws. In accordance to this matter, the hotel water services are based on

the regulations set by the engineers and are in accordance to the drawing

given. Below are the quotations excerpts from the engineers drawing.

 

•  All levels are in m and dimension are in mm unless otherwise stated

Figure  5.8  :  Water  piping   Figure  5.8  :  Water  piping  

5.3.7 MAINTENANCE

Maintenance is very important to prevent water supply failure. Usually due to

leakage, data center will have the toilets to stand-alone for almost all the

floors. Maintenance in Security Commission Building is done once every

month.

 

•  All pressure pipes and fittings shall be ABS PN 12 standard unless

otherwise stated

•  All non-pressure pipes and fittings shall be UPVC class “D” BS 3505

standard unless otherwise stated

•  All pressure pipes passing through RC structural shall be c/w puddle collar

•  All pipe pressure tests shall be 50 psi

5.4 ANALYSIS

Cold water supply system used in Subang Parade is main water supply where

they use water tanks to store in water from the water main (suction tank to

domestic tank) and distributes the water throughout the entire building. The

benefit of using this system is that the water tanks reserves the water supply,

in case of shortage from the water main. Moreover, water tanks are sufficient

enough in this building to provide water supply and as preparaton when

shortage coming.

 

In this system, water pumps are needed to push up the pressure when the

water supply from the main is low. In Subang Parade, domestic water tank is

placed on top of the roof which had save up a lot of cost on installing water

pumper as the water is distributed by using the gravitational force. Besides,

the installation of water tank is a success which had fulfill the requirements of

the UBBL by-law.

 

5.5 CONCLUSION

Based on the study and research conducted in this chapter, it can be said

that the cold water distribution system is suitable for Subang Parade as it has

3 floors to distribute water to, therefore using the cistern water distribution

system is good enough because everything focuses on gravitational forces to

pull the water down.

Two water tanks with one acts as daily water supply and another as a back up

water in case there is a water shortage happening. Also due to the number

of people occupying the building, its safer to have several water tanks to

provide the necessary water supply to the occupants of the building.

Amount of water pump is controlled so that costs are reduced and energy is

saved.

Based on the study of water services in Subang Parade, the kinds of services

provided are already efficient and suitable for the building. What can be

recommended is that the building should have a rainwater collection tank for

sanitary services which would reduce even more usage of water from the

water mains.

 

6.0 SEWERAGE AND SANITARY SYSTEM

6.1 INTRODUCTION

Sewage which also called wastewater is any liquid that has been adversely affected

in quality by anthropogenic influence. All of these come from two sources which are

human wastes and household wastes like urinals, stables, latrines, discharge of rain.

They are disposed safely and efficiently through a defined system of their each

individual system or through a combination of systems. The systems usually consist

of sanitary appliances, pipes, service areas, and treatment area which are always

concealed behind walls or partitions or located in service rooms away from human

sight or disturbance aside from the appliances. Wastewater can encompass a wide

range of potential contaminants and concentration such as feces and urine, garbage,

minerals and also wastes from industries that are hazardous and anaerobic. The

disposal system should be applied into the design of buildings to ensure that the

liquid waste are treated properly so that the users will not be affected by improper

disposal. In this chapter, sewage and sanitary systems as well as drainage system in

Subang Parade are examined. The existing facilities, service capacities and

limitations of each type of system are discussed.

Figure 6.1.1: Flow of the Sanitary Sewerage System Figure 6.1.2: Flow of dirty waste into river

6.2 LITERATURE REVIEW

Sewage is produced everyday in our life. Sewage and sanitary system plays important

role to reduce the accumulation of sewage. There are many strategies to dispose of

waste water but first it has to be understood that waste water is any water that has

been adversely affected by anthropogenic influence (Burton, 2003). In relation to the

research, sewerage system can be define as the network of collecting & conveying

sewage by water carriage system through underground pipes. After understanding

the definition and works of the water waste subset, the system of each subset will then

be introduced and informed in general.

The main focus we looked at in this chapter is the sanitary appliances, traps, stacks,

septic tank and follow by public sewer for sewerage system. Sanitary appliances is a

fixture connected to the sewer pipe which allows a person to put in sewage or liquids

into the sewage system. Water is used to flush the sewage into the sewer pipe.

The second subset of wastewater that will be looked at is the drainage system.

Drainage system is a system of piping within private or public premises that conveys

sewage, rainwater or any other liquid waste to an approved point of disposal. The

drainage system normally involves starting from the sanitary appliances to waste or

soil pipe, then to the main sewer pipe for sewer treatment and lastly back to the river.

Sanitary appliances are fitted with water taps or flushing devices which provide water

to help force the solid or semi-solid waste into the sewer. Traps are used to prevent

large waste product from enter the pipe and also to prevent back flow of the water.

Figure 6.2.1: Sewerage System

Sewer is the underground conduits or drains. It is used for carrying the sewage. The

most common types of sewer are the sanitary sewer, storm sewer and combined

sewer. Sanitary sewer is a underground carriage system that used for transporting

sewage from house and commercial buildings. Sanitary sewers serving industrial areas

also carry industrial sewage. Sanitary sewage is collected with the help of sanitary

sewer line. The sanitary sewer is attached to main sewer and runs directly to the

sewage treatment area.

A storm sewer collects storm water with the help of gutter & catch basin. Gutter allow

the storm water to drain from the street directly into the storm sewer. Combined

sewer is a type of sewer system that collects sanitary sewage and storm water run off

in a single pipe system. It can cause serious water pollution problems due to

combined sewer overflows. It usually caused by large variations in flow between dry

and wet weather.

Figure 6.2.3: Variation Between Dry and Wet Weather

Figure 6.2.2: Types of Sewer

Sewage treatment and sewage passage is usually the responsibility of the

authorities but only starts at the boundary of the private building with the exception

of the septic system which is on site. The system within the building and within the

boundary is under the responsibility of the property owner, which of course is

subjected to rules and regulations of its components.

Figure  6.2.4    Single  Stack  (Combined  System)  Waste  Water  Engineering,  2003  

Figure  6.2.5    Double  stacked  (Separate  System)  Waste  Water  Engineering,  2003      

6.3 CASE STUDY

Subang Parade building has 4 floors: basement, lower ground, ground and first floor.

The building consist of few features of sewerage system which are collection,

conveyance, treatment and disposal. Location of wash closets on each are similar

because a direct stack shared all through the levels is more cost efficient and space

efficient. The waste from the wash closets from every floor is collected and conveyed

through the system of pipe line: soil pipe, vent pipe and waste pipe. The sewage is

treated by removing contaminants from sewage and discharge to the nearest manhole

then flow into the drainage. The figure below shows the overall sewerage system of

Subang Parade:

6.3.1 SANITARY APPLIANCES

Sanitary appliances that are used in the toilets includes water closet and also

wash basins. Wastewater that are produced here will be discharged into the

waste and soil pipes which will flow down the stack to the main discharge

outlet. Floor traps which are located on the floor will also connect to these

stacks. All the discharge points and traps require a trap seal to prevent foul

gases from exiting through the inlet.

