supply chain for a petroleum industry refinery downstream-dissertation ac

Supply Chain of Petroleum Industry-

Issues & Practices (Refinery Downstream)

A Dissertation

This belongs to AC/India/2014/Do Not Copy

CONTENTS

Chapters Particulars Pg No.

Executive Summary

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Problem Statement

Chapter 2 Review of Literature

Chapter 3 Research Methodology

3.1 objective

3.2 Scope of research

3.3 Sources of data

Chapter 4 Supply Chain in

Petroleum Industry

4.1 Background

4.2 Issues & Practices

Chapter 5 Issues & Practices

5.1 Supply Chain as a

whole and Refinery

Downstream

Chapter 6 Storage, Pipelines & IT

Factors

6.1 Pipeline Logistics

6.2 Tanker Storage

6.3 Information

Technology & it’s Role

Chapter 7 A Company Analysis

7.1 Exxon Mobil

Chapter 8 Recommendations

Chapter 9 Conclusion

Chapter10 References


Executive Summary

This Dissertation report on the topic “Challenges in the supply chain in a petroleum industry-

issues & practices (refinery downstream)” is a thorough discussion on the basic supply chain

issues & practices in a petroleum industry refinery downstream. The supply chain in the

following departments has been discussed.

Pipeline logistics

Refinery (downstream)

Tanker storage issues

Basic Supply Chain

Information Technology

Various issues regarding the supply chain have been pointed out that includes Market demand,

forecasting, scheduling, tanker storage issues, pipeline issues, various factor involving supply

chain in a petroleum refinery downstream. Various IT factor that have contributed to the

development of supply chain in this sector.


CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

The petroleum industry is involved in a global supply chain that includes national, international

transport, commands inventory visibility, control, handling, import export facilitation and

information technology.

The process of economic liberalization in India began in 1991, when India had a default on its

loans and request of 241.8 billion bail-out of the IMF. It was the effect of runoff culmination of

the cold war era marked by the 1991 collapse of the Soviet Union with India the main trading

partner. The rescue was carried out on the condition that the government launched new reforms,

thus opening the way to India the emergence as a free market economy.

There has been an increase in the global trade of petroleum products after the elimination of

trade restrictions. LPG, naphtha, kerosene, Diesel and gasoline are the main petroleum products

which are widely marketed. Because of the increase in competition in the world the refineries are

working on the reduction of costs. Installed refining potential is more than the demand in many

countries. India is also exposed to international competition due to the opening of the economy.

In order to withstand competition from other multinational enterprises Indian refineries must

concentrate on the reduction of costs. To maximize the effectiveness of the system, all elements

of the supply chain must be analyzed.

Supply chain management in the oil industry contains various challenges specifically in the area

of logistics which are not present in most other industries. These logistical challenges are a major

influence on the cost of oil and its subsidiaries. However the opportunities for cost savings in the

area of logistics still exists. Petrochemical giant organization undertaking a "swap" practice

which registered organization millions of dollars. The objective of this document is to shed light

on the challenges relating to the supply chain and the possibilities of the oil industry and on swap

practices which have long been employed by the petroleum industry of the giants of the world as

BASF, BP, Honeywell still have long been ignored in the management of the operations

literature.

When a region of the client has a request for a quantity of petroleum product it is in general

possible to meet the demand by using a number of equivalent products. Many factors influence

the proportions of products components that are combined to form a supply chain optimal

decision. These factors include the season of the year, the available slots of equivalent products

and the availability of appropriate and timely transport.

For these companies in the oil and gas industry the model of the supply chain begins with raw

materials such as copper and steel drilling equipment, telluric and new evolved tools. It extends


through the manufacture of products necessary for the construction of drilling platforms off-

shore platforms and a host of facilities, often very unwelcoming some parts of the planet. It is

continued by the production, transport and refining until the products are consumed by the

people who have need of fuel and lubricants to keep their trucks and cars running. It certainly

includes the products and services doors to operating systems by these organizations, which

represent the fields of oil and natural gas services to businesses.

The various challenges of the industry are supplier ensuring effectiveness setting appropriate

targets for the stock Requesting supply conditions, technology Type and location of facilities.

Using different strategies in supply chain and which require customizing logistics network,

product updates, pipeline customization and also forming partnerships to improve the supply

chain.

The industry has a classical model of implementation techniques of management of the

procurement process. In a supply chain a company is related to its upstream suppliers and

downstream distributors as materials, information and capital flows through the supply chain.

The purpose of this research is to examine the role of supply chain management in the oil and

gas industry and deals with several related issues


1.2 Problem Statement

With the increasing pace of global integration it is necessary that the supply chain of the oil

industry to compete in terms of its capacity in relation to the global and regional markets and

have to be competitive and efficient. This study focuses on the various logistical and supply

chain issues of downstream oil industry including various aspects of the conservation and the oil

pipelines etc and general practices in the industry. Improving the quality of the logistics and

transport systems and at the same time reduce costs improves with the use of information

technology providing solutions in the sector of the supply chain.


CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF LITERATURE

There is a large literature coverage in the depth of the technical and economic aspects of the

Petroleum jelly. However an integrative supply chain perspective is not common in the

industry or the research work. The literature is a lot more of the global supply chain

Perspective. As in other industries the typical approach was a Silo type study as a different

user without a unified approach.

Most of the peer-reviewed publications focus on only one of the aspects of the Supply Chain.

The process optimization and logistics planning, in particular the literature on the application

of the operations research and optimization techniques to further development of processes is

large.

In addition, some of the books published with the general economic treatment of the refining

business. In detail to the most important problems in the supply chain, inventory planning,

logistics networks planning, process equipment design, crude oil product yield optimization.

The supply concept of the petroleum industry is gradually in a customer-oriented approach.

The references to this holistic perspective are usually in the work of the consultants and they

are in many cases on the analogies with other industries in which more advanced supply

chain paradigms have been adopted.

Most of the works on refinery supply chain simulation in the literature address only a part of

the supply chain such as crude oil transport logistics with discrete simulation and optimal

control (Cheng and Duran 2004) simulation-based short-term scheduling of crude oil from

the opening to the refinery tanks and distillation (Chryssolouris 2005) agent-crude oil

procurement (Julka 2002).


CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 objective of the study

- To identify the issues in the supply chain of petroleum industry-

The supply chain in the petroleum industry has over the years have overcome many

challenges. Issues and challenges will be discussed.

Pipeline logistics

refinery (downstream)

Tanker storage issues

Usage of Information Technology

- To identify several industry practices in the supply chain industry-

Different steps & strategies used by the organization for their supply chain

development.

- Specific supply chain practices of organization (CASE)


3.2 Scope of Research

The aim of this thesis is to investigate supply chain management in the oil industry and look at

options to improve the supply chain in the oil industry. The study will help the petroleum

organization to understand the need to establish a good chain of supply, since that will be

beneficial to the industry that the gaps are closed.

This study shows the ways to strategize the weaknesses in the supply chain. It will be beneficial

for the final product of the company and ensure proper operation. The study shall cover the

scenario post liberalization of the oil industry.

Petroleum Sector has a single business process when it comes to different factors that determine

the components logistics and how to coordinate to carry out effectively the logistics functions.

In order to reorganize the oil companies and restore the flow of operations to strengthen the

cross-regional integration of the supply chain to optimize the operation of the supply chain

information systems using the to establish the new system of evaluation of the performance of

the supply chain and so on.

3.3 Sources of Data

Research articles

White papers

Blog pages

Internet

Reference books

Various research papers have been used as will be seen in the references.

Recommendation from experts has been taken into consideration for this project.

Purely qualitative in nature.


CHAPTER 4: SUPPLY CHAIN IN PETROLEUM INDUSTRY

4.1 Background

PETROLEUM INDUSTRY & IT’S SUPPLY CHAINS BACKGROUND:

The oil industry plays an important role in the economic development of the country. Petroleum

Industry is very active. As well as other chemicals organization supply chain can account for up

to 70% of the total cost.

Business processes are highly evolved to divide. Chemical supply chains are typically non-linear

in nature. Supply Chain optimization in a strategic and operational level is an opportunity to

create value chemical organization and a possible source of competitive advantage.

The supply chain backs Refinery. The crude oil is manufactured consumer product in which the

specialty is the refineries and petrochemicals organization.

Processes - forecast production and the management of the logistics of delivering the subsidiaries

of crude to customers around the globe.

Petroleum Finished products in India

PRODUCT % PRODUCTION USE

LPG 9 COOKING &

TRANSPORTATION

NAPHTHA 11 FERTILIZER &

PETROCHEMICALS

PETROL (MS) 8 TRANSPORTATION

KEROSENE (SKO) 8 COOKING & LIGHTING

DIESEL (HSD) 40 TRANSPORTATION,

AGRICULTURE &

ELECTRIITY

GENERATION

FO & LSHS 11 INDUSTRY AND

ELECTRICITY

GENERATION

OTHERS 13 ROADS, PAINTS & OIL

EXTRACTION

TOTAL 100


Goals of a successful supply chain in a petroleum industry

Reduction for purchase of materials

- maximizing potential of production and meet

- the demand for sales numbers

- Respond quickly to market opportunities through the purchase of production

shortfalls in other players

- aim of each of the production units would be to maximize the performance and its

margin

- acquisition, purchase raw materials and not the best yields at lower cost

Strategies in practice:

- The programming

- When and in what order raw material should reach production plant

- At the time and in what sequence or modes to run the equipment

- That the orders to comply with the dates and what to promise

- Demand planning: For demand forecasting and demand of the final numbers based on

requirements of the supply chain

- Unified planning: the planning of the complete supply chain of the customer, depending on the

demand

- Planning: number of the distribution: Generate operational plans of distribution

-Production Planning: Generate operational plans for production.

These modules are supported by various stimuli that facilitate planning activities that

include:

Supply Chain database (SCD)

Geographic Information System (GIS)

Data Interfaces

- Demand numbers are fed to a unified planning module that contains representation of

supply, production and distribution facilities.

- The production and the supply and distribution (S&D) structure constitutes the basis

on which the best plan for the entire organization generates

- This corporate plan communicates to distribution modules and the production

planning modules to generate operational plans

- The best plan for the entire corporation is also used as a source of raw material

selection runs.

- GIS can be used to obtain the distances between the attractions, which are used as a

basis for calculation of goods


SUPPLY CHAIN OF PETROLEUM REFINERIES:

Oil Refining is a material flow intensive industry where costs in the supply chain amounts to

40% of the total refining and distribution cost. Uninterrupted Flow of inputs and outputs,

including the by-products and waste of minimum facilities are crucial to cost effective and

efficient operation of capital intensive, process-oriented and closely coupled system such as a

refinery. The raw materials and logistics are very important to the refineries of the former

constitutes an important element of the total cost of the production and the later seriously affects

the production, productivity and profitability of the plant.

Management of the supply chain bottlenecks has long-term as well as short-term impacts on the

economy of a refinery. In order to understand the implications of the supply chain for raw

materials and energy intensive refineries in the context of the evolution of the situation, it is

essential to know the scope, coverage and the importance of the supply chain in general and the

management of the supply chain in particular. Supply Chain Management is focused on the


technical organization of the flow of goods and services in the value chain, from the supplier to

the customer.

Strategic issues for the oil industry:

- Globalization

- Fundamental changes in demand, trade flows and

- Demography

- Change of capital investment and restructuring patterns

- The new competition from India and China

- Energy Management and Sustainability

- Growth in demand for long-term energy and geopolitics means

- Shares Alternative Power

- Regulatory Compliance

- Portfolio Management

- M & A - the main vehicle for the growth of certain segments (organization of average size -)

- The new groups of buyers emerge (India, China, East) innovation

- New models and business processes (skills, knowledge Management, collaboration, value

added services)

- Advanced IT technologies to support innovation

- Performance and Increase Margin

- Increase utilization potential (USA, Western Europe, Japan , etc)

- Grass root refinery and petrochemical complex (Middle East, China, India, Russia )

- Renovate existing facilities (Korea, China, India, etc.)

