summer work chapters 1, 6 and 25. history of life on earth
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Summer work Chapters 1, 6 and 25. History of Life on Earth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649edc5503460f94bed992/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Summer work
Chapters 1, 6 and 25
![Page 2: Summer work Chapters 1, 6 and 25. History of Life on Earth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649edc5503460f94bed992/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
History of Life on Earth
![Page 3: Summer work Chapters 1, 6 and 25. History of Life on Earth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649edc5503460f94bed992/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Fig 25-UN8
Millions of years ago (mya)
1.2 bya:First multicellular eukaryotes
2.1 bya:First eukaryotes (single-celled)
3.5 billion years ago (bya):First prokaryotes (single-celled)
535–525 mya:Cambrian explosion(great increasein diversity ofanimal forms)
500 mya:Colonizationof land byfungi, plantsand animals
Pre
sen
t
500
2,00
0
1,50
0
1,00
0
3,00
0
2,50
0
3,50
0
4,00
0
![Page 4: Summer work Chapters 1, 6 and 25. History of Life on Earth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649edc5503460f94bed992/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Early Earth
Miller/Urey experiment: Created early earth atmosphere Produced aa
![Page 5: Summer work Chapters 1, 6 and 25. History of Life on Earth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649edc5503460f94bed992/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Early Earth
Protobionts: Collections abiotic materials Membrane-like structures
Ribozymes: RNA catalysts
![Page 6: Summer work Chapters 1, 6 and 25. History of Life on Earth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649edc5503460f94bed992/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Fig. 25-9-4
Ancestral photosyntheticeukaryote
Photosyntheticprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Plastid
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
DNAPlasma membrane
Endoplasmic reticulum
Nuclear envelope
Ancestralprokaryote
Aerobicheterotrophicprokaryote
Mitochondrion
Ancestralheterotrophiceukaryote
![Page 7: Summer work Chapters 1, 6 and 25. History of Life on Earth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649edc5503460f94bed992/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Prokaryotes
Stromatolites: Layers of rock Prokaryotes 3.5 billion years ago
![Page 8: Summer work Chapters 1, 6 and 25. History of Life on Earth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649edc5503460f94bed992/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Oxygen
Photosynthetic bacteria Cynobacteria 2.7 billion years ago
![Page 9: Summer work Chapters 1, 6 and 25. History of Life on Earth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649edc5503460f94bed992/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Macroevolution
Evolutionary change above a species
Evolution over a large time
![Page 10: Summer work Chapters 1, 6 and 25. History of Life on Earth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649edc5503460f94bed992/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Change in dominant groups
1. land movement 2. mass extinctions 3. adaptive radiation
![Page 11: Summer work Chapters 1, 6 and 25. History of Life on Earth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649edc5503460f94bed992/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Fig. 25-13
SouthAmerica
Pangaea
Mil
lio
ns
of
year
s ag
o
65.5
135
Mes
ozo
ic
251
Pal
eozo
ic
Gondwana
Laurasia
Eurasia
IndiaAfrica
AntarcticaAustralia
North Americ
a
Madagascar
Cen
ozo
ic
Present
![Page 12: Summer work Chapters 1, 6 and 25. History of Life on Earth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649edc5503460f94bed992/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: Summer work Chapters 1, 6 and 25. History of Life on Earth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649edc5503460f94bed992/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: Summer work Chapters 1, 6 and 25. History of Life on Earth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649edc5503460f94bed992/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: Summer work Chapters 1, 6 and 25. History of Life on Earth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649edc5503460f94bed992/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Mass extinctions
5 over past 500 mya Permian (251 mya) Eliminated 75% marine life Massive volcano eruptions Cretaceous (65.5 mya) Dinosaurs ?? asteroid
![Page 16: Summer work Chapters 1, 6 and 25. History of Life on Earth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649edc5503460f94bed992/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Mass extinction
Decrease diversity Change ecological communities Allows some species to thrive Humans evolved
![Page 17: Summer work Chapters 1, 6 and 25. History of Life on Earth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649edc5503460f94bed992/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Adaptive radiation
Organisms form new species Evolve to fill new communities Occurred after extinctions Now vacant niches Mammals Hawaii
![Page 18: Summer work Chapters 1, 6 and 25. History of Life on Earth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649edc5503460f94bed992/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Biology: science of life
![Page 19: Summer work Chapters 1, 6 and 25. History of Life on Earth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649edc5503460f94bed992/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Properties of living things