6.3.1.1 WATER CLOSET

Water closet is an enclosed room or compartment containing a toilet bowl fitted

with a mechanism for flushing. It is a simple yet ingenious invention that used to

carry away waste and prevent sewer gasses from entering the house. Several

different types of mechanisms are used to accomplish a toilet’s basic operation.

Most flush valves are 2 1/2 inches in diameter, although some of the newer

models can be as large as 4 inches, as is the ball-shaped part of the flapper The

flapper hinges onto the vertical overflow pipe that’s next to the valve, and a

small chain connects the flapper to the trip lever. As the tank of a conventional

toilet empties, a float ball drops, activating the ballcock which releases water

into the tank. The water is delivered to the ballcock through a supply tube that’s

connected to a valve at the wall or floor. When turned clockwise, this valve shuts

off the flow of water to the tank. To prevent overflow and flooding, the top of

the overflow tube is open and acts as a drain if the tank’s water level rises too

high. 

Figure  6.3.1:  Plan  showing  the  sewerage  system  

Figure  6.3.1.1a:  Water  Closet  in  Subang  Parade  

Analysis

According to UBBL 1984, Section 43:

In all buildings, the size of the latrines, water-closets and bathrooms shall be

(a)  In the case of latrines or water-closets with pedestal-type closet fittings, not

less than 1.5 metres by 0.75 metre.

6.3.1.2 BASINS

A sink is a bowl shaped plumbing fixture used for washing hands, for dish

washing, cleaning purposes. Sink generally have taps which also called faucets

that supply hot and cold water and may include a spray feature to be used for

faster rinsing. They also include a drain to remove used water and it may include

a strainer or shut off device and an overflow-prevention device. Soap dispenser

could also be added to the sink.

Figure  6.3.1.1b:  Compartments  of  Water  Closet  

Figure  6.3.1.1c:  Dimension  of  latrine  comply  to  minimum  dimension  stated  by  the  UBBL.  

 

When a sink becomes stopped-up or clogged, a person will often resort to use

a chemical drain cleaner or a plunger, though most professional plumbers will

choose to remove clog with a drain auger or often called plumber’s snake.

From about 1820 to 1900 the dry sink evolved by adding a wooden cabinet with

a trough built on the top and lined with zinc or lead. This is where the bowls or

buckets for water were held into. Stainless steel is commonly used in kitchens

and commercial applications because it represents a good trade-off between

cost, usability, durability, and ease of cleaning. Most stainless steel sinks are

made by drawing a sheet of stainless steel over a die. Stainless steel sinks will

not be damaged by hot or cold objects and resist damage from impacts. One

disadvantage of stainless steel is that, being made of thin metal, they tend to be

noisier than most other sink materials, although better sinks apply a heavy

coating of vibration-damping material to the underside of the sink.

Solid ceramic sinks shown in Figure 6.3.1.2a have many of the same

characteristics as enamel over cast iron, but without the risk of surface damage

leading to corrosion. Soapstone sinks were once common, but today tend to

be used only in very-high-end applications or applications that must resist

caustic chemicals that would damage more-conventional sinks. Wood sinks are

from the early days of sinks and baths were made from natural teak with no

additional finishing. Teak is chosen because of its natural waterproofing

properties Teak also has natural antiseptic properties, which is a bonus for its

use in baths and sinks. Glass sinks, a current trend in bathroom design is the

handmade glass sink which has become fashionable for wealthy homeowners.

Stone sinks have been used for ages. Some of the more popular stones used

are: marble, travertine, onyx, granite, and soap stone on high end sinks.

Figure  6.3.1.2a:  Solid  Cermaic  Sink  used  in  Subang  Parade  

 

Figure  6.3.1.2b:  Compartments  of  Water  Basin  

6.3.2 TRAPS

6.3.2.1 WATER SEAL

The function of water seal is to prevent the entry of waste water gases and pest

into the building, water seals traps are fitted just after the sanitary appliances,

traps some flushing water, create a water seal in the waste water pipe. It’s

normally made of steel, cast iron, plastic or brass, vitreous china or porcelain.

For toilet bowl and urinal, traps are cast together with the sanitary appliance.

 

6.3.2.1.1 BOTTLE TRAPS

The bottle trap is an essential element of the basins plumbing that keeps the

bathroom hygienic and clean. When we use the basin, the used water goes

through the basin waste, into the drainage pipe and then into the sewer. Lot of

other waste and dirt is accumulated in this sewer and naturally the accumulation

causes a lot of harmful gases. These gases need an outlet and that, they get

through our drainage pipes, through the wastes and back into our bathrooms.

The bottle trap is a kind of a deep vessel which has a bigger diameter than the

plumbing pipe as shown in Figure 6.3.2.1.1. The plumbing pipe that comes from

the basin goes straight into the bottle trap.

When more water gushes in the water inside the bottle trap goes into the drain

and fills with the new water that comes from the waste. Thus the trap always

remains filled with a certain amount of water and the pipe from the basin remains

immersed into this water

inside the bottle trap.

Figure  6.3.2.1.1:  Diagram  showing  how  the  water  from  basin  flows  to  bo[le  trap  prevenAng  dirt  

Now when the sewer gases re enter the system through the outlet pipes they

reach the bottle trap, but here they find their way sealed with the water that is

collected in the trap. Due to the basin pipe immersed in water it remains closed

and doesn’t allow the return waste and gases to enter it and pave their way

upwards into and out of the basin right into the bathroom.

6.3.2.1.2 “S” TRAPS

In plumbing, a trap is an S or J-shaped pipe located below or within a plumbing

fixture. An S-shaped trap is also known as the S-bend invented by Alexander

Cummings in 1775 but became known as the U-bend following the introduction

of the U-shaped trap by Thomas Crapper in 1880. The new U-bend could not

jam, so, unlike the S-bend, it did not need an overflow. The bend is used to

prevent sewer gases from entering buildings. In refinery applications, it also

prevents hydrocarbons and other dangerous gases from escaping outside

through drains. The most common of these traps in houses is referred to as a P-

trap. It is the addition of a 90 degree fitting on the outlet side of a U-bend,

thereby creating a P-like shape. It can also be referred to as a sink trap due to the

fact it is installed under most house sinks. Because of its shape, the trap retains a

small amount of water after the fixture's use. This water in the trap creates a seal

that prevents sewer gas from passing from the drain pipes back into the

occupied space of the building. Traps also tend to collect hair, sand, and other

debris and limit the ultimate size of objects that will pass on into the rest of the

plumbing, thereby catching over-sized objects. For all of these reasons, most

traps can either be disassembled for cleaning or they provide some sort of

cleanout feature.

Figure  6.3.2.1.2a:  Compartments  and  details  of  the  sanitary  appliances       Figure  6.3.2.1.2b:  S-­‐trap  

6.3.2.1.3 INTERCEPTOR TRAPS

To prevent blockages, devices called interceptors are installed just after the

sanitary appliance or at the waste water inlet to trap solid object or substances

from entering the rest of the waste water pipe. They include gratings at the

waste water inlet to trap hair or solids and interceptor traps grease and food

remains.

Biomatic Grease Interceptor shown in Figure 6.3.2.1.3a is specially designed to

intercept both the FOG (fat, grease and oil) and the starch residue and solid

waste which are usually produced at kitchens. The Sediment trap compartment

will filter and trap solid waste Food and allow greasy water to continue to enter

into grease interceptor compartment. It is used together with a dosing unit which

doses the trapped waste with an enzyme which produce certain reactions such as

fat splitting, protein and carbohydrate decomposition before discharging it into

the waste pipe.