- Increase the potential conversion unit

• optimization

- Reservations Forage

- Yields

- Browse by high value

• Decision making in collaboration

- Focus on the coordination of the supply chain to maximize margins and reduce supply

Chain disruption

- Increase focus on collaborative decision making

• Explore alternative

- Ethanol, biodiesel, H2, solar, etc.

- Gas Cracking, Catalytic Cracking, etc.

Causes of "high value" initiatives in Downstream Petroleum Supply Chain

1. Improve the selection of raw material

- Integrating planning and scheduling workflows

- Reduce the gap in crude Selection Plan vs Actual


2. Optimize the supply and distribution of products

- Optimization of Distribution

Causes for Production

3. Decreased GAP between the Plan and the actual

- Modeling Management / Component Molecular

- Application System Planning and Programming April . Larger unit performance and improve

reliability

- Advanced Process Control and optimization Performance Monitoring

4. Real-time visibility in refinery operations

- Viewing Refinery

- Analysis of production performance

Trend - Integrating the Supply Chain

Traditionally each operation within the supply chain (both inside and outside the refinery) was

administered and “optimized" in isolation.

• The largest organization of oil has begun to realize the great benefits to be had by the

integration of the supply chain and improving the entire company.

• Integration of the supply chain requires changed business processes and working practices,

supported by new tools and unified.

• Optimization of the supply chain can make a significant improvement in the profitability of the

company in general.

Inventory Management and operations scheduling

Programming environment for primary distribution

• Provides visibility into future inventory positions across the organization

• Multi -user environment based on Web

• The backbone of the oil supply chain - integrates with:

- Refinery Planning & Scheduling

- Planning the primary distribution

- Scheduling of Secondary Distribution

- ERP System

- Tank measurement systems

- Back office systems


TYPICAL SUPPLY CHAIN WORK PROCESS:

4.2 Issues & Practices

Refineries are a link between supply chain stakeholders upstream and downstream stakeholders.

The sector distribution of the downstream petroleum is increasingly adopting a variety of supply

chain solutions.

Selection of raw product distribution at a point of sale, it is a chain with many links. The

unpredictability of oil prices, refining margins and long delays associated with vital as the gross

purchase and trade of products make the difficult process functions. The organization of product

development brought some good products in the area of SCM.

The dynamic nonlinear and complex nature of the supply chain with numerous interactions

among its entities is best evaluated using simulation models. The optimization of this system

does not lend itself to mathematical programming approaches. Simulation process optimization

appears to be most promising. In this article, we examine a simulation of the supply chain try to

optimize refinery and operating policies of refineries and investment potential using a genetic


algorithm. Supply the refinery chain is complex with multiple entities, distributed, heterogeneous

and operates their functions based on certain policies.

The main products obtained from the activity of a refinery are: liquefied petroleum

Gas, naphtha, gasoline, kerosene, diesel, fuel oil, lubricating oil, asphalt, and petroleum coke.

Most of these products are used in all the days of applications (transport, heating, etc.)

In addition, petroleum products are also used in the petrochemical industry for the production

Rubber, nylon, plastic and other types of subsidiaries.

Challenges and opportunities in the supply chain

In many geographical areas, the increased demand for fuel is low. However, trade in goods has

increased due to the potential lack of refining in the main areas of consumption.

This creates a pressure on margins in regions with a deficit, because the finished products begin

Arising from regions with a surplus (as with the essence of Europe imports to the United States).

on the other hand, this creates new markets in other countries for local refiners and opportunities

to increase the efficiency of the overall supply chain.

Quality problems are particularly stringent than the new fuel specifications require a more

complex and costly investments in new processing equipment. These Investments do not always

provide an attractive return, but are in many cases required to keep operating refinery,

Environmental regulations and compliance rules (greenhouse gas emissions, Soil pollution, etc.)

are more severe , making the operation of the existing Facilities or the construction of new, more

expensive and complex. In addition, the Liability for environmental damage and the vulnerability

of the public image are larger obstacles for the industry.

Geopolitical factors surrounding the production of crude oil and the high volatility of oil prices

mentioned on international markets introduce additional components difficulties and variability

in the operations of the downstream supply chain. However, volatility creates opportunities for

profit that the organization can use the futures markets and futures to capture additional value in

their downstream activities (e.g., by freezing the refining margin futures oil).

If we consider the cost structure of the industry, oil downstream was significantly reduced

operating costs for the last 25 years. However, this cost reduction was not reflected in improved

net margins as there was continuous pressure and almost parallel as gross margins. As a result,

net margins have remained consistently below $ 2 per barrel in the United States until 2001, even

during periods of high oil prices.


The industry has continued its efforts in cost reduction and increased efficiency, but was

Limited so far by certain attributes of the operations of supply chain downstream:

1. Limited flexibility as (for example) the raw materials lead times are long (usually a cargo of

crude oil will take several weeks to arrive at the refinery) and the planning process extends over

several months.

2. The integration of the supply chain of supply of crude oil marketing at the pump is still

missing after a longstanding silos approach. Generally, optimization tasks (typically using linear

programming tools) are oriented programming around the refinery as an island.

3 . Purchasing decisions of actions are rarely based on a global optimization of the supply chain,

but dictated by storage constraints, and reducing the enormous capital and the risk involved.

Problems in the supply chain of Indian refineries:

Important organization in many oil refineries in different parts of the country. Indian oil

Corporation is an example. Only organization in the refinery is also there in India. Multiple

refining organizations have their own advantages and disadvantages.

Main benefits are given below:

- Sharing experts and key expertise. Expertise in the purchase of crude oil and

Marketing can be used for all refineries group. Experience in refinery operation and refining may

be transferred to refineries currently available.

- A single point of decision will help in policy decisions. Headquarters will competent

team to make major policy decision for each refinery at different locations. The entire

refinery will have the style of uniform operation, so that the performance all refineries

can be better because of the centralized decision making.

- Purchase in bulk is possible that several refineries because purchasing is centralized

at headquarters. Buying in bulk will have the price advantage.

- forward purchase can be made for the large amount and the cash purchase can be

Reduced. This will give better savings in purchasing.

- Sharing is a gross gain for multi refinery site as bulk containers can be used to

transport crude oil from faraway places like Egypt. Thus, the gain in price can be

exploited by these groups.


- Sharing products and streams is possible for these refineries, where there is a demand

for a product on the market in another refinery, while the product may be provided by

another refinery. Similarly, if a product is considered in a refinery that can be moved

to another place where there is a demand.

- Advanced products can be manufactured in a unit and can be supplied to all markets.

Advanced products normally require high investments, which is not possible with all

the refineries.

- A refinery group of refineries can handle very well logistical problems

Logistical difficulties problem increases with variables such as the limitation of the distillation

column, the limitation of the port facility for the treatment of ships, etc. logistical problem can be

divided into two stages, namely the stage design and stage planning and operations.

operational problems are less serious in nature refineries with many automation systems and

control. Therefore, they are not discussed in detail here. Majority of the problem of the design

phase cannot be corrected after the installation.

Inbound logistics problems

Largest category is made that the design stage, the stage of planning and operational phases. In

the case of refinery planning decisions should be taken at the design stage itself. Plans should be

made in the solution space constrained by the design. Major decisions of the design stage to the

logistics are attributes of the jetty, mooring types, selection of pipeline and storage tanks for

crude oil. Attributes imply Jetty project pier, unloading facility for crude oil, ease of control for

day and night and the turning radius for ships.

Docking is a bottleneck for many oil ports. Comes with a large ullage cannot be worn to most

ports. The alternative to what happens to one mooring points (SPM). Inbound logistics deals with

the identification of the provider, purchase, transportation, receipt and storage of raw materials

and services. In the case of a refinery logistics mainly deals with the identification of crude oil,

crude oil purchases, the selection of the ship, vessel schedules, receive tankers in port, pumping

crude oil to tanks in the tank farm. Crude oil received in tanks should be checked for quantity

gauges using either soaking or automatic level indicator, or both.

The warranty crude oil is allowed to settle for two to three days and released for refining using

automatic values . Logistics also covers the supply of the refinery water. The natural source of

water is supplied to the pipeline using the refinery. So the problems of logistics Water supplies

are minimal.


Problems of internal logistics

Internal logistics generally deals with issues of transportation, value additions, and storage of

finished products. In the case of domestic refinery logistics deals with the delivery of crude oil

from tanks in the tank farm, pipeline transportation to the distillation columns, distillation,

transfer of refined various reservoirs flows, mixture to produce final products, and storage tanks

for marketing.

Selection process, product variety, site selection and potential products storage facilities are

important to consider in the design phase of a refinery; technology for many processes are

available. Choice of technology is very important because the availability of crude oil and

product demand has a strong impact on the processing of crude oil. Refinery site is important

logistics far is concerned.

Areas where annual planning is required are given below:

• Demand for products

• Availability of crude oil

• Economic budget oil

• Connectivity storage tanks with design - flexibility

Economic budget oil (CEO) is the estimated budget for a year gross. Product demand is

estimated for the year. Based on the estimated demand for the CEO is ready. Roll up short covers

the following areas.

Outbound logistics problems

Refineries use pipeline, ship, railway wagons, and trucks for the movement of refined products.

The amount varies with respect to the location of the refinery and market of the target. Transport

mode must be decided at the time of conception itself to build the facility infrastructure that

demand and supply.

Strategic and operational SCM solutions to problems in refinery

Strategic planning for the management of the supply chain. The present time is characterized by

the following significant changes in the oil refining sector in India.

- After years of government control, deregulation is almost fully implemented.

- The sector was opened for private companies

- The crude oil prices are firm now, after low prices in 1998

- Environmental standards are stricter

- Refining margins are shrinking

- The liberalized trade regimes allow both increased import and export of petroleum products.


- New acquisitions, buyouts, and divestitures take place in this important sector.

The above changes create a need for refiners to reformulate their strategy more than ever.

In a refinery, the supply chain is very important because it is an industry intensive movement of

equipment.

Crude oil markets

Shipping crude oil

Unloading port operations:

When crude carriers and ships to make the products arrive, they must be received at the dock and

unloaded crude or product loaded as needed. The main problem that occurs here is put

restrictions on the size of vessels due to draft limitations due to cheaper and larger vessels cannot

be used to make crude. Delay berthing of vessels or their veils intervened sometimes due to lack

of night navigation facilities (night control). The main problem regarding the planning of the

operation is due to the concentration of ship arrivals creating a situation where there are many

vessels waiting for berthing, resulting in payment of demurrage. There are also times when the

berth is unoccupied and crude handling facilities are idle.

Crude oil storage: The logistics of the refinery has its particular problems. The allocation of

storage tanks for different types of crude oil is such a problem. This must be done so that the

ullage space required is available for gross required when required. In addition, the potential of

storage sufficient to act as an effective buffer between the supply fluctuations, first and the

variations in demand of production, on the other hand is essential. Since crude is produced in

excess expensive storing the same should be avoided as much as possible.

Refining operations: The different units and abilities and its operating range should be weighted

have. By this, it means that to the extent possible, there should be no need to build buffers until

the inter stage in the refinery. The refinery should also be flexible in terms of its ability to refine

a wide range of crude. Its operating attributes must be such that more distillates with higher

demand and giving more returns must be filed. Products must be made requiring minimum

mixture.

Finished product storage and mixing: As in the case of crude oil tanks, a crucial decision is

also here that tanks allocated to which products. Offline and online mixing times are not

available. The first is the traditional method, and requires less investment in machinery, but

requires more storage tanks products. Line blending is a more recent addition to the refinery


Operations; it is instrumentation and automation intensive option that significantly reduces the

requirement produced tanks and stocks of products made by the refinery.


CHAPTER 5: ISSUES & PRACTICES

5.1 Supply Chain as a whole

Reinvent the more unified strategic supply chain which can dramatically improve the economies

(as in the extraction of previously economically stranded to distance and oil reserves) in the

supply base - and to reduce the risks.

Paying greater attention to the HSE issues in the broader framework of concerns which are based

on the sustainability.