OrderSensitivityRegulationGrowth, development,and
reproductionEnergy utilizationEvolutionary adaptation
![Page 20: Summer work Chapters 1, 6 and 25. History of Life on Earth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649edc5503460f94bed992/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Themes Unite Biology
The cell theoryContinuity of LifeDiversity of LifeUnity of Life
![Page 21: Summer work Chapters 1, 6 and 25. History of Life on Earth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649edc5503460f94bed992/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Cell theory
All living things consist of cells
All cells come from cellsProkaryoticEukaryotic
![Page 22: Summer work Chapters 1, 6 and 25. History of Life on Earth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649edc5503460f94bed992/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Continuity of life
Inheritance of information
DNA
![Page 23: Summer work Chapters 1, 6 and 25. History of Life on Earth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649edc5503460f94bed992/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: Summer work Chapters 1, 6 and 25. History of Life on Earth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649edc5503460f94bed992/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Evolution
Big Idea #1 Organisms have changed over time Diversity of new forms Natural selection
![Page 25: Summer work Chapters 1, 6 and 25. History of Life on Earth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649edc5503460f94bed992/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Diversity of Life
DomainsBacteriaArchaeaEukarya
Kingdom ProtistaKingdom PlantaeKingdom FungiKingdom Animalia
![Page 26: Summer work Chapters 1, 6 and 25. History of Life on Earth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649edc5503460f94bed992/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Unity of Life
Unifying themes among all living things
DNAFlagella
![Page 27: Summer work Chapters 1, 6 and 25. History of Life on Earth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649edc5503460f94bed992/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
The cell
![Page 28: Summer work Chapters 1, 6 and 25. History of Life on Earth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649edc5503460f94bed992/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: Summer work Chapters 1, 6 and 25. History of Life on Earth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649edc5503460f94bed992/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: Summer work Chapters 1, 6 and 25. History of Life on Earth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649edc5503460f94bed992/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Membrane
Separates living cell from its surroundings
Two layers Phospholipids & proteins
![Page 31: Summer work Chapters 1, 6 and 25. History of Life on Earth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649edc5503460f94bed992/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Nucleus
DNA, chromosomes Nucleolus: synthesis of rRNA Nuclear envelope: double
membrane Nuclear pores: surface of the
nucleus function like channels.
![Page 32: Summer work Chapters 1, 6 and 25. History of Life on Earth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649edc5503460f94bed992/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Endomembrane system Protein & lipid synthesis Rough ER
Ribosomes: site of protein synthesis Smooth ER
Synthesis of carbohydrates and lipids
![Page 33: Summer work Chapters 1, 6 and 25. History of Life on Earth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649edc5503460f94bed992/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Golgi bodies
Flattened stack of membranes Collection, packaging & distribution
of molecules Proteins & lipids enter the
apparatus Modified Distributed to new location
![Page 34: Summer work Chapters 1, 6 and 25. History of Life on Earth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649edc5503460f94bed992/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Lysosomes
Digestive vesicles Breakdown proteins, carbohydrates,
nucleic acids and lipids Break down old organelles
Ex: mitochondria are replaced in some tissues every 10 days
![Page 35: Summer work Chapters 1, 6 and 25. History of Life on Earth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649edc5503460f94bed992/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Mitochondria
Tubular or sausage shaped organelles
Power house of the cell DNA to make proteins needed for
metabolism
![Page 36: Summer work Chapters 1, 6 and 25. History of Life on Earth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649edc5503460f94bed992/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Chloroplasts
Light energy to manufacture organic molecules
Chlorophyll give plants green color Contain DNA
![Page 37: Summer work Chapters 1, 6 and 25. History of Life on Earth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649edc5503460f94bed992/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Centrioles
Barrel shaped organelles Right angles near the nucleus Help assemble the cells
microtubules
![Page 38: Summer work Chapters 1, 6 and 25. History of Life on Earth](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649edc5503460f94bed992/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Cytoskeleton
Supports the shape of the cell Contain 3 types of fibers
Microfilaments (actin fibers) Microtubules Intermediate filaments