Figure  6.3.2.1.3b    Frosco  AutomaAc  Dosing  Unit  Interceptor  

 

Figure  6.3.2.1.3a.  Frosco  BiomaAc  Grease  Interceptor  

 

6.3.2.1.4 GULLY TRAP

A gully trap is a basin in the ground with a water seal to prevent foul odours from

the sewer reaching the surface. Waste water from kitchen and bathroom is piped

to a gully trap before emptying into the sewer. Gully traps are buried in the

ground with the tops or surround raised above ground level to prevent ground

water entering into the sewer.

Gully traps receive discharge from wastewater fixtures. One gully trap may

receive discharge pipes from several outlets. Each residential building must have

at least one gully trap. If a drainage system becomes blocked, the gully trap

provides the point where sewage can overflow outside the building, instead of

building up inside the pipe and overflowing inside the building. Gully traps must

have an overflow rim at least 150 mm below the overflow level of the lowest

fixture served by the system, located within the legal boundary of the land on

which the building stands, to prevent surface water from entering the trap, be

constructed so the grate will lift to allow surcharge, have at least one discharge

pipe feeding into it to maintain the water seal. A floor waste gully acts as a floor

drain as well as receiving the discharge from wastewater fixtures. It may only

receive discharge pipes from wastewater fixtures that are located in the same

room. It may also be used as a shower outlet but cannot receive solid waste, for

example, from a WC pan. The advantage of using a floor waste gully is that it

reduces the number of connections required to the drain and the length of pipe.

They may be used in buildings where overflowing water could enter another

property.

Figure  6.3.2.1.4a.  Gully  Trap  

 

Figure  6.3.2.1.4b.  Detail  Diagram  of  Gully  Trap  

 

6.3.2.1.5 GRATINGS

A grating is any regularly spaced collection of essentially identical, parallel,

elongated elements. Gratings usually consist of a single set of elongated

elements, but can consist of two sets, in which case the second set is usually

perpendicular to the first (Figure 6.3.2.1.5b). When the two sets are

perpendicular, this is also known as a grid or a mesh. All sanitary appliances

outlet holes except for WCs and bidets to the waste water pipes are fitted with a

grate or perforated cover. A grating covering a drain can be a collection of iron

bars (the identical, elongated elements) held together (to ensure the bars are

parallel and regularly spaced) by a lighter iron frame. Gratings over drains and air

vents are used as filters, to block movement of large particles and to allow

movement of small particles such as water or air.

6.3.3 SUMP

A sump is a low space that collects wastewater which is usually located at the

basement. The wastewater is then pumped to an outlet using a sump pump

which is mostly submersible. The sump is the compartment for the storm water

sewer which located in the basement level.

The waste and soil stack pipes from basement to first floor are 150Ø UPVC pipes,

stack pipes from basement to the sump are 100Ø UPVC pipes while the outlet

from the sewage sump to the manhole are 100Ø C.I pipes which is used to

withstand the pressure caused by the pump.

Figure  6.3.2.1.5a.  Metal  GraAngs  

 

Figure  6.3.2.1.5b.  Detail  of  GraAngs  

6.3.3.1 Sump Pump

A sump pump is a pump used to remove water that has accumulated in a water

collecting sump basin, commonly found in the basement of homes. The water

may enter via the perimeter drains of a basement waterproofing system,

funneling into the basin or because of rain or natural ground water, if the

basement is below the water table level.

Sump pumps are used where basement flooding happens regularly and to

remedy dampness where the water table is above the foundation of a home.

Sump pumps send water away from a house to any place where it is no longer

problematic, such as a municipal storm drain or a dry well.

The sump pumps are located inside the sump chamber and are submersible

pumps, each sump contains 2nos of pumps which are used to pump the

wastewater to the ground floor outlet. The pump have a flow capacity of 7.5

litres/sec and is controlled by a level regulator to prevent overflow and

underflow.

Figure  6.3.3a.  Equipments  of  Sump  System  

 

Figure  6.3.3b.  Compartment  of  Sump  System  

 

6.3.4 STACK

6.3.4.1 WASTE PIPE

The system of pipes that carries water and waste to a sewer line or septic tank is call

the drain-waste-vent (DWV) system. As the name implies, it has three components:

Drain lines collect water from sinks, showers, and tubs; waste lines carry waste from

toilets; and vent lines exhaust sewer gases and allow wastes to flow freely. All drain

and waste lines slope slightly downward from the fixture toward the sewer or septic

system. Water and wastes are carried by gravity.

The pipes are large in diameter—typically 1 1/4 inches to 4 inches—to minimize the

possibility of blockages. The main soil stack for toilets is normally a 4-inch pipe;

showers usually have a 2-inch pipe. Sinks, lavatories, bathtubs, and laundry tubs

may be served by 1 1/4- to 2-inch pipes. Though some old homes may have pipes

made of lead, most drain piping is ABS plastic, cast iron, or copper. Some vent

pipes are galvanized iron. To operate properly and safely, each drain must be

served by a vent line that carries sewer gases out through the roof. Several vents

may be connected together and joined to one larger soil stack as long as there is no

drain above the connection point. Or vents may pass through the roof on their own.

Wherever vent pipes penetrate the roof, special flashing protects against roof leaks.

(For a closer view of vent flashing, see How Roof Flashing Works.)

All waste pipes should have cleanouts at easily accessible locations. A cleanout is

simply a Y-shaped fitting in the line that is capped off. If a blockage occurs in the

drainpipe, a cleanout offers a convenient place for a plumber to snake out the line.

To prevent sewer gases and odours from entering the house, drains are protected

by traps. A trap is a curved section of drainpipe that fills up with water, providing a

seal. Drains that penetrate a wall have a P trap; those that go through the floor have

an S trap. The water held by the trap is replaced each time the fixture is used.

Figure  6.3.4.1a.  Waste  piping  in  exterior  of  building  

 

Figure  6.3.4.1b.  Waste  Pipe  Diagram  

 

All waste pipes should have cleanouts at easily accessible locations. A cleanout is

simply a Y-shaped fitting in the line that is capped off. If a blockage occurs in the

drainpipe, a cleanout offers a convenient place for a plumber to snake out the line.

To prevent sewer gases and odours from entering the house, drains are protected

by traps. A trap is a curved section of drainpipe that fills up with water, providing a

seal. Drains that penetrate a wall have a P trap; those that go through the floor have

an S trap. The water held by the trap is replaced each time the fixture is used.

This is the best and most improved system of plumbing. Two sets of vertical pipes,

one for excreta (night soil) as soil pipe and another for sullage as waste pipe. The

soil pipes as well as waste pipes are separately ventilated, by providing, separate

vent pipe or anti-siphon age pipe. This system has four vertical pipes. The

ventilation is usually achieved by providing a fresh air inlet connected to the lower-

most manhole or inspection chamber. Fresh air from the atmosphere will enter

through this inlet into the manhole, and finally goes out at top through the vent

pipe. The air along with foul gases will finally escape out from the cowl provided at

the top. A flap valve is provided at the inlet of fresh air into the inspection chamber,

to avoid the escape of foul gases in the street or courtyard.