Logistics Planning can have an impact on cost of production in a way that is very difficult to

reproduce in any other part of the business.

The effects of globalization

The world economic growth and energy consumption has led to a proliferation of potential

suppliers to the oil and gas industry distributed in the world. This has allowed the oil and gas

organization to reduce their costs of production and exploration by sourcing products and

services from low-cost countries such as China although this has not had an impact on the court

highly specialized services such as drilling. Over the past few years many the international oil

and gas organization have therefore developed several extended supply chains than ever.

However at the same time this has accentuated the need for a better supply chain risk

management process. oil and gas organization need to be absolutely certain of the quality of the

products and services they buy and that their suppliers meet legal and business specific social

and ethical standards.

Sophisticated processes are therefore required to enable purchasers to pre-qualify and check the

organization of their supply chains - and they must respond to high standards. The systems and

processes which hosts and maintains supplier information also play a key role in ensuring the

integrity of the data.

Traditionally the buyers have built long-term relationships and trust with their suppliers. With

the supply chains of more and more of a global nature there are many new non-tested suppliers

to consider many of whom may be under-treated or outsourced further extends the chain. The

collection of data and to pre-qualify these new often low cost countries sourced suppliers is a

complex challenge in itself.

one of the benefits of globalization for the suppliers including those who are new to the arena has

been the willingness of international oil and gas organization to accept long-term contracts with

the suppliers that do they were generally available five years ago. This helps buyers protect


themselves against the risk of rising costs, and in some cases against shortages of products and

services.

The rise of the NOCs

The rise of the so-called national oil organization (CNO) has considerably changed the oil and

the gas landscape. Saudi Aramco, The Russian group Gazprom, CNPC of China, NIOC of Iran,

Venezuela, PDVSA Brazil for Petrobras and Petronas of Malaysia better known under the name

of "new seven sisters' are now the world's most influential energy organization. Whole they

control access to 39 per cent of the world's oil reserves whereas the more traditional players can

draw in only 3.5 per cent of the world's reserves.

Many Nocs are expanding globally. Their supply chains too are therefore more and more

complex as the number of suppliers that they need to work with their country of origin. In order

to sustain their growth plans the NOC as the former is more established organization also need

robust supplier databases.

The Nigeria National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) is an example of a NOC which is currently

in the construction of a database of pre-qualified high quality Nigerian oil and gas industry

suppliers. Achilles is supporting the government of Nigeria and NNPC in this objective in order

to support the sustainable development of the Nigerian economy by providing a basic tool of

development for the suppliers where full and fair opportunities for potential suppliers and the

transparency in contract awards.

Rarity as an impediment to the growth of the third factor affecting the oil and gas organization of

supply chains is a rarity of the offer - not only in the oil but also of labor goods and services.

There are different theories on when peak oil production will be reached but the current

consensus it will be hit in 50 years. BP Statistical Review of World Energy published in June

2007 said that there was enough oil for another 40 years of daily consumption at the current rate

of 85 million barrels.

With NOC reserves generally outside the boundaries of the great western petroleum organization

the traditional organization are forced to consider the exploration and production in more

difficult access to oil fields as the sand Canadian oils and deep water fields outside of Brazil.

Fields Exploration and drilling for oil in these difficult places requires an advanced technology

that must be obtained from reliable suppliers and can only be carried out with profit in moments

of high oil prices the cost of development and operation is much more than traditional areas. It

adds another dimension of risk related to the supply chain of oil organization.

Skills Shortages in particular of engineers are also a problem for the industry. Experienced

workers are retiring but several years of relatively low price of oil and therefore more low levels

of recruitment means that they have not been replaced by new talent from within the ranks.


The operators are working hard to fill this skills gap by encouraging the graduates and

experienced engineers in other sectors to enter the industry but it is a problem which cannot be

solved in the short term.

One way that the industry has helped to mitigate this problem of work is by combining resources

in procurement by the construction of a shared database of pre-qualified suppliers. There are a lot

of other industries could learn from this initiative.

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)

The fifth question important modification of the form of the oil and gas industry in the supply

chain is the corporate social responsibility (CSR). A number of disasters in the industry over the

last ten years of many who have cause of fatal accidents and significant harm to the environment

have the force organization to integrate CSR into their core activity (and public relations)

strategies. There is no doubt that CSR robust is now vital not only to the reputation but also to

the sustainability of the company of oil and gas organization. This emphasis on the responsibility

of companies is intensified by increasing control of stakeholder’s, investors, customers,

employers, the governments and the media. And the level of responsibility required will only

increase. The EU proposal to reduce greenhouse gases by 20 per cent by 2020 per cent for

example would have a considerable impact on the energy the west organization and probably it

will not be long before the oil and gas organization must register their carbon footprint - what

finally must include their supply chains - in their annual reports. A training effect is that the

industry will be in its turn request this information from their supplier’s or they are in the world.

These new drivers must be taken into consideration as they are becoming the main factors of

competitiveness. They also represent a transition to clean energy resources such as wind energy

hydropower and tidal energy. As the pressure mounted to NWC and the NGOS wholesale oil is

more and more aware of the maintenance of the so-called "operating permit" - the term used by

many industry experts to describe the acceptance of companies in which the oil organization

operate and their desire not to be replaced by NOCS. The improvement of their reputation for

fairness promotion of local industry and for the stewardship of the environment is essential to the

oil companies to gain ability continuing the licenses and production rights.

The supply of oil and natural gas the chains can be complicated and sometimes obscure systems

to many persons who rely on their products and services. API has created the supply chain

models for the oil and natural gas to communicate in the simplest terms how the industry works

from the identification of resources to the end user. These models provide simple visual

descriptions of these critical systems their main components and the customers of critical

services and the services that depend on this energy. Recognizing the critical components and

their placement in the system provides the context for understanding the diversity of systems the


issues which may affect the various stages of development the production and distribution and

the resilience that is inherent in our whole nation of the energy infrastructure.

Motor Vehicle and rail transport of petroleum products

Crude oil and petroleum products were initially transported pulled by horses tank-wagons then

by railway tank cars and finally by motor vehicles. Following the reception at the terminals of

the vessels or pipelines in bulk liquid petroleum products are delivered by non-pressure tank

trucks or tank cars directly to service stations and consumers or small terminal called bulk plants

for the redistribution. LPG gasoline anti-knock compounds hydrofluoric acid and many other

products chemicals and additives used in the oil and gas industry are transported in pressure tank

cars and tank trucks. Crude oil may also be transported by tanker truck from small wells of

collection tanks and by tanker trucks and railroad tank car storage tanks for refineries or main

pipelines. Packaged petroleum products in bulk or in drums and pallets and cases of smaller

containers are transported by train or truck box rail car.

Government regulations

The transport of petroleum products by motor vehicle or the iron tank-wagon is regulated by

government agencies in most countries of the world. Organizations such as the US DOT and the

Canadian Transport Commission (CTC) have established regulations governing the design

construction safety device test, preventive maintenance, inspection and operation of tanker trucks

and tank cars. Regulations governing railroad tank car tank truck operations generally include the

pressure of the tank and the pressure-relief devices testing and certification before being put into

service initial and at regular intervals thereafter. The Association of American railroads and the

National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) are typical of organizations that publish the

specifications and requirements for the safe operation of tank cars and tank trucks. Most

governments have regulations or to accede to the Conventions of the United Nations which

require identification and information concerning hazardous materials and petroleum products,

which are shipped in bulk or in containers. Railroad tank cars tank trucks and Lorries are

plastered to identify hazardous products are transported and to provide information on the

emergency response.

Reservoir tank

Cars railway tank cars are constructed in carbon steel or aluminum and may be under pressure or

non-pressurized. Modern tank cars can contain up to 171 per cent of compressed gas at pressures

up to 600 PSI (1.6 to 1.8 Mpa). Non-pressure tank cars have evolved from small wood tank cars

of the late 18oos, jumbo tank-wagons which carry as much as 1.31 million liters of product at

pressures up to 100 PSI (O.6 Mpa). The pressure tank cars may be different units with one or

more compartments or a chain of interconnected tank-wagons calls a tank train. Tank wagons are

loaded individually and entire tank trains can be loaded and unloaded from a single point. The


pressure and non-pressure tank cars can be heated cooled heat insulated and protected against

fire as a function of their service and the products being transported.

Iron all tank cars have high- or low-liquid or steam valves of loading or unloading and hatch

entries for cleaning. They are also fitted with devices intended to prevent the increase in internal

pressure when they are exposed to abnormal conditions. These devices include safety valves

which were held in place by a spring which can open to release the pressure, then close safety

vents with rupture disks, rupture to release the pressure, but cannot close or a combination of the

two devices. A vacuum valve is provided for non-pressure tank cars to prevent vacuum training

during the unloading by the bottom. The pressure and non-pressure tank cars have protective

housings at the top surrounding the loading connections examples of rows thermometer wells

and gauging devices. Platforms for the chargers may or may not be provided on the top of the

cars. The old non-pressure tank cars can have one or multiple domes of extension. The fittings

are provided on the bottom of the tank cars for unloading or cleaning. Protective Bumpers are

provided on the ends of the tank cars to prevent puncture of the shell by the coupler of the other

car during derailments.

LNG is shipped as a cryogenic gas-insulated tank truck and rail tank cars under pressure.

Pressure tank trucks and tank cars of LNG transportation have a stainless steel inner tank

suspended in a tank outside of carbon steel. The annular space is a vacuum filled with insulation

to maintain low temperatures during shipping. To avoid that the gas ignites in rear for tanks they

are equipped with two independent remote control of security of automatic shut-off valves on the

filling and discharge lines and have gauges on both the inside and outside the tanks.

LPG is transported on land in specially designed tank cars (up to 13o potential) or tanker trucks

(up to 40 potential). Tank trucks and tank cars of LPG transport are usually isolated steel

cylinders with spherical thrust equipped with gauges thermometers two safety valves a level of

gas meter and maximum filling indicator and the deflectors.

Tank wagons carrying LNG or LPG should not be overloaded because they can sit on a siding

for a certain period of time and be exposed to ambient temperatures which could cause an

overpressure and venting. Paste the wires and ground wires are provided at the level of the rail

and the tank truck loading racks to help neutralize and to dissipate static electricity. They must

be connected before the start of operations and not disconnected until the activities are complete

and all valves are closed. Truck and rail loading facilities are generally protected by the fire

water spray or mist systems and fire extinguishers.

The tankers

Petroleum products and crude oil tankers are generally constructed of carbon steel or aluminum a

plasticized material glass fiber and vary in size ranging from 1 per cent tank wagons of jumbo.

The potential of tanker trucks is governed by regulatory agencies and is generally dependent on


the highway and bridge potential limitations and the allowable weight per axle or the total

amount of authorized products.

There are pressurized and non-pressurized tank trucks, which can be non-insulated or isolated in

function of their service and the products being transported. Pressure tank trucks are usually

single compartment and non-pressure tank trucks can have one or more compartments.

Regardless of the number of compartments on a tanker truck each compartment must be treated

individually with its own loading the unloading and safety devices. The compartments can be

separated by single or double walls. Regulations may require that incompatible products and

burnable and liquid fuels transported in different compartments of the same vehicle be separated

by double walls. When the pressure checks compartments the space between the walls should

also be tested for liquid or vapor.

The tanker trucks have either hatchways which opened for loading by the high valves for closed

top- or on the bottom of loading and unloading or two. All compartments hatch entries for the

cleaning and are equipped with safety relief devices to mitigate the internal pressures when they

are exposed to abnormal conditions. These devices include safety valves which were held in

place by a spring which can open to release the pressure and then close the hatches on non-

pressurized tanks which opens if the relief valves fail and rupture disks under pressure on the

trucks. A vacuum valve is provided for each non-pressure tank truck compartment in order to

avoid the empty during the unloading from the bottom. Non-pressurized tank trucks have forged

on top to protect the hatches relief valves and vapor recovery system in case of rollover. The

trucks are generally equipped with breakaway self-closing devices installed on the compartment

bottom loading and unloading piping and fittings to prevent spills in case of damage during a

rollover or a collision.