Figure  6.3.4.1c.  Plumbing  

6.3.5 SEPTIC TANK

A septic tank generally consists of a tank (or sometimes more than one tank) of

between 1,000 and 2,000 gallons (4000 and 7500 litres) connected to an inlet

wastewater pipe at one end and a septic drain field at the other. In general,

these pipe connections are made via a T pipe, which allows liquid to enter and

exit without disturbing any crust on the surface. Today, the design of the tank

usually incorporates two chambers (each equipped with a manhole cover), which

are separated by means of a dividing wall that has openings located about

midway between the floor and roof of the tank.

Waste water enters the first chamber of the tank, allowing solids to settle and

scum to float. The settled solids are anaerobically digested, reducing the volume

of solids. The liquid component flows through the dividing wall into the second

chamber, where further settlement takes place, with the excess liquid then

draining in a relatively clear condition from the outlet into the leach field, also

referred to as a drain field or seepage field, depending upon locality. A

percolation test is required to establish the porosity of the local soil conditions

for the drain field design. The remaining impurities are trapped and eliminated

in the soil, with the excess water eliminated through percolation into the soil

(eventually returning to the groundwater), through evaporation, and by uptake

through the root system of plants and eventual transpiration. A piping network,

often laid in a stone-filled trench (see weeping tile), distributes the wastewater

throughout the field with multiple drainage holes in the network. The size of the

leach field is proportional to the volume of wastewater and inversely

proportional to the porosity of the drainage field. The entire septic system can

operate by gravity alone or, where topographic considerations require, with

inclusion of a lift pump. Certain septic tank designs include siphons or other

methods of increasing the volume and velocity of outflow to the drainage field.

This helps to load all portions of the drainage pipe more evenly and extends the

drainage field life by preventing premature clogging.

Figure  6.3.5a.  SepAc  Tank   Figure  6.3.5b.  Details  of  SepAc  Tank  

6.3.6 MANHOLES

Manholes or maintenance holes are underground chambers which are dug into

the ground to ensure that sewer lines and other utilities such as electrical cables

are able to be checked for damage and maintenance. Sewer lines run across

manholes, and if they are damaged, manholes are access points to get to the

damaged pipe. Manhole openings are protected by a manhole cover (also

known as a "biscuit"), a flat plug designed to prevent accidental or unauthorized

access to the manhole. Those plugs are traditionally made of metal, but may be

constructed from precast concrete, glass reinforced plastic or other composite

material (especially in Europe, or where cover theft is of concern).

Manholes are usually outfitted with metal, polypropylene, or fiberglass steps

installed in the inner side of the wall to allow easy descent into the utility space.

Because of legislation restricting acceptable manual handling weights, Europe

has seen a move toward lighter weight composite manhole cover materials,

which also have the benefits of greater slip resistance and electrical insulating

properties. The access openings are usually circular in shape to prevent

accidental fall of the cover into the hole.

Manholes are generally found in urban areas, in streets and occasionally under

sidewalks. In rural and undeveloped areas, services such as telephone and

electricity are usually carried on utility poles or even pylons rather than

underground.

Figure  6.3.6a.  Manhole   Figure  6.3.6b.  Manhole  detail  

6.3.7 DRAINAGE

The drainage system is an essential part of living in a city or urban area, as it

reduces flood damage by carrying water away. When it rains, some water

naturally seeps into the ground. The rest makes its way through drainage

systems, into rivers and creeks and eventually into the bays, or directly to the

bays through storm water beach outlets.

In areas with houses, shops and roads we need to create alternative ways for this

water to drain away. Large amounts of water can build up quickly during heavy

rain and storms, and without adequate drainage this flows towards low-lying

land, causing flooding, and damage and safety risks.

For this reason, we work with local councils to provide a drainage system that

safely carries storm water away from built-up areas and into rivers and creeks.

Analysis

According to UBBL 1984, Section 115:

Roof coverings and drainage. All roofs of buildings shall be so constructed as to

drain effectually to suitable and sufficient channels, gutters, chutes or troughs

which shall be provided in accordance with the requirements of these By-laws for

receiving and conveying all water which may fall on and from the roof.

Figure  6.3.7a.  Drainage   Figure  6.3.7b.  Detail  of  Drainage  

1. Storm water runs off Subang Parade’s properties and their roofs through house

gutters and downpipes, and into residential drains

2. Residential drains connect to streets and roads or council drains

3. Council drains connect to regional drains

4. Regional drains direct water into the nearest river or creek or directly to the bay

5.  Rivers and creeks eventually empty into Port Phillip Bay or Western Port

Entering storm water drains is dangerous and illegal, and it could cost lead to

death.

Conditions inside a drain can become very hazardous without warning. For

example:

• Water levels can rise even on a dry, sunny day

• Rainwater can arrive suddenly, having fallen many kilometres away

• Slow moving flows can quickly become raging torrents

• Areas with poisonous gases and low oxygen can be deadly

• Drains may contain steep, hidden slopes, making it easy to slip and difficult for

others to

hear you call for help

We can’t cover up all storm water drains and grilles as this would restrict water

flows and cause a build-up of litter and debris, leading to flooding. Warning signs

are placed at entrances to drains around Subang Parade.

Figure  6.3.8  Armaflex  insulaAon  on  wastewater  pipes  

   

According to MS 1525:2007 8.5 Piping Insulation

All piping installed to serve buildings and within buildings should be adequately

insulated to prevent excessive energy losses. Additional insulation with vapour

barriers may be required to prevent condensation under some conditions.

As mentioned above, the standard is adhered in the implementation of the pipes through

lower temperature areas of the building.

6.3.8 INSULATION

Certain wastewater pipes in the building are insulated with Armaflex insulation which

is a polyethylene product. The wastewater pipes that insulated are located within

rooms that has a lower temperature such as the AHU room and also the M&E room

which is air conditioned. The reason for the insulation of these pipes in low

temperature rooms is because of condensation control, where pipes operate at

below-ambient temperatures, the potential exists for water vapor to condense on

the pipe surface. Moisture is known to contribute towards many different types of

corrosion, so preventing the formation of condensation on pipework is usually

considered important. Pipe insulation can prevent condensation forming, as the

surface temperature of the insulation will vary from the surface temperature of the

pipe. Condensation will not occur, provided that the insulation surface is above the

dew point temperature of the air; and the insulation incorporates some form of

water vapor barrier or retarder that prevents water vapor from passing through the

insulation to form on the pipe surface.

6.4 ANALYSIS

In Subang Parade, liquid waste are being release in sanitary appliances and being flush

into the vertical waste pipe also called as stacks. From Stacks in then travel to the

septic tank in the basement of the building and through a soil pipe, wastewater is

being pumped into the public sewer line. Wastewater is then travel along the public

sewer line to a wastewater treatment plant nearby for treatment before clean water

being send to the nearby water sources.

However, grease interceptor trap are use only at ground level of the building where

restaurant is located. Grease or fat from wastewater can cause pipes to block as they

solidify on the inner wall of the pipe. A grease interceptor trap consists of a tank which

holds water in a sufficient amount to cause the washing up water to stagnate and cool.

Thus allows the grease to float to the water surface and maybe solidify and thrown

away while the normal liquid being sent out through an outlet pipe. It usually also

fitted with a wire basket to trap solid waste which enter the tank with the wastewater.

Most of the sewage pipes and vents, including the storm drains and sewer are hidden

and cannot be seen. Most sewage pipes run across above ceiling panels, and behind

walls. Therefore, this is a good thing for the aesthetics of the building interior and

exterior. Even the pipes beneath washroom sinks are hidden by a concrete surface.

The smell and odour around the building is kept fresh, as every plumbing fixture and

sewage inlet such as water closets and floor traps are connected to a stack vent, and

every stack vent has a vent pipe till the roof to allow the smell of the sewage to escape

the building, rather than trapping it inside the building. So, the hygiene is maintained

quite well.

6.5 CONCLUSION

As in conclusion, Subang Parade is a very efficient design in terms of sanitation and

drainage. It has all the basic requirements of sanitation services and storm water

systems, which is executed at affordable costs. The sanitation systems in the building

are functional, efficient, and aesthetically acceptable. The wastewater system for

Subang Parade is well planned and it complies with standards and requirement of

regulatory bodies in Malaysia. The availability of wastewater treatment plant nearby is

an advantage for the building as it allows wastewater to be discharge into the public

sewer line, which reduces the cost as well as the maintenance cost for a septic tank or

a treatment system in the building itself.

7.0 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

7.1 INTRODUCTION

In the 21th generation, there’re multi-storeys of profitable building which used of

mechanical transportation to transport their goods and users to different level of floor

of the building. Mechanical transportation is playing an important role in building

construction of a building.

According to Malaysia Uniform Building By-Laws 1984, clause 124.

A lift shall be provided for non-residential building which exceeds 4 storeys above/

below main entrance.

•  Necessary in building less than 4 storeys if access for senior or disabled is enforced

•  Minimum walking distance to lift shall not exceed 45 m.

•  Lift should be positioned in the central area of the building to minimize horizontal

travel distance

The other UBBL clause that hold an important role is UBBL clause 153, a smoke

detector to be provided at the elevator’s lobby. Besides that, elevator lobby should

be broad enough to grant traffic access in two directions.

7.2 LITERATURE REVIEW

The two types of elevators are geared traction elevator and hydraulic elevator.

Traction elevator can be separated into two different categories. One is geared and

the other one is gearless. Nonetheless, the selection of elevators is not only based on

the choices of the classes and motors, it is also based on the performance and

effectiveness of the elevator set up on site. The performance and effectiveness of an

elevator set up is achieved by calculating the round trip time (RTT). This is an ordinary

period of time for one lift car to circulate, assimilating statistical data for the time lost

due to stops. It is measured from the time the lift doors begin to open at the main

7.3 ELEVATOR

7.3.1 CASE STUDY

Being a typical shopping mall, Subang Parade has integrated with mechanical

transportation system to transport its customer as well as the stocks.

The Elevator System used by Subang Parade consists of:

•  Geared Traction Elevator

•  Plunger Hydraulic Elevator

Besides elevators, there are two

type of Escalators being used such as:

•  Crisscross Escalators

•  Parallel Escalators.

fatal to the time they reopen when the car completes its cycle. The complete

process is a summation of a number of simple calculations relating the

elevator’s function through its cycle.

On the other hand, escalators are moving stairs that designed to provide

efficient vertical conveyance of people. It transports the users adequately,

instantaneously, safely as well as continuously with consistent speed.

Figure  4.3.1a  shows  the  allocaAon  of  the  locaAon  of  the  elevators  and  escalators  

7.3.2 GEARED TRACTION ELEVATORS

Geared Traction Elevators typically work at speeds greater than 500 feet per minute

(2.54 meters per second). In a gearless traction machine, woven steel cables called

hoisting ropes are secured to the top of the elevator car and wrapped around the

drive sheave in special grooves. The other ends of the cables are secured to a

counterweight that moves up and down in the hoistway on its own guide rails. The

linked weight of the elevator car and the counterweight presses the cables into the

drive sheave grooves, providing the necessary traction as the sheave turns. Besides

that, geared traction elevators was selected to be the Elevator System of Subang

Parade, a 4 storeys building.

7.3.2.1 PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS

The car, cables, elevator machine, control equipment, counterweights, hoistway, rails,

penthouse, and pit are the principal parts of a traction elevator installation.

An illustration of the functions and orientation of geared traction elevator is shown in

Figure 4.3.2.1a.

Figure 4.3.2.1a Components of a

Geared Traction Elevator set up with

one solid state control and motor

drive.

Source from http://asianlift.in/

gallery/traction/2.jpg.

Car

The car is the only element which the normal passenger is familiar. Some of a

building’s prestige depends upon proper design of the elevator car. Essentially,

the car is a cage of some fire-resistant material supported on a structural frame, to

the top member of which the lifting cables are locked. By means of guide shoes

on the side members, the car is guided in its vertical travel in the shaft. The car is

equipped with safety doors, operating-control equipment (Figure 4.3.2.1b), floor-

level indicators Figure 4.3.2.1c), illumination, emergency exits, and ventilation. It

is designed for long life, low maintenance and soft operation.

Figure  4.3.2.1c  Floor  level  indicators  

Figure  4.3.2.1b  OperaAng-­‐Control  Equipment    

Cables

Cables (ropes) are made of groups of steel wires uniquely designed to withstand

the weight of the car and its live load. The cables are associated to the crosshead

(top beam of the elevator). Four to eight cables, depending on car speed and

capacity, are positioned in parallel. Although multiple of ropes are used primarily

to surge the traction area on the drive sheaves, they also surge the elevator safety

factor, as each rope is normally capable of supporting the entire load. The

minimum factor of safety varies from 7.6 to 12.0 for passenger elevators. The

cables from the top of the car pass over the motor-driven cylindrical sheave at the

traction machine (grooved for the cables) and the downward to the

counterweight.

Geared Traction Machines

A geared traction machine (Figure 4.3.2.1d) has a worm and gear interposed

between the driving motor and the hoisting sheave. The driving motor can

therefore be smaller, economical, high speed unit rather than the large, low speed

unit required by a gearless installations. Geared machines are used for car speeds

of up to 450fpm (2.3 m/s) and a maximum rise of about 300 ft (90 m). With an

appropriate drive and control system, a geared traction machine can give almost

the same high-quality, accurate, smooth ride as is available from a gearless

installation.

Figure  4.3.2.1d  Geared  TracAon  Machine  

Counterweight

The counterweight is made up of cut steel plates stacked in a frame attached to

the opposite ends of the cables to which the car is locked. It is guided in its travel

up and down the shaft by two guide rails typically seted up on the back wall of

the shaft. Its weight equals that of the empty car plus 40% of the rated live load.

It serves several purposes:

1. To provide adequate traction at the sheave for car lifting

2. To reduce the size of the traction machine

3. To reduce power demand and energy cost

Shaft

The shaft or hoist-way is the vertical passageway for the car and the

counterweights. On its side walls are the car guide rails and certain mechanical

and electrical auxiliaries of the control apparatus. At the bottom of the shaft are

the car and counterweight buffer. At the top is the structural platform on which

the elevator machine rests. The elevator machine room (which occupy one or two

levels) is usually directly above the shaft. It contains the traction machine and the

solid-state control that supplies energy to the elevator machine and control

equipment are designed for quiet, vibration-free operation.