Tank Car and tank truck loading and unloading

While railway tank cars are almost always loaded and unloaded by the workers assigned to these

specific tasks tank trucks can be loaded and unloaded by either the chargers or the drivers. Tank

cars and tank trucks are loaded in the loading facilities called racks and can be top loaded by

opening the hatches or closed connections bottom loaded via closed connections or a

combination of the two.

Loading

Load and unload the crude oil, petroleum products, and acids and additives used in the oil and

gas industry must have a basic understanding of the attributes of the products handled the

dangers and the exhibitions and the operating procedures and work practices necessary to carry

out the work safely. Many government agencies and of the organization require the use and the

completion of the inspection forms at the time of receipt and dispatch and before the loading and

unloading Railroad tank cars and tank trucks. The tanker trucks and the railways tank wagons

can be loaded via the doors open on the top or through the fittings and valves at the top or bottom


of each tank or compartment. Closed Connections are required when the loading pressure and

vapor recovery systems are provided. If loading systems will not activate for any reason (such as

an incorrect operation of the vapor recovery system or a ground fault or equipotential bonding

system) by-pass should not be attempted without approval. All panels must be closed and locked

during the transit.

The workers should follow safe work practices to prevent falls when loading from the top. If the

loading commands use pre-defined meters the chargers must be cautious and load the correct

products in the reservoirs and compartments. All compartment doors must be closed when the

bottom loading and when the top of the loading only the loaded compartment must be open.

When the top of the loading anti-splash loading should be avoided by placing the loading the

tube or hose near the bottom of the compartment and begin to slowly load until the opening is

submerged. When the manual controls of top loading operations the chargers must remain in

attendance not dock the loading of the stopping device (deadman) control and do not overfill the

compartment. The chargers must avoid exposures to the product and the steam by upwind and to

avoid the head when the top of the loading by open the hatches and in wearing protective

equipment when handling the additive to obtain samples of the drainage pipes. The chargers

must be aware and follow prescribed response actions in the event of a hose or line breakage

spill version fire or other emergency cases.

The unloading and delivery

During the unloading of tank cars and tank trucks it is important first to ensure that each product

is unloaded in the good designated storage tank and that the tank has enough potential to

maintain the whole of the product delivered. Although the distributors filling pipes lines and fill

the covers must be color coded or otherwise marked to identify the product contained the driver

must always be responsible for product quality at the time of delivery. Any delivery of product

the mixture or the contamination must be immediately reported to the recipient and to the

undertaking to avoid serious consequences. When the drivers or operators are required to

additive products or obtain samples of storage tanks following delivery to ensure quality or for

any other reason all safety and health provisions specific to the exposure must be followed. The

persons engaged in the delivery and unloading operations should remain in the vicinity at all

times and know what to do in case of emergency including the notification stops the flow of the

product cleanup of spills and when to leave the region.

Pressure Tanks may be discharged by the compressor or pump and tanks without pressure by

gravity vehicle pump or pump recipient. Tank trucks and tank cars that carry the lubrication or

industrial oils additives and the acids are sometimes unloaded by the pressurization of the tank

with an inert gas such as nitrogen. Tank cars or tank trucks must be heated by steam or electrical

coils in order to unload the heavy crude viscous products and waxes.


Rack loading Fire Protection

The LPG is abounding in the small and the large weight. In totaling sample of crude oil the

finished products and the goods are sent by electronic mail or express Enterprise version of

laboratories to try and study.

So many skills are required by the drivers to stand up above the inertia created by this fact

evident called "mass movement". This activity requires a particular hardware including the

suction hose and the transfer pumps and the safety protection such as foundation to dispel

electrostatic release that build up and prevent any leakage of liquids or vapors.

Cleaning of tank cars and tank trucks

Air floating floating-roof tanks is to trim down to the smallest amount of the vapor space

between the top and bottom of the floating roof so that it is always rich in steam thus preventing

the possibility of a steam air-fuel mixture in the beach. All floating roof tanks have external

stairs or ladders and platforms modifiable ladders or stairs to the roof of the floating raised area

and perhaps trimmings such that the lead wires that electrically connect the top of the shell the

calibration tubes pipes and tubes of foam and overflow finding the automatic systems of

measurement signaling etc. advice or boots are provided around the perimeter of the floating roof

in order to avoid that the product or the steam to escape and collection on the roof or in the space

above the ceiling.

The combination tanks overflowing and thanks to the development and implementation of

operating procedures and work practices. The security of the operation of the storage tanks

depends on the receipt of the product in the reservoirs of potential defined by the designation

receiving the tanks before the delivery the reservoirs of measurement to determine the available

potential and ensure that the valves are properly aligned and that only the entry of the tank

opening reception so that the correct amount of product is provided on the tank. Drainage Areas

of dikes surrounding reservoirs receiving product normally be kept closed during the reception in

case of an overflow of spillage.

overflow, disaster prevention a safe operating practices, a variety of detection, Alarm, and shut

down the system and the media, and to understand all the products to each other in the pipeline is

the staff should be allowed to transfer, marine terminal, and the refinery, manual and automatic

control of the ship, including you can achieve.

On a regular basis before, or the product that you want to transfer to, and, in the event of a

system failure, the receipt, the transfer is as described in the documentation for the operation of

the steps you need to. Receipts are manually or automatically taken on the site or from a remote

location as the operational plan is controlled by the need to ensure that you have. After you

complete the transfer, all of the valve to the normal operating position and back or on the right


side of the reception must be defined. a pump, valve and fittings for the pipeline, and the sample

is AIR several areas, bleed, wells, and are maintained to a good state to ensure spills, leaks, to

avoid the need to be ejected.

Tank gauging and sampling

Products, temperature and the sample is taken at the same time, you can manually run the

feature. temperature can be automatically recorded the resulting sample embedded connection. In

the manual, the sampling is being received; the tank needs to be restricted to. At the end of the

reception, and 30 minutes to 4 hours, a relaxation period of company and product strategy,

according to any of the static, manually or sampling and measuring prior to the consumer is

allowed to you need before you need to. One of the organization to establish and maintain

communication between or owing to the tides of the gauge to a Visual contacts with a low

ceiling and a floating-point other employees of the plant. Measurements, Tests, or other activities

of the tank roof or platform during an electrical storm entry must be limited to.

Venting of the fuel tank and cleaning

Storage Tank Inspection Services, test, maintenance, repair, and overhaul of the tank cleaning,

the need for government regulation, that are dependent on a constant, depending on the spacing

of the business and operational for a service policy. Tank to breathe and cleaning and the entry

have the potential to be a dangerous operation, and the job incident occurs without the

appropriate steps to establish a secure, but you can work. To follow these guidelines, if you do

not, contact the injury or damage, fire, lack of oxygen, toxic products; while they are exposed to

physical risk may occur.

Preliminary Preparations

It is pre-prepared after the number of required deposit inspection, maintenance and cleaning

services, you need to place it was. Include the following. Storage Solutions and programming is

a time to determine the distribution of the history of the tank is to determine the order that

contains the lead product, or to a previous Clean. And certified free of the lead of the

commitment of the amount and type of information that is included in the product, and the

quantity of residue in the tank, and to determine if it has not, the surrounding area of the tank,

and the equipment is to be used for the removal of the product version in steam cleaning, staff

trained and certified and understand the approval of the procedure, and a more secure

installation, assign the responsibility of employment based on limited space in the entry, the

installation, licensing requirements, and the security of the hot work, and the device's staff and

cleaning the tank or contractors during the cleaning of the tank before the conference or the

construction.


The control of ignition sources

After the withdrawal of all of the available in the fuel tank, the pipe is fixed product, which is the

previous water samples drawn line or in the Open, and all of the ignition source is removed from

the surrounding area, until the fuel vapour in the tank, and free. To declare that on the track in

the empty, Compressors, Pumps, and other equipment, and the electric motor, or is in the

running, the wind or on the outside of the area of the dam, or, if the dam is the internal region, at

least 20 M through the fuel tank or other source of the fuel vapour. Activities in the preparation

of the tank during an electrical storm, bleeding, you will need to stop.

Removing residual

The next step is to remove as much of the product or waste remaining in the tank as much as

possible through pipes and fittings. The license can be issued. Distilled water or fuel can be

injected into tank via a fixed connection; can be of help to those who come up to the tank. From

the tank residue removal contain sulphur crude oil must be kept wet prior to processing to

prevent spontaneous combustion.

Isolate the tank

After all of the available products, was provided to the fixed pipeline, all connected to the pipe

line of products, such as the tank, the line, the oil vapor rebreeding, pipeline, to the sample form,

disconnect and close the valve to the tank and the insertion of the blind side of the line of the

tank valve, not to ban from the steam from the line input of the tank. Blind pipe between the tank

and the partial discharge and must be flushed. Outside the embankment, distributors are closed

and locked or must be tagged. The Reservoir, Pump, mixer, cathodic protection systems,

electronic measurement and detection system-level and in the disconnected, the energized and

locked, or must be off.

Vapor Release

Steam that is rendered into the tank is ready to be switched off. Test continuous or intermittent

steam and restricted to the tank vent area. By opening the tank to atmosphere, natural ventilation,

and in general, as recommended in the forced ventilation for safety. The tank is not the

mechanical ventilation is, depending on the size of the construction, the state of the internal

configuration of a number of ways. One way of cone roof tank, steam can be announced to the

placement of the tray is mixed (portable fan) in the Hatch in the top of the tank, and start slowly,

that the door is open, and the bottom of the tank, and then the faster the air we breathe and steam

tank.


The insurance license or hot work activities of the ventilation must be published in. All of the

fans and fatigue of the tank firmly to the wall to prevent electrostatic discharge ignition, when

you are connected to. For security reasons, a cooling fan, air exhaust tablet operation if you can,

but you will need to use the electric motor, and is driven by a steam explosion. Internal floating

roof tank is the floating roof top and bottom of the individual parts ventilation may be required.

The vapor is discharged from the bottom hatch if you are at least 4m from the ground, the

vertical pipe and the wall around the dam, at a minimum, steam, because it is not necessary to

prevent accumulated in the low-level, or the ignition source to discharge to reach before. If

necessary, vapor, oil vapor recirculation system installation, you may be instructed.

Ventilation is making progress, the residue washed and removed Open the lower door water and

the suction hose to the tank is to prevent electrostatic discharge ignition, when you are connected

to. Crude oil sulfur content or high sulfur content of the tank products to generate heat when the

air is dry, such as residual to fire on its own. This is the water in the tank, and fill up the tank in

the air, the temperature rise of the spray-on in order to avoid should be avoided. The entire

residual iron sulfide, the smoke of any contact during ventilation in order to avoid the need to

remove it from flaps opens.

Initial Entry, inspection and certification

Provision of the boilers in the display of progress with the control of the vapour of the exhaust

ventilation at the point when you can get. It is the level of steam supply enterprise authority

regulations, or by the policy of the fixed lower than it is, if you are to enter into the tank of the

inspection and testing can be converted. Protection of participants breathing mask and a good air

supply must be worn. The Salon of the atmosphere of test, and to allow them to enter after you

get the tank, but the workers to enter the test and inspection, so that you can continue. There is

no obstacle, the ceiling, low support for the hole on the ground, and the other physical hazards,

in the inspection should be carried out to determine that.

Cleaning, maintenance and repair

The continuous ventilation and is the lowest level of drop-tank and a work permit the vapor is

the entry of staff sufficient facilities and respiratory, if necessary, to allow the tank to start the

cleaning. Monitoring the toxicity of the steam and atmosphere oxygen supply you must continue

in the tank of the entry level has been established for more than the allowed will be automatically

terminated, and as soon as the participants in the tank again to reach the level of security, and the

re-issued until the Permit you need to have. Ventilation during cleaning operations, the residue

and sludge in the rest of the tank. Only approved, low voltage lighting, lanterns and inspection

should be used for cleaning.


tank cleaning and drying after the final inspection, and in the test, maintenance, and repair, or

recycling work, you need to perform before starting. The waterways of the roof pontoons,

column floating-point, it is not necessary that the development of a leak to make sure that it

supports the floor plate, the product is, in the space of these intrusions or under the floor was able

to leak in the note and the inspection. Bad weather, or secondary containment and foam seal and

protection and the space between you and the steam, also check the need to be tested. That there

is petrol in the tank is being. The tank or do not have any history when they are available, the air

of the evidence of Content lead, the Lead tank for free and by providing the labor supply air

breathing equipment if you do not want to enter in to that are allowed must be certified.