7.3.2.2 ARRANGEMENT OF ELEVATOR MACHINES, SHEAVES AND CABLES Subang Parade used single wrap 2:! Roping for their arrangement of elevator machines, sheaves and cables. The mechanical leverage of the 2:1 roping is that it permits the use of high-speed, low power (lower cost) traction machine. 7.3.2.3 SAFETY DEVICE Every systems has its own safety device. For elevator system, there is a main brake mounted directly on the shaft of the elevator machine. The main brake works in such a way during emergency/accident the elevator is the first slowed by dynamic braking of the motor, and the brake then operates to clamp the brake drum, thus holding the car still at the floor. A dual safety system is designed to block an elevator car automatically before its speed becomes excessive is normally used. The device acts first is a centrifugal governor or an electronic speed sensor that cuts off the power to the traction motor and sets the brake in the event of a limited over speed. This usually blocks the car. Should the speed still rise , the governor actuates two safety rail clamps, which are mounted at the bottom of the car, one on either side. They clamp the guide rails by wedging action, bringing the car to a smooth stop. Oil or spring buffers are usually positioned in the elevator pit. Their aspiration is not to block a falling car but to bring it to a somewhat cushioned stop if it over travels the lower terminal. If a car over travels, travel sensors de-energize the traction motor and set the main brake.

7.3.3 OBSERVATION ELEVATOR (PLUNGER HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR)

For the sake of aesthetic, there is a plunger hydraulic elevator positioned in the

heart of Subang Parade. The absence of the overhead machine room,

penthouse and traction equipment with camouflaged guide rails project above

the car generate an impression of freestanding observatory elevator. All

hydraulic elevators today consume oil and collect their motive power from a

sealed oil-piping circuit powered by an oil pump. The systems runs the same

way as a hydraulic automobile jack. Oil from a reservoir is pumped under the

plunger, by that lifting it and the car. The pump is stopped during downward

motion, the car being lowered by gravity and restrained by the action of bypass

valves, which also restraint the positioning of the car during upward motion.

Besides that, there are advantages of hydraulic elevators. Advantages of

Hydraulic elevator:

•  The elevator load is carried by the ground and not by the structure. In

contrast, traction units place a large structural load on the penthouse and

machine room floors and on overhead steel as well.

•  The hoistway is smaller due to the absence of a counterweight and its guide

rails.

•  Cars can be lowered manually by the operation of oil valves. This is particular

useful and important in the event of control equipment failure or power

outage.

7.3.4 ELEVATOR CAR CONTROL The movement of an elevator car and all of its parts is restrained by three different systems that associate and interact to provide a unified control system. The same goes with the elevator system in Subang Parade. The three systems are: 1.  Drive Control System 2.  Operational Control System 3.  Supervisory System

7.3.4.1 DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEM Drive Control System, also recognized as motion control system determines the car’s acceleration, velocity, braking, levelling and regenerative braking plus all aspect of door motion. Elevator car acceleration and deceleration are accomplished by restraining the speed of the motor that drives the traction elevator machine. This speed control can be accomplished in a number of ways. In this case, Subang Parade used Variable Voltage DC Motor Control or recognized as Ward Leonard System as their motor speed control’s drive. 7.3.4.1.1 WARD LEONARD SYSTEM Before the evolution of electronic motor control, the only practical way of obtaining the precise motor speed control necessary for smooth step less elevator was to provide a variable DC voltage to a DC traction motor. This variable DC voltage was obtained from an auxiliary m-g set comprising an AC motor and a DC generator. It is a classic high quality elevator drive arrangement and is found in the vast majority of better quality geared and gearless set up built before 1990. The disadvantages of this system are: • Low capability • Expensive machines • High Noise levels

7.3.4.2 OPERATING CONTROL SYSTEM

Elevator Operating Control System determines when and where

physical motion of a car and its doors should appear. This system

deals with the operation of the car doors and the integration of car

buttons, lanterns and passenger-operated devices into the overall

control and indicating system. Generally, the motion of a car is

regulated by the action of three principal items of equipment, the car

controller, the motion controls and the system supervisory

equipment. The function of a car controller is to provide information

on the car’s exact location, panel calls and hall calls. This information

is fed into the supervisory system and the motion control equipment,

which in turn act to initiate all the procedures necessary to answer all

calls via the individual car controller panels. The car controller panel

also supplies the necessary signals to car and hall lanterns that

indicate the car position and direction of travel.

7.3.4.3 SUPERVISORY SYSTEM

Supervisory system controls a bank of elevators as a group and

dictates which car answer which call. There are several group of

system supervisory equipment.

Subang Parade used selective collective system in this case.

7.3.4.3.1 SELECTIVE COLLECTIVE OPERATION

This group of collective operation is “selective” in that it is organized to collect

all waiting “up” calls on the trip up and all “down” calls on the trip down. The

control system stores all calls until they are answered, and automatically

reverses the direction of travel at the highest and lowest call. When all the calls

have been cleared, the car remain at the floor of its last stop awaiting the next

call. Any hall button call will set the car in operation. For places where service

requirement are neutral, a group control scheme for up to three cars (for

Subang Parade, it is two car) automatically assigns each hall call to the car best

situated to answer it, prevents more than one car from answering a call, allows

one car to be detached for freight duty and automatically parks cars at ground

floor when they are not required. The major disadvantages of the selective

collective control is its inherent and strong tendency toward bunching of cars

can result in long waiting periods. This characteristic is particularly annoying

with groups of three cars due to certain situation which a passengers arrived at

a landing find that all three cars have just passed, going in the same direction.

For this reason, operation of more than two cars with this system is not

recommended. That is why Subang Parade had only two cars operating with

system at once.

7.3.4.4 LOBBY ELEVATOR PANEL

Lobby elevator control today has become one or more computer monitor

screens positioned at a lobby desk or in the building maintenance office. The

lobby elevator panel in Subang Parade is based in its surveillance office. The

information displayed on the screen includes car locations, movement

direction, waiting corridor calls and any special status data. The control

functions available at the computer terminal permit intervention to establish

special types of operation including:

7.3.5 REQUIREMENTS OF ELEVATORS

7.3.5.1 ELEVATOR DOORS

The choice of a car and shaft door affects the speed and quality of elevator

service considerably. Doors for passenger elevators are power operated and are

synchronized with the levelling controls so that the doors are fully opened by the

time a car comes to a complete stop at a landing. For safety reasons, the

kinetic energy of an automatic door is limited to 9.5Nm and its closing pressure

to 13.6kg. To provide the fastest closing within this limitation, a center-opening

door is used. A clear opening of 1.52m is used in Subang Parade to reduce the

passenger transfer time and avoid discomfort and also in the meantime allows

simultaneous loading and unloading without undue passenger contact. The

choice of door design for Subang Parade in this case is Two Speed, center-

opening

1.52m department store door (Figure 4.3.5.1a) for freight, passenger and non-

automatic service.

• Car movement without operating the usual audible and visual signals

(inconspicuous riser)

• One or more cars removed from supervisory control and operated manually

(attendant or independent service)

• Cars selected for night or weekend service while the other cars are shut

down

• Cars assigned to a particular floor on a fixed or priority basis call (convention

feature or priority)

• Switching off power between cars in the event of emergency

• Two way communication with each car and other selected locations.

7.3.5.2 SHAFTS AND LOBBIES

The elevator lobby on each floor is the focal point from which corridors

radiate for access to all rooms, stairways, service rooms, and so forth. The

lobbies in Subang Parade are placed above each other. Lobbies in Subang

Parade provide adequate area for the peak-load gathering of passengers to

ensure rapid and comfortable service to all. The number of people

contributing to the period of peak load (15 to 20 minute peak) determines the

required lobby area on the floor. Not less than 0.5𝑚2 of floor space per

person should be provided at peak periods for waiting passengers at a given

elevator or bank of elevators. The hallways leading to such lobbies should

also provide at least 0.5𝑚2 per person, approaching the lobby. Under self-

adjusting relax conditions, density is about 0.65𝑚2 per person. During peak

periods crowding occurs, however, reducing this to 0.3 to 0.4𝑚2 per person.

An acceptable compromise is 0.5𝑚2 per person. In this case Subang Parade

had done more than that in providing a comfort experience for its customers.

The main lower terminal of elevators banks is generally on the street floor

level. The upper terminal is usually the top floor of the building.

Lift shaft in Subang Parade incorporate the following features:

• Water tightness

• Means of drainage

Figure 4.3.5.1a Two speed,

center-opening 1.52m door

7.3.5.3 EMERGENCY POWER

According to Malaysia Standard EN 81-1:2012, sub clause 8.16.5 There

shall be an emergency supply which is capable of feeding at least the

forced ventilation for 2hours in case of interruption of the normal supply.

This forced ventilation shall come in automatically upon failure of the

normal power supply. According to Malaysia Standard EN 81-1:2012, sub

clause 8.17.4 There shall be an automatically rechargeable emergency

supply, which is capable of feeding at least a 1W lamp for 2hours in case of

an interruption of the normal lighting supply.

On breakdown of power in Subang Parade, the car brake is set immediately

upon power outage and the car remains motionless. The emergency brakes

are activated by a continuous rope passing over a pulley in the pit and an

over speed governor pulley in the motor room. The governor locks in

response to flyweight inertia from the centrifugal force generated by excess

speed, thus jerking the rope in the process.

While for the observatory elevator, the hydraulic cars can be lowered by

operation of a manual valve. This is particularly bad for cars in blind shafts –

that is, express shafts with no shaft way doors. In such cases, escape from

the cars via a hatchway is not practical because when emergency power is

not available, the undesirable option of breaking through the shaft way

walls is to holy recourse. The generator in Subang Parade is sized to

support one elevator motor at a time, with manual or automatic switching

organized between unit controllers. Thus, each car in turn can be brought

to a landing and from that time forward a single car maintained in service.

• Plumb, vertical sides

• Smooth painted finish

• Ventilation void for emission of smoke

• Permanent inspection lights

• Have no other services except those necessary for operation of the lift.

7.3.6 SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS

7.3.6.1 FIRE SAFETY

According to Malaysia Uniform Building By-Laws, clause 151

Where openings to lift shafts are not connected to protected lobbies, such lift

shafts shall be provided with vents of not less than 0.09 square metre per lift

located at the top of the shaft. Where the vent does not discharge directly to the

open air the lift shafts shall be vented to the exterior through a duct of the

required FRP as for the lift shafts.

According to Malaysia Uniform Building By-Laws, clause 152

1. Every opening in a lift shaft or lift entrance shall not open into a protected

lobby unless other suitable means of protection to the opening to the satisfaction

of the local authority is provided. These requirements shall not apply to open

type industrial and other special buildings as may be approved by the D.G.F.S.

2. Landing doors shall have a FRP of not less than half the FRP of the hoist-way

structure with a minimum FRP of half hour.

3. No glass shall be used for in landing doors except for vision in which case any

vision panel shall or be glazed with wired safety glass, and shall not be more than

0.0161 square metre and the total area of one of more vision panels in any

landing door shall be not more than 0.0156 square metre.

4. Each clear panel opening shall reject a sphere 150mm in diameter.

5. Provision shall be made for the opening of all landing doors by means of an

emergency key irrespective of the position of the lift car.

7.4 ESCALATORS

7.4.1 CASE STUDY

Escalators, also referred as the moving stairway or an electric stairway is a modern

successors deliver passengers comfortably, rapidly, safely and continuously at

constant speed and usually with no delay at the boarding level. The escalator is

always in motion, inviting passengers to ride an open, airy, observation-type

conveyance that can never trap them due to equipment or power failure. An

escalator also has a decorative/ design function, and its open, observation

characteristic is frequently used to expose the rider to specific visual panoramas.

Subang Parade too incorporate such a system in their mechanical transportation

system.

7.4.2 ESCALATOR ARRANGEMENT

7.4.2.1 PARALLEL STACKED ARRANGEMENT

The principal advantage of the parallel arrangement is its impressive appearance.

The stacked arrangement must be used with caution due to the inconvenience to

the rider of an enforced long walk-around to continue the trip. In Subang Parade,

the stacked parallel arrangement , with forced walk-around is unpleasant, as many

people are there to flip through and window-shop rather than to purchase and

leave. Escalators between two contiguous levels do not present the continued

trip problem and therefore are frequently used in the parallel arrangement.

The consideration of division of rider traffic between elevators and escalators in a

store is important. The general philosophy of store owners is to make escalators

the primary means of vertical transportation for the obvious reason of

merchandise exposure.

7.4.2.2 CRISSCROSS ARRANGEMENT

This crisscross arrangement is rapid, pleasant and very economical of space

because the stairs nest into each other. It can be used for as many as five floors

without excessive annoyance to the rider.

7.4.3 Location

Escalators are constantly moving and are generally part of a horizontal and vertical

trip, they must be place directly in the main line of traffic. Escalators must

therefore be place in the area served, often with a dominating presence. This

allows potential riders to immediately locate the escalators, recognize the

individual escalator’s destination and move easily towards the escalators.

To avoid traffic movement disorientation, Subang Parade provides:

1.  A well-marked escalator with plentiful traffic capacity.

2. Assembling space at the intermediate landings so that commuter’s strain can be

relieved.

3. A slight setback for the next escalator so that the necessary 180 degree turn can

readily be negotiated. At the exit terminus, an escalator is discharged into an

open area with no turns or choice of direction. The landing space beyond the

escalator newels is a minimum of 2.4m for 0.81m units and 3m for 1.22m units for

a standard 0.5-m/s speed. The parallel arrangement, being less efficient and more

costly, has a compensating virtue a very impressive appearance that strongly draws

people to it.

7.4.2.2 CRISSCROSS ARRANGEMENT

This crisscross arrangement is rapid, pleasant and very economical of space

because the stairs nest into each other. It can be used for as many as five floors

without excessive annoyance to the rider.

7.4.4 SIZE, SPEED, CAPACITY AND RISE

Escalators are built according to manufacturers’ and industry standards and are

therefore available in standard designs.