Hot work permits welding, cutting, and other hot work, and the repair and maintenance of the

other corresponding to the activity of insurance issued to you will need to permit. Welding or hot

work toxic or harmful gas to the tank, monitoring, respiratory protection and continuous

ventilation is required for or you can create it.

The fuel tank, or the internal floating-point equipped with the roof, if you need to, the Big Hole,

in many cases, the side of the tank and give unlimited access to allow for a narrow to enter a

space, so that you do not have to be cut.

The tank exploded with the painting of the outside of the normal, the following can be used to

clean the tank, and the tank is returned to the service before the finish. These types of activities,

the cleaning and the pipe, the Paint Tank, Tank and piping services use the application with

established security procedures, and carry out monitoring of hydrocarbon gas and liquid tank in

the vicinity of equipment to stop while the blast. silica sand, the possibility of dangerous

exposure. Because of this, many government agencies cleaning materials or non-toxic blast shot,

and it requires the use of the collection, cleaning, and recycling. A special collection is empty

cleaning equipment pollution of the explosion, the lead paint tank and lines, while cleaning to

avoid you can use. After the dry ice blasting, the leaking tank, pipes and that there are no leaks in

the walls of the stain, the test and the repair before painting.

Return the tank for the service

The services after the completion of the cleaning of the tank, ready to return in the framework of

the inspection, maintenance, and repair, the door is closed, all of the blind are deleted, the

connection pipe to the tank. Valve is unlocked and open, with mechanical and electrical systems

reactive. The leak before returned to the service, make sure that you are in the tank to be

hydrostatically tested many government agencies is required. The amount of water required for

an accurate test pressure required for the workload of the diesel fuel that is covered in the water

substance is often used. After the test, the tank is empty, it is ready to receive product. The

relaxation time is received after the legs of the tank; the roof is in the lowest position.


Fire protection and Prevention

The hydrocarbons of oil refineries, into a storage tank is sealed in a container bulk terminals and

plants that there is liquid and vapor release might be in. These gases, and air must be on a

writeable range and the after ignition source to occur if the explosion and fire, the mix. The fire

suppression system is installed in the regardless of the size of the staff of the key fire prevention

of fire. Spills and releases of sewers or sewer entry must be suspended. Small spills wet blanket

and large spills of the foam and steam and air cannot escape the cover so you need to be.

Hydrocarbon gas may be present in the area will eliminate ignition sources and are controlled.

Portable fire extinguishers and service the car is transported in an accessible location and the

strategic location of the whole plant are located.

The creation and implementation of safe work practices, and best practices, such as heating

system and water for the secure (cold) permit Power Lock-out of the program tag out and

training of employees, and contractors and the training is essential for prevention of the boot.,

and employees report to the fire, the response, and the refuge of responsibility for, you need to be

aware when you are in the pre-planned emergency procedures need to be developed. In the event

of an emergency and to be notified of the organization, the installation of charging the phone

number is placed in the communication, you must provide a method. The local fire service

Emergency Response public security and mutual assistance procedures, also the organization of

the facility and to recognize the risk that you need to know.

The fires of hydrocarbons are controlled by one or a combination of methods, as follows:

Control of the oil and the fire, the fire of the best, the easiest way of fuel one of the withdrawals

of the fuel supply valve, flow of product, or there is a small amount of the product is the product

and the write to the exposure control if the diversion of the cover is cut.

The form, and the oil that flows out to prevent steam to cover and the air you can use a

combination.

Oxygen is another way, the supply of oxygen or air or water mist form suffocate in flame, or

carbon dioxide and nitrogen to the air in confined spaces to be a replacement for the use in order

to block.

Cooling water, mist or spray and the carbon dioxide is a product of the fire of petroleum

products, the ignition temperature: The temperature of the fire, the water vapor and cooling off in

order to avoid formation of the air can be used.

The dry powder is the combustion of chemical products of the fire is the fire of a chemical

reaction by interruption of the Halon fire extinguisher to the interference.


Fire Protection storage tank

Prevention of fire protection and storage tank that is the evolution of the interaction of science

and dependent Tank-type status and the size of the product, and the quantity that is stored in the

water tank leaves and drainage of the interval Fire Protection installation, the reaction of aid and

the philosophy of the company is industry standards and government regulations. Fire Storage

Tank is simple or very difficult to extinguish the primarily in terms of the question of whether

the fire is detected during the attack, the first. Storage Tank of the operator is to see a number of

recommended practices and standards, in that it has developed, as an organization, the American

Petroleum Institute (API) and National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) is a storage tank, fire

prevention.

Floating roof tank top in the shape of the round, or if the seal is worn or is loose tank to the shell

if the, vapour escape and the air to fuel mixture can be mixed. In such a situation, there is a fire

lightning if the roof seal to the tank shell in the response from the point may occur. It is early if it

detects a fire seal are often hand or spray hose or the form system is applied by using the spray

fire extinguishers you can fire.

And if you do not have labels. Controlled fire extinguishers or fire hoses if you or a large-scale

fire in Progress foam and the roof can be applied to fixed or semi-fixed foam monitor or large-

scale systems. Note that it is necessary to be in the application form on the roof of the floating

roof tank if they take too much weight are placed in, the roof to can be tilted, or output large

surface can be the product of the exposure of the fire. Floating roof tank the foam seal and the

tank shell in the area between the Dams used to catch the foam. Form is scaled and the material

on the top of the dam, water tank roof overload the roof to prevent a complete collapse of the

drainage system should be removed from the system.

The regulations in the policy of the government and the company Storage Tank is equipped with

fixed or semi-fixed the system including foam, tank piping of the tube of the underground tank

and foam room injection pipe to the bottom of the injector tank, and distribution pipe and the

dam of the tank top of the form.

The generated by households in a centralized location that is fixed on the foam system foam

water solution in the tank, Pump, pipe system to the pump. Semi-fixed forms are typically, use

the portable system Foam tank form generator and the pump into the tank of the popular that is

connected to the water supply and the pipes is connected foam tank.

Foam-water solution is also generated in the central level within the agency that are distributed

in the system pipe hydrant the hose using the semi-fixed foam tank of the nearest mouth watering

system that is used to connect. The system is equipped with tank when it is not being fixed and

semi-fixed foam tank by using the monitor of Hose and nozzle on the top of that you can apply

to. What method of application control in order to be fully involved in fire tank is a certain

amount of foam is applied, using the specific concentration, and flow rate of a minimum quantity

of time is essentially dependent on the size of the tank is a special technique of product questions


and the surface of the fire. And if enough foam sample application is not if necessary to control

the condition, the corresponding to the feature that can be used to minimize, or endangered

species.

The training, the fire personnel who have been instructed only to water is liquid fire oil deposits

that are allowed to use. Rash instant or boiling water in the steam is the product directly to tank

fire and the rise in crude oil prices to be after the application may be the result. Heavier than

water because most of the fossil fuels to extend, and the bottom of the tank and if the appropriate

enough, fuel and push the products of combustion and the top of the tank.

The water, which is normally used to control and/or off of the leak of a fire around the outside of

the tank valve to operate, the flow of control in the product of cooling the tank on both sides, to

avoid the boiling liquid and vapour is to expand, to reduce the effect of the heat and flame shock

tank and adjacent equipment. For the training to have the material, equipment instead of to be,

the employee of the fire, and the fire tank many terminals and storage facilities are established in

a lump sum on a policy that is, from the product of the maximum amount in the tank to protect

adjacent structures of the heat and flame and the rest of the products in the tank that is controlled

by writing up fire burned to the ground.

The health and safety of the plant and bulk terminal

Storage base of the tank, and the support, for the piping of the product on a regular basis to avoid

loss or damage to the corrosion, galvanic corrosion, sedimentation and other display is not

damaged you need to check or not. Tank pressure/vacuum valves, seals, and bumpers, the mouth,

the bubble chambers, roof drainage and water extraction valve and system devices too is not

damaged, test, and is on a regular schedule, it is necessary to maintain the equipment in the

winter, such as removing the. Or flame arrestors that the tank or steam collection line, check and

clean regularly, winter frosts appropriate to verify the operation of the need to maintain proper

airflow is installed. Automatically start or if the pressure drop is a closed tank valve operation,

you need to check.

Dyke surface or slope from the tank, Pump, pipe leakage to remove drain or in security areas

must have been released. A Dyke wall to keep the design of the drain valve is available if needed

to keep the water and the Dam emissions dug unless you want to close. Stairs, ramps, stairs,

platforms, and loading ramp to the rack, dams and reservoirs, the security conditions of the

shelters, snow and ice, the oil, you need to keep. It's a tank is leaking and in line as soon as

possible and will need to be repaired. The Victaulic couplings or the heat might be compromised

in the region, a similar piping Freeze to use on the fire in order to avoid, the line in the must be

discouraged.

Safety procedures and safe working procedures is established, it must be implemented, as well as

for the training and education of the terminal and the bulk of plants in the Operators,

maintenance staff, Tanker trucks and contractors who work in driver safety activities can be

performed. These measures will, at a minimum, a basic principle of the information for the


contact of the hydrocarbons, the controls and the extinction risk, and protection and risk in

hazardous substances hydrogen sulphide and Synchronous fluorometric polycyclic aromatic oil

and residual fuel, Benzene, Gasoline and additives tetraethyl lead and methyl-tert-butyl (MTBE,

emergency measures, and normal physical, climate change-related risk this activity has occurred.

Asbestos insulation or any other of the tank and the pipe as a protection to the fund which may

not be present. For a task, and personal protective measures, and then to establish is that you will

have to ensure that the processing of these materials, and waste removal.

Protection of the environment

The terminal operator and the employee's response, the groundwater and surface water,

hazardous waste of hydrocarbon liquid and vapour, and handling and disposal of the soil and air

pollution relating to protection of the environment and the company's policy of the Government

of the regulations that it conforms to the rules.

The contamination of the water- Many of the terminal, the oil separator and the contaminated

water is the fuel tank and Drain Rack load area and parking area, and the water drained from the

tank from the Save for the treatment and to open the tank roof there is water. The terminal was

established, the water quality required to meet the criteria, and that allow you to water can be

obtained prior to.

The air pollution- prevention of pollution in the air, and both sides of the minimum steam valve

and the slot is included. Vapour load rack and marine dock entries before the tank to vent even if

the oil vapour rebreathing equipment to collect. These steams processed to the storage that is

returned in the form of the liquid or burned.

The land and water spills. Government agencies and companies are storage facilities planning for

Oil Spill Prevention control and Counter Measures, which have been performed may be required,

and that the staff is trained and aware of the potential risks and, notifications, and the action to

perform leakage and leakage. In addition to management of the terminal facilities, and the staff

in the liquid spills, is trained and equipped with the outside of the site in the case of an

emergency, the Tanker Truck rollover).

Treatment of wastewater and hazardous waste. The terminal to the regulatory requirements that

need to be compliant, sewage, and public or private waste oil to the work of discharge of the

processing to obtain permission. Government and business requirements of some of the steps and

critical to the site, such as the asbestos insulation of the waste tank and contaminated waste

storage products to clean. Workers have been trained in this activity that you may encounter the

risk of the potential risks that need to be recognized.


Approximate storage and handling

Bulk storage tanks

LNGs Mass Storage Tank of the process of (crude oil and natural gas plants and refineries which

is a field in the distribution points point to the consumer of the stored (terminals, and storage

facilities). Most bulk LNGs are used in storage method

Under high pressure in the following environment temperature. LHR steel and is stored in the

pressure tank is 8 MPa underground permeation and rock salt.