All escalators in the United States are equipped at an angle of 30 degree from the

horizontal, with a minimum vertical clearance of 2.1m for escalator passengers.

The 30 degree aptitude means that the rise is equal to 57% of the unit’s projected

floor area for its portion. To meet Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

qualification, elongated newels with at least two horizontal treads before the

landing plate are needed. Today the industry has standardized the linear speed

and thus, Subang Parade’s escalators are running on a single speed of 0.5m/s.

Safety code (ANSI/ASME 17.1) defines the width of an escalator as the width of

the stair tread (in inches). The measurement of width designation is now named

size. The standard size and width of Subang Parade’s escalators are 1.22 m (size)

and 1.02m (width).

A 1.02m tread can certainly carry 2 persons, psychologically circumstances, plus

physical ones such as bulky clothing, packages, purses, and briefcases. As a

result, on a 1.02m wide tread, one person uses each step in a diagonal

arrangement. Nevertheless in reality, maximum capacity is approached only

during peak-loads periods in transportation terminals.

In escalator design all the motive power is transferred at one point; that is, the

drive motor drives the main chain, top sprocket, step chain and pulls up the steps

lead to the entire assembly to move. This settlement is suitable for neutral rises

up to approximately 7.6m; beyond that, the design becomes increasingly

inefficient. In Subang Parade, the ascent of the escalator is approximately 7m.

7.4.5 COMPONENTS

Figure  4.4.5a  shows  an  illustraAon  of  the  major  components  of  an  escalator.    Source  from  h[p://www.mitsubishielectric.com/elevator/overview/e_m_walks/images/img_e_s_equ00_1.gif  

7.4.6 SAFETY FEATURES

Protection of passengers during normal operation is secured by a number of

safety features associated with moving stairways.

-  Handrails and steps travel at exactly the same speed to assure steadiness and

equity and to aid stepping on or off the comb plates.

-  The steps are broad and steady, and designed to avoid slipping.

-  Step design and step levelling with the comb plates at each landing avoid

tripping upon entering or leaving the escalator. This is accomplished with 2 or 3

horizontal steps at either end of the escalator.

-  The balustrade is designed to avoid catching of passengers’ clothing or

packages. Close clearances provide safety near the comb plates and step

treads.

-  Adequate illumination is provided at all landings, at the comb plates and

completely down all stairways. Some escalator designs provide built-in lighting,

-  An automatic service brake will bring the stairway to a smooth stop if:

• The drive chain or the step chain is damaged or abnormally stretched

• A foreign object is jammed into the handrail inlet, between the skirt guard and

step, or between steps, causing them to separate

• A power failure arises

• The emergency stop button is operated (one is located at either end of

escalator)

• Any of the fire safety system devices operates

• A tread sags, rises or breaks

• A drive motor malfunction occurs

In case of over-speed or under-speed, an automatic governor shuts down the

escalator, prevents reversal of direction (up or down), and operates the service

brake.

If the escalator is stopped by operation of a safety device, passengers can walk

the steps as they would on any stationary stairway.

7.4.7 FIRE PROTECTION

Four approach of implements protection in case of nearby escalators are

available: The rolling shutter, the smoke guard, the spray nozzle curtain and the

sprinkler vent. Subang Parade used rolling shutter and also spray nozzle curtain.

7.4.7.1 ROLLER SHUTTER

Roller shutter (Figure 4.4.7.1a) is drive by temperature and smoke detectors

which will automatically actuate the motor-driven shutters. The estimated fire rate

4 hours. The control panel is normally based beside the roller shutter and is

usually manual.

Figure  4.4.7.1a  Roller  Shu[er  

7.4.7.2  SPRAY  NOZZLE  CURTAIN  

 

Spray   nozzle   curtain   of   water   is   very   similar   to   the   smoke   guard   protecAon.   A   closely  

spaced,  high  velocity  water  nozzles  form  a  compact  water  curtain  to  prevent  smoke  and  

flames   from   rising   through   the  well  ways.  AutomaAc   thermal   smoke  or   relays  open  all  

nozzles  at  the  same  Ame.  

 

7.5  CONCLUSION  

 

As  the  conclusion,  the  mechanical  transportaAon  system  in  Subang  Parade  is  applicable  

for   the   funcAon   of   the   building   as   a   shopping   centre.   It   is   designed   and   projected  

accordingly  to  provide  an  opAmum  experience  for  its  customers.  

Figure  4.4.7.1b  Major  components  of  roller  shu[er      Source  from  h[p://i01.i.aliimg.com/img/pb/247/124/535/535124247_121.jpg  

7.0 REFERENCES AIR CONDITIONING. (n.d.). Building Services Engineering lecture notes. Retrieved September 20, 2011, Chiller Plant Design. (2002). Minnesota: McQuay Air Conditioning. HVAC: sentrifugal chillers. (2004). Platts, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Water Cooled Chiller System. (n.d.). World Aircond Engineering (M) Sdn Bhd. Retrieved September 26, 2011, from http://www.worldaircond.com/water-cooled-chiller-system.html   Tchobanoglous, G., Burton, F.L., and Stensel, H.D. (2003). Wastewater Engineering (Treatment Disposal Reuse) / Metcalf & Eddy, Inc. (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill Book Company   Stanley W. Trimble (2007) Encyclopedia of Water Science, CRC Press     Isle of Wight Council. (2011). Means of Escape. [online]. Available at: http://www.iow.gov.uk/living_here/planning/Building_Control/General_Advice/meansofe.asp [Accessed 10th October 2012].   Sparks Electrical Wholesaler. (2012). Aico Heat Alarms. [online]. Available at: http://www.fire-detect.co.uk/aico-heat-alarms.html   Severino and Son Inc. (2012). About Granite and Marble. [online]. Available at: http://www.stonecountertop.com/index.php/natural-stone-quartz/about-granite-and-marble [Accessed 10th October 2012].   Wikipedia. (2012). Smoke Detectors. [online]. Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_detector [Accessed 10th October 2012].     Basic Design Guidelines for Mechanical Engineering Systems: A BASIC DESIGN GUIDELINE FOR MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SYSTEMS COULD BE CATEGORISED INTO FIVE (5) SECTIONS SUCH AS;. (n.d.). Basic Design Guidelines for Mechanical Engineering Systems. Retrieved October 21, 2012, from http://leonim.blogspot.com/2011/02/basic-design-guideline-for-mechanical.html   Electrical Installations: Electrical rooms design. (n.d.). Electrical Installations. Retrieved October 21, 2012, from http://electricalinstallationblog.blogspot.com/2009/12/electrical-rooms-design.html   Powering The Nation | Tenaga Nasional Berhad. (n.d.). Powering The Nation | Tenaga Nasional Berhad. Retrieved October 21, 2012, from http://www.tnb.com.my   ROTARY UPS. (n.d.). UPS | Uninterruptible Power Supply Comparative Informant . Retrieved October 21, 2012, from http://www.upsci.com/UPS-rotary.htm   Stein, B., Reynolds, J., & McGuinness, W. J. (1992). Mechanical and electrical equipment for buildings (8th ed.). New York: J. Wiley & Sons.   http://www.agc.gov.my/Akta/Vol.%2012/Act%20581.pdf  

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