Close to the atmospheric pressure under the pressure, low-temperature. LHR that is stored in the

Storage Tank Insulation steel thin-walled heat concrete tank top or bottom surface of or low

underground storage tanks. The pressure (0.005 to 0.007 in the MPa), close to the atmosphere -

at a temperature of 160Â underground storage tanks LNG of cryogenic storage is maintained.

LPG bulk storage tank or cylindrical (round) horizontal tank (around mechanism torque wrench

40 - 200) or Spherical (up to 8000.) In 6,390 in general, storage for more than 2400.

The design of the pressure tank LGH at low temperature can be stored; the vapour pressure is

lower than that. Propane, butane, propane tank pressure of 100% of the design should be. The

vapour space and fill the non-condensable gas partial pressure the maximum pressure from the

water pressure is taken into account the new demand. Ideal liquefied petroleum gas storage

container is completely empty; they are designed to be required. If you do not this the vacuum

valve must be provided. Design features, the pressure relief valve Liquid Level Gauge pressure

and temperature gauge valve internal cover anti-valve and excess flow must be included. The

high-level signal is the valve of the failure of the test is in an emergency, you are provided with.

Horizontal tank ignition %mound of the earth that is placed on or buried, usually, and the wind,

the existing or potential source installed. The last of the division of the horizontal tank

overpressure, the shell is the driving direction for the other end of the carefully of the tank length

of Earth parallel with important structures (and not an important end-point to the structure or

equipment).

Other factors, of the site, the reservoir, prevention, fire protection, such as the separation. The

codes, and regulations under the pressure of hydrocarbon gas in storage, and the boat, and the

adjacent property is a reservoir, and the critical structures, and the ignition source, process,

rockets, and heating, including transmission lines, transformers, load and unload facilities,

internal combustion engines and gas turbines in the horizontal direction between the minimum

distance.


CHAPTER 6: STORAGE, PIPELINE & IT FACTORS

6.1 Pipeline Logistics

The nature of the chain supply of petroleum products in the pipeline, which is described on the

role play and oil pipeline description of the type of the system. Overview of the operation oil

pipeline distribution activities of the nature of the display. The cost-effectiveness of the oil

pipeline processing of the given reason. The service is based on the performance-related

measures oil pipeline transportation services provide a relative modal effect. The supply of

petroleum products, the segment of the pipeline, which will play an effective role, can be

identified with a chain.

The origin of the supply chain of the product or the primary supplier is present.

The original point, the member for all suppliers of the member. Power Point or other value is

added to the product, consumption, or other supply chain that will be used as an input to the

provided. In the supply chain organization and system of the product, it is known as value chain.

There are three basic types of petroleum pipeline transport systems:

1. Gathering Pipeline systems

2. of crude oil trunk pipeline systems

3. Refined-products pipeline systems

Collectively, these systems provide a continuous link between the extraction, processing,

distribution and wholesalers of deposits in areas of consumption.

Of crude oil trunk pipeline systems

Crude oil is transferred to the connection line. Of these, the pipeline has a collection of crude oil

tank system, ships, Barge, or other lines are displayed. As in the case of gathering pipelines,

pipeline, the supply of petroleum products is part of a chain, the internal distribution is an

integral part. Trunk line is a relatively large amount of volume is the Delivery Point is a

reduction in the number of relatively. The line is a small luggage is the delivery point. In general,

the lines of the network system are not operating in the mode. The sender is the transport of the

product you are bidding for quality, then you will receive the same molecular the distribution

line, the "batch" mode, running. The senders of the factory are bidding to receive the same

molecules.

Refined-products pipeline systems

Product Pipeline oil refinery and the Marine port and is in the market price of the large-scale

deposits and the refined petroleum products for the transportation system and the product is

usually on the track to retailers and consumers is being moved. The product is a fine, oil

collection system for providing reverse image of the system. Instead of the small stream flowing


in large-volume of gas through the pipeline, tank farms, pipelines from the product of a large

potential system on the tank farm, the output for the Refinery, in the branch office, the small

potential pipeline to the service of the distribution of points - usually a large-scale deposit market

sectors. Product Pipeline of oil products, some of the physical distribution or the outbound

logistics is part of.

The following are the standard pipeline diameters for petrochemicals in a Refinery:

SL.NO.

Pipe line diameter in

inches Line Detail

1 14" MS

2 14" MS

3 24" HSD-NEW

4 24" HSD-OLD

5 14" FRN

6 18" PCN

7 10" PX

8 8" BZ

9 8" ME-OH

10 10" OX

11 18"/16" ATF

12 8" AFS

13 12" PROPANE/LPG

14 14" PROPANE/LPG

15 30" CRUDE TRF

16 32" CRUDE TRF

17 10" LSFO-INSULATED

18 12" LSFO-INSULATED

19 20"/24" ZRTF-LSFO-INSULATED

20 30" CRUDE TRF

21 30" CRUDE TRF

22 30" MS

23 24" MS

24 12" MS

25 16" ALKYLATE

26 30" HSD

27 24" HSD

28 14" SEZ-FRN

29 24" SEZ-PCN

30 64" SEA WATER SUPPLY LINE


32 42" SEA WATER RETURN LINE



34 42" SEA WATER RETURN LINE

35 12" NITROGEN RECEIPT LINE

36 08" NITROGEN RECEIPT LINE

37 -8" POTABLE WATER LINE

Anticipation of the request

The demand forecast, and the quantity of each product distribution for some companies, to

different market must be transported. In addition, logistics capabilities, or request that you want

to use is to determine whether the products that are available to the appropriate volumes

In good time for the market to be made in each category. The demand for the future level of

knowledge, the application of the activities you plan to service responsible for logistics.

The construction of a pipeline for the profit of the company before you begin, it is the economic

life of the pipeline, a sufficient volume of the pipeline, the owner of the loan repayment, the

operational and maintenance costs and benefits to compensate for the return, risk and investment

in an effort to justify their support to enable in order to establish, to the tariff that it was delivered

to.

If the petroleum geologist, oil is found, confirm the importance of the reserves, the estimated

potential production you will need to decide on. These activities flow of a potential market. An

oil industry expert in the production of research and the future value of the forecast is expected

as the foundation. The impact on the construction of a pipeline, directly or indirectly, the next 15

to 20 years to predict the weather conditions. In particular, the state of the economy and

population, the product of an increase in demand, the construction of a refinery in the area of

expansion and determine the aisle, domestic and foreign production of crude oil pipeline, and

competitiveness of the prospects of the changing nature of the industry, the government and

actions.

Installation Site selection

Types, Layout, the location, and the number of installed potential strategic important. The cost of

the installation of the correct location or the location of raw materials from primary producers in

the supply chain to the consumer can be reduced. Selecting the site, the first thing to consider

various resources and market areas of the farm.


Purchases

The unit of the production and marketing of business process efficiency, operation is to ensure

that products, services, and information retrieval.

The procurement functions are

1) Resource, and supplier selection is included.

2) To get the entries you need to make sure that the form.

3) The distribution of the goods arrived upon arrival, the coordinate system

4) Price negotiations

5) To control the quality of the incoming goods.

For a specific project, a selection of the pipe of economic factors and the nature of the items, and

the expected determined by Flow. The Land of the construction of the building.

Since the end of the 1800s, steel, and almost the entire pipeline, and the material of the tank were

selected. Today, Double submerged arc welded pipes are used, the spiral weld (vertical weld you

are replacing) welding (Weld), such as pipes, for without a powerful.

Materials handling

Materials handling, (Off Road) move or Raw Materials in all aspects of the flow of interest.

Materials and semi-finished products, and finished products on the site. Success of material

processing, reduce inventory costs, improve productivity and contribute to.

Value is the product to a terminal or storage facilities that are processed in each of the time

without the need to add the costs of any primary distribution purposes, to the extent possible, to

eliminate it. Crude oil and petroleum products in the pipeline for the transport and the objective,

fully achieved.

Product admission, transport, and the discharge of a single process, the remote control is bound

to the operation is usually.

Packaging

First of all, package, and damage to the product, and the product is protected from all of the

potential risks of other goods to prevent damage. Second, the package is saved, and the product

of the movement of material to reduce processing costs.

Warehouse Management

Product Sales and consumption at a later time are stored in the production as soon as customers

Should be after you must be, at least. Storage space that you want to keep the stock required to

maintain control of the work.


The pipeline shall take the form of warehouse tank farm. tank farm law, first of all, the reception

and the central collection, the dispatch integration as a point at which the storage facility, and the

second or buffering is done, as the first and third, facilities for shipping, delivery has been

isolated. tank farms, refineries, and oil field located in the sea port, the pump station and

wholesale deposits. A key feature of the tank farm at the request of as a buffer to synchronize

product that arrives before it needs to be able to save.

Crude oil field is received from the collection system, the line. Along the line of the junction, the

tank farm transfer and integration in transit to the crude oil temporarily, batch processing, and

measurement, hijacking or pipeline is used at the time of the repair. Pipeline terminal, a variety

of other shipping crude oil pipeline for delivery to the tank, and the refinery or ocean port are

separated.

Inventory Management

Inventory management is a significant issue. Both the production and marketing of feature must

be the satisfaction you need to continuously. However, the inventory of a large capital-intensive

warehouse space, note that in addition, the inventory of financial resources are consumed. The

cost for the space in the warehouse, and the inventory of the value of the opportunity cost.

Because of this, the maximum Exchange determines the opportunity cost of the situation and the

results from the stock. Between the side effects must be reached.

Treatment order

Command processing your order fill that is associated with the activities.

This will include the following.

For more information, the Sales section of the verification of the consumer's creditworthiness

Required packages, many of the details of the inventory management staff, the delivery of the

original shipping documents, preparation of the communication status of the command, the

method of payment and shipping.

Efficient pipeline to process planning is important. This is the from each ship criteria this easy to

move, which means the entire stream to a destination in the trunk in a pipeline at the speed

required for all the time configuration is required.

The logistics and communications

Distribution is usually good, the information and communication systems for effective

management is required.


Effective communication,

1) The business and customers must be in between.

2) The Company and its suppliers, and

3) Companies - for example, a marketing major functional component, production, logistics, etc.

4) The various logistics activities, purchase, as a warehouse, order processing, inventory

management, transportation, and

5) The various components of the logistics activities. Accurate, timely communication is

Successful, which are coordinated with Unified logistics management and provide the foundation

for.

Transport

In its simplest form, is in the pipeline transportation, commodity origin point or products to

which it is necessary surplus for the pipe to the pump.

Oil production in the area, the construction of a pipeline for crude oil is shipped in general, this

process, this is oil pumped from a well, or separator soaked in natural reservoirs or gas

transferred to another system. The oil flow and heat, or treaters in the water in the sediment are

removed, or, you have the option of the collection volume pipeline system for delivery to until

you are ready for the "lease" the tank.

Crude oil is a sender is a line, and he is to enter his own crude, the other shippers and associated

with it. The volume of crude oil, depending on the class of the group. The oil pipeline operators

approximately to the same quantity are received from the producer comparable to the destination.

With the same quality of crude oil, not things, on-time delivery of the specified volume of other

shipping in the same volume can be replaced.

Reverse Logistics

The process of the return of the product distribution is an integral part of the process.

Sales of the product to the customer or defective or over people that have been received to return

to item can be bad. In the pipeline to transport the desired package and the return of Empty

Containers of non-container of build mode. Pipeline between the origin of long-term links and

destination. If necessary, return to a continuous service you do not need to reverse the process, or

if the pump is included. The reverse logistics activities do not need transportation of significant

economies of scale to enjoy high measurement in the pipeline.


The relative effectiveness of pipeline operations

Pipeline infrastructure is a very large amount of capital provides the services that the rest of the

operating cost is relatively small. Continuous flow Pipeline transportation (in other words, the

other vehicle load), batch transfer without interruption, and other modes, high volume. Because

of the high interest rate of the economy of scale and density to achieve when enough, on-

demand, and can be a sustainable ongoing high usage of transportation in the pipeline is very

competitive in comparison to other forms of transportation.

EFFICIENCY OF THE SERVICE

The determining factor of the most relevant transport performance of the service, the client

functionality, accessibility, security, transport time, reliability and flexibility are required.

The following are the determinants of these, in general, easily defined to clarify the specific

construction of a pipeline. Features of specific products of the carrier for the transport of

necessary equipment and facilities to provide you with the technical features. Pipeline is the

investment cost is required. These costs are fixed, and that it was inevitable that you say, rapidly,

the unit, and the flow is reduced and increased. As a result, pipeline transportation, and irregular

in the small volume of the product to these businesses and organizations that require it is not

appropriate for it.

The accessibility of the carrier service, through the specific link to the physical access to

facilities has the ability to provide. To be more precise, the product is the reference

Of the specified point to the point of use or consumption may have the ability to transfer.

In the pipeline (in the case of petroleum products) transfer to closed tank Battery Replacement

Service is on the top of the tank, only you can provide. tank farm, the oil wells, refineries, and

maritime port, Pipeline Track and wholesale deposits. Because of this, and that you can access in

the pipeline transportation services that are time deposits, the wholesale price of oil refineries,

and between the upstream has to offer. The supply pipe downstream of the deposits accessibility

zero. As a result, the petroleum products Depot service between the client and the distribution of

road transport, almost without exception.

The point of view of the quantity, the transport of goods in the pipeline is remarkable Record

Security. Shrinkage by theft, fire, damage or loss, risk of spills, evaporation is not important.

Order cycle time between the order placement and delivery of the total elapsed time. This is

often the case; a higher-speed, transportation, and cost are considered. Plan logistics, a speed

short supply and delivery cycle, and in the system, the stock for the means.

Crude oil line or the delivery of long-distance network is a single sender each time you are not in

batch size of the Sender to be shipped pre-request indicates that it is.


Run in batch mode that is the outsourcing of Notification of shipment are waiting for the time

and duration of between 14 and 28 in the depend on the number of days. The ship is not in mode

was held, and the consignor, if normal, 48 hours, 14 days available in potential.

The transfer rate is slow (between 5 and 15 km/h), which is the amount of the product is

ingested, transport and discharge-product storage tank as soon as you are discharged by the

arrival of a single process together. This is the pump process is ongoing, the round-trip required

or the empty, stop or delay of the work can be done in without transhipping to that total transit

time.

Reliability to the carrier, it provides consistency of transit time. The recording, or always

Arranged collection of products, and the conditions for the delivery, the time limit for the

performance of essential, and the Tender Offer, the same conditions and the quantity of the

carrier in the evaluation will be taken into account.

Pipeline transportation is highly reliable; it will be in the safety and punctuality. For these

reasons, as follows.

The staff in the pipeline, there are not many. These are the most automated, the number of

employees, the pump and valve control in the or in the two maintenance work needs to be done.

Employees and long-term absence is less effective to the operation of the event.

The product flow through the pipeline to electronically controlled and monitored. This

is a leak of the not to quickly can be detected. There are no pipeline leaks or damage due to the

adverse weather conditions, the loss of service should not be interrupted.

Flexibility is an effective way to charge the volume change of the mass of the load management

and overall efficiency without a large loss, collection, and delivery time and location of the

proven to be determined, and the hope. Flexibility, reliability, and transfer operations to provide

for the interruption, the deviation schedule, send and accelerate the progress of collection and

delivery to correspond to edit.

The pipeline was created flexibility in how it was not. Pipelines geographically have the

flexibility as a fixed location is designed to work.

Using the pipeline that there is no flexibility, the product, the compatibility within the limits of

the variable. For example, in a full range of petroleum products, the products of the aviation fuel

to the petrol and diesel the prejudice to change. From petroleum products, however, have a drink

or another drink of the liquid cannot be variable.


Synthesis:

Validity and accessibility of the carrier and the technology available in the physical world, you

need to run the service to determine if you can. Security products, reducing transit times and

improve the reliability of the service, and flexibility of the competition is a source of competitive

advantage. Short transit time, reliability and flexibility, the inventory levels and the cost savings.

Pipeline scheduling

Programming the multiproduct pipeline to a lot of constraints is a very difficult task. The process

of the operation of the major activities include: entry to the delivery schedule will need to be

generated. In the first step, the batch process, the incoming product is injected into the sequence,

the batch size of the pump rate, the input terminal or a product, the first is defined have been

inserted. An ideal product combination problems batch size, and sequence of the interface by the

combination of the product, and to minimize the cost of purpose, and/or as a line of cleaning.

Isolation Devices are rarely used, the sequence that is part of the product, the persistent because

there is no pollution is prohibited. In the next step, the delivery schedule, the number of the

product pipeline and pumping during the execution of each affected to the destination specifies

the amount which has been.

In this procedure, a moment to provide the pump/disable delivery to execute the plan, you will

need to activate. Its primary purpose is pump switching of pipelines, and reduce the total number

of idle restart of the flow of the energy consumed in the segment, and maintenance costs to the

cost of the pump is reduced to. More than one of the operation of the product pipeline discrete-

event simulator is especially convenient to faster, more effective, realistic and robust tool to

generate a schedule assisted by computer. It is easy to separate operations, use the criteria to

search for a detailed schedule.

Simulation pipeline operation

he network and the pipe to connect more than one refinery, the port in the series, many of the oil

company distribution centre, and the transport is configured. Garcia Sanchez, torn, The Ortega

DLIA (2008) taboo, to find the Discrete Event Simulation model of the real world product

pipeline scheduling problem to tackle hybrid approach. In this task, easy access to the

technological search in a simulation model that is being tested is sufficient to improve schedule

are used. A lot of time products that are pre-defined in the destination is of the same size are

divided into separate units in the pipeline, is injected into the network.


Pipes

Pipeline System is a distributed network to connect to the node (pipe) and another divided into

segments. Each of the pipes is a fixed size and material of the entity and in extreme line can be

moved from one location to another location on a single server, by using the model. By

combining various pipes, or a particular size, and rate of the service, the most models for all

pipeline system to simulate the behavior of the structure.

Some of the entities in the pipeline, to the point in time that you enter the queue each other

extreme are placed on the entity push. In other words, the ends of the pipe, a new entity, the pipe

to the inlet section at a time, as you type the first entity in the queue that you want to send to the

server is located. System to carry multiple products and the model is of the line of each of the

pipe, and track the Update Server to each event in the queue. Pipe Server Waiting for services

that the entity can be in, and the action is as follows:

(I) no action;

(II) go to the next pipe ;

(III) The load in a terminal of the tank.

The terminals

Terminal to be sent in the consumer market with products of the tank farm. Simulation of the

model, the project in the line of products from the entity is in the arrivals hall, with the delivery

of regional markets to be processed at the same time. Tank cannot exceed the maximum level,

but there is, in general, minimum level of the material is also required. This is a previously

explained to you, as a continuous variable, the storage tank of the inventory level in the model is

used. In the construction of the pipeline in the output for each terminal automatically based on

the requirements are generated by the simulation model.

The pipeline, ship, tank trucks, tank Wagon, such as crude oil, and a compressed oil and

liquefied gas and liquid hydrocarbon, petroleum products and pipeline from the origin of the

track, and the refinery sales representative and other chemicals used for the transportation of

consumers.

Crude oil and liquid petroleum products are transported, handled; a natural state of a liquid is

stored in. The transfer has been processed hydrocarbon gas and gases are stored in the liquid and

fully, the pipeline, Tank, bottle before you use or to other containers must be limited to.

Liquefied petroleum gas (LNGs) is the most important feature is, stored, processed and liquid

that is shipped from the factory as a relatively small amount of space, the gas is used for the

development. For example, the (LNG), liquefied natural gas °- 162 C, is stored in the release,

when the atmospheric temperature is the difference between storage and the fluid to expand the

power plant. Liquefied natural gas (LNG (3.8 L) gallon of natural gas of approximately 2.5 to


convert to normal temperature and pressure. The liquefied gas, compressed gases are

concentrated and available for use with the gas is supplied with the container of the same size.

Pipelines-Gas

This is the normal case, crude oil, natural gas and liquefied natural gas, all the qualities of oil and

gas (LPG), petroleum product pipeline, using all of the time during the transition, in the , the ,

the , and the gas, and the refinery, or to the terminal in the plant, and in the end, the gas flow to

the consumer. Network Air, submarines, metro lines, and the size of the meter is in a few

centimeters and the diameter from the details of variables, crude oil, natural gas, LNGs and

liquid petroleum products in a large amount. The pipeline is in every part of the world, Alaska

and Siberia, the frozen tundra to the hot desert, from the Middle East, rivers, lakes and the ocean,

wetlands, forests, and, in the mountains, and through the city. The first step of the construction of

a pipeline is difficult, expensive, and built and maintained properly, if it is run, the safety of

these products, and cost-effective to provide one.

First, the success of the pipeline, cast iron pipe diameter 9km of oil per day, approximately 800

barrels per day of potential length of 5 Cm, (the United States) held in 1865 in Pennsylvania.

Today, crude oil, natural gas and liquid petroleum products that have been moved from long-

distance from the pipeline, speed of 5.5 to 9 km for each interval, the larger the pump or

compressor, the root of the pipeline from a distance of more than 9O KM 270km distance

between the pump and compressor stations is determined by the potential of the pump, the

viscosity of the product, the size of pipelines, and type of terrain cross member. These factors

and independent of the pipeline pumping pressure and flow rate of the product is a constant

movement of the pipeline, in order to maintain the system as a whole is in the control.

Types of pipelines

The oil and gas industry of the pipeline of the four basic types of flow line collection line of gas

crude oil pipeline and petroleum products pipeline.

The flow lines- flow line from crude oil and natural gas production wells in the field, the Storage

Tank, Tank. Flow line size of 5 cm diameter from the original pressure in the field, only few

holes to the Multi, high pressure in the field of large line by might be different. Offshore

platform flow line, the prices of crude oil and gas from the well of the storage platform for easy

loading and transport. Leased line flow line of storage tanks, in a single lease crude oil produced

is all that the transmission type.

The collection and the power lines- Central to the accumulation of oil and gas to deliver some

of the location of the line that you want to collect from collection marine plants of crude oil and

natural gas fields of the tank of the dock as the point. Power line oil and gas line delivered


directly to more than one location, as displacement of crude oil from the offshore platforms

collect crude oil pipeline to the shore. Collection line and a power line flow line is usually more

than the larger diameter.

Crude Oil Pipeline Long-distance natural gas and crude oil production areas and oil refineries

and marine Docking Station - 1 storage, and distribution facilities from the refinery 3-M-or to a

broader move to diameter and gas pipelines.

petroleum product pipeline- These pipeline liquids such as gasoline, petroleum products, and

the refinery and fuel oil between the terminal and the Navy's and pipeline construction of the

terminal to the terminal distribution. Product Pipeline Product in bulk from the terminal of the

storage facilities, the consumer storage facilities, occasionally directly to consumers, and the

refinery can be distributed. Product Pipeline Distributor Storage facilities for the Refinery and

large-scale industrial user LPG used to move.

Regulations and Standards to a pipeline

It is built according to regulatory agencies and industry organizations have established safety,

and environmental standards in a manner consistent with the operation. The United States is in,

Department of Transport (dot), and the adjustment of the operation pipeline is the Environmental

Protection Agency (EPA) to adjust the spills, discharge the management of Safety and Health

(OSHA) promulgated the standards to cover the health and safety of workers and the state,

Committee (ICC) regulated common carrier pipeline. Industry groups such as the American

Petroleum Institute and the American Gas Association and other as well as the number of

operation pipeline to cover the recommended best practices to the public.

The construction of the pipeline

Pipeline route plan using the topographic map that was developed from aerial photo Survey to,

followed by the actual large scale survey. And the plan to get the root and the establishment of

the right, the authentication go to base camp, which is established on the access of construction

equipment is required. From one end of the pipeline to the other or at the same time since they

are connected in the section working can be build.

Pipeline is the first step to ensure the planned along the route 15-, 30- M service, for the entire

road to join the pipe and equipment for the pipe to be laid underground pipeline, excavation and

backfilling equipment provides a stable foundation for the building. X tube section, the service

along the road down to the ground. To clean the ends of the pipe, the pipe or in the horizontal

direction to be folded in the vertical direction, if necessary, on the ground in section position was

held with the shim, the multi-path electric arc welding are participating in this program. Weld to

visually check that the gamma radiation is whether the fault is present. Each section of the test

that there are no leaks and Air liquid soap - the pressure is coated.


Pipeline cleaning, priming and the hot, tar materials with heavy paper, mineral wool the outer

layer of plastic or coated to prevent corrosion and envelopes. pipe if it is possible to be buried in

the sand and gravel in the bottom of the trench. Bed is ready. In the concrete pipe short-sleeve,

underground water pressure for a waiver of the trench to prevent you can compare. After the

underground pipeline is placed in the trench, the trench is backfilled, the surface is returned to

normal appearance. Coating of the wrapper and the ground, and the application piping that is

established by or easel small Casements, anti-earthquake shock absorption, etc. Another design

has the ability to lift. Pipeline, the isolated and the transportation of products during the period of

the temperature required in order to prevent the heat capacity can be traced. All of the sections,

hydrostatic testing or gas liquid hydrocarbon services before you enter.

The owner of the pipeline

Pipeline operations and for the private sector to be the owner of the product can be transmitted,

or the public in the carrier and the pipeline will be product requirements and the rate if they meet

the company's products that are required to achieve. The main pipeline processing pipeline,

compressor, or the delivery of the pump station and the terminal. Storage, cleaning,

communication is also an important feature to the shipment.

Controls the pipeline- The product is transported in a pipeline, the size and length or a robust,

terrain and the pipeline gas stations, the pressure and flow rate to complete a continuous flow

and operations in order to ensure the speed control. In general, operators, and the computer,

pumps, valves, from a central location to the entire pipeline system of the regulator and the

compressor control.

Oil pump station and gas compression- crude oil, petroleum products, gas stations gas

compressor station in wells in the pipeline, along the route of the pressure and the volume

required to maintain the place. Pump motor or diesel fuel that is driven by the engine and

turbine, fuel oil, gas or vapour is supplied. Many of these stations are automatically, the staff of

the most control of the time. A pump, and steam Return Line or pressure equalization. No lines,

in general, are a small pipeline LNG LPG, used in the transportation of natural gas compression

(CNG). The pipeline pressure detector installed in the signal leakage and the excess flow valve

or other restricted flow of the device in the event of a leak in the flow, but the rate is used to

minimize. storage tank, the tank is from the main pipeline, the manual control or distributors or

Fuse link can be separated by valve.

Pipeline Product storage- Crude Oil and Petroleum Product Pipeline Track break-out storage

tank can be diverted to the ship, it will be retained until it is time to, or refinery, terminal, or the

user must be in. pipeline pumping stations of the other tank fuel engine or engine generators to

run the fuel pump for operation is included. The gas is continuously, the gas pipeline will operate

continuously, because the reduction of the request during the period of time, this summer, such


as liquefied natural gas, oil, and natural caves and underground salt dome, this will need to be

saved.

Cleaning of the line-The pipeline is periodically or if necessary, clean the flow, reducing

friction to continue, such a large scale in order to maintain internal diameter. A special device

cleaning, pig, known as the Devil's move to the pipeline, the oil flow in the pump station, and

then push. The pig through the pipeline and any dirt and accumulated in the pipeline wall wax or

other deposits scratches off. It is when you reach the pump station, the pig has been removed,

and the cleaning of the pipeline, the next station on the trip to re-inserted.

Communications- It is important, schedule, and pump rate and pressure and emergency

procedures, and the pipeline Station on operators and dispatch, crude oil, gas, petroleum products

and receipt of the communication between the agreement and that there is. Part along the

pipeline in the pipeline sends a signal to the other radio or from the public using a telephone to

organization private phone system. Many of the ultra-high-frequency pipeline microwave

transmitters between computer system control centre for communication to the pumping station.

Oil shipments of the product- Petroleum products on the pipeline of the number of different

methods can be delivered. To work with the company, and the Refinery of gasoline in its own

specific class (additive) appropriate additives and Superimpose and in the pipeline, many of the

direct distribution of customers thanks to its own terminal, can be shipped to. Another method is

to explode, and the refinery's gasoline or product specifications, product specifications common

carrier Pipeline Company to be compatible with the fact that the mixed, the batch can be created.

Gasoline is in the pipeline, the pipeline system of the terminal connected to the distribution

companies. The third method, the product division, each of these two terminals to dispatch

additional shipping and handling, in order to avoid the replacement. Corruption and Exchange

products usually construction of a pipeline for the product to receive each of the businesses of

the device to meet specific requirements for the terminal in order to blend the additives. Finally,

some of the products and the refinery terminal directly to the consumer from the commercial jet

fuel pipeline gas distribution organization to the airport of the gas in power plant heating oil are

distributed.

Product receipts and deliveries- pipeline operators and track operators in a joint receipt of the

product's safety program and transfer to establish the status of the emergency, the pipeline and

terminal during shipment of the product to a complete stop or destination if you want to change

the action must be in the coordinate system.


Shipments by batches and interface

The crude oil pipeline, originally used to move them, but for all types of liquids and petroleum

products have evolved to different categories. Batch processing of petroleum product pipeline, so

that the continuous, or the product mixture at the interface level, mixed together. Product Mix:

(outages) are controlled either by separation of the liquid and solid by using a spacer with the re-

processing or mixed. Radioactive tracer, dye, the spacer to a pipeline, the interface is to occur to

identify where more likely to be located. Radioactive sensor, Visual observations or gravity test

to identify different batch pipeline facilities and they receive.

Petroleum products are compatible with the normal pipeline oil is not a batch sequence, or one of

the other adjacent to transfer to Raw products. The quality of the product and the integrity of

derating or discard the methodology to maintain a lot of the interface between the levels of the

product at least affected by reducing. For example, high-octane gasoline batch is usually

immediately before or after a regular octane rating of the gasoline is low, the batch shipped. It is

mixed. The small amount of these products to a fall in gasoline octane in the downgrade. Before,

or after, gasoline, diesel fuel, when diesel fuel interface of small quantity of gasoline, rather than

blend in petrol diesel fuel, the flash point of the decline in the mixing is allowed. Batch

interfaces are generally Visual observation, gravitometers or sampling detected.

Pigs of the spacer or cleaning liquids and solids on a separate physical product another batch that

you want to use to identify. Solid spacers have a radioactive signal is detected, the device a

special receiver from construction of the pipeline in the batch of the product when there is a

change from the transfer. Liquid water separator, or either or it is isolated and subsequently

deleted, or many, retirement other are confused with another product. The kerosene and

(reduced) to another storage device is the downgrade, even if it is recycled, are many and the

other can be used.

To control the interface, the third method, the pipeline to the end of an oil refinery that is used to

handle the interface is returned. Products that are contaminated with water and an interface with

the re-processing, is returned.


In the pipeline for the continuous transfer of the product that is the large amount of the

environment by the discharge may be damaged. The Company and regulatory safety

requirements and the construction of gas pipelines, the location, and weather conditions,

accessibility and, depending on the operation of the product, considerable amount of pipe or a

leak occurred to break. Pipeline operators, emergency response and prepare the containment and

cleaning the personnel and equipment of the leakage of the call, or if emergency measures. This

building is earth dam and drainage, for example, a simple solution on the ground, fast-trained

operators are included, and to transfer any spilled product can be implemented.


Maintenance of pipelines and the health and safety of workers

The first pipeline of cast iron- A modern gas pipelines welded, high-strength steel, and high

can withstand the pressure. Periodically, the wall thickness of the internal corrosion and deposits

that are held to determine if the test. Weld visual and gamma radiation is not present that is

plastic pipe, low pressure, and to be used in small diameter flow lines and Gas and Crude Oil

Production in the region of the collection and the plastic and lightweight, it is easy to control that

you want to move and assemble, but you may think you are.

A pipeline is cut, and the flange of the opening of the valve or line are separated by removing the

anti-static arc impressed Cathodic Protection voltage, corrosion, and sacrificial anode, close to

high-voltage power lines or spray that is created by Earth current. This is to ensure that a to

minimize the ground (earth) and the pipes, the rectifier excitation Cathodic Protection is close to

the side of the connection and separation of the ground wire to each side of the piping before

starting the work. in other sections of the pipeline, such as a valve, is added to the existing line,

or the construction of the course, you must first must be bonded to the pipeline.

Work with a pipeline during an electrical storm, you need to stop. Using the equipment in the

pipeline, to less than 3M High-voltage electrical lines must be used. Vehicle is working in the

vicinity of high-voltage lines of equipment that is connected to the chassis ground strap

subsequent you must have temporary metal buildings, must be connected to earth.

The pipeline, which is the special coating that has been wrapped in order to prevent corrosion.

Cathodic protection electrical protection may be required. After the construction of a pipeline is

coated on a section, isolated, and metal that is connected to the anode a special clamp together.

The construction of a pipeline in the pipeline, the cathode is enough potential of direct current to

the source of the land there is a possibility that the corrosion.

All of the sections of hydrostatic testing or liquid hydrocarbons, the service of the gas, a rule is in

the pipeline, the company's requirements during the life of a certain interval of the before you

enter. The water pressure in the AIR pipeline prior to the exam that is built with the risk-free rate

is reduced from water pressure must be removed. Pipeline to be monitored regularly to monitor

the antenna, typically the visually detects leaks in the control center of the flow, or loss of

pressure in the pipeline break has occurred or to means that in order to detect the monitor.

The operator of the pipeline system, the corrective action in case of an emergency so that they

can be alert to the warning and signaling is provided with the system. The emergency, the

discovery pipeline pressure valve pipeline pressure to enable automatic shut-off system. Manual

control or automatic isolation valve, normal, strategic intervals, the pipeline, gas stations, and

both sides of the river.

An important consideration is the use of the pipeline, you can work with a subcontractor was to

alert the user of a pipeline, or along the route to make excavations in the pipeline is inadvertence

does not appear to be damaged provides a means to you is that the rape, a flat tire and a steam

and gas explosion and fire. This is typically the construction permit is required regulatory or


pipeline to organizations and groups that are in the running to find entrepreneurs before you can

call the central number that you want to provide.

Burning crude oil and petroleum products by pipeline, because the release of line failure, or

steam or liquid in the event of a fire or explosion. Pressure has a security level of pressure

pipelines work needs to be reduced before. Fuel gas to run the test, you will need to allow the hot

work before you repair or maintenance, or pipeline, issued by the TAP. Flammable liquid and

vapour and gas pipeline before you start to work you need to clear. The construction of a

pipeline, you cannot clear and approved connector is being used, if you are to establish a safe

working procedures, and then for skilled workers. The line pressure to build the back of the plug-

in to eliminate the hot work area safety distance of damage must be down.

Security procedures should be established and then to skilled workers, the pipeline and the hot

press you will need the welding work and tap hot for leaks and the leak occurs in the location

you have if you are doing any liquid on the outside of the pipe you will need to clean the

contaminated soil was removed, the inflammation, or you need to prevent the spread of.

Very, the pipeline operation or maintenance or repair on each side of the pump station is the

closest of the operator must be performed to a warning if it is important that the shutdown is

required. The oil and gas pipelines, the producer is injected into the pipeline operator when to the

producer for more information, repair, in case of an emergency, during the maintenance action to

be performed must be provided. For example, production of a pipeline to connect the fuel tank

and lines, before the entire valve and the tank of the tie rod and the line port, close and lock the

operation that was sealed, until you have completed.

Pipes and toxic and hazardous materials handling field normal safety precautions, and Drilling

for the construction of gas pipelines and that are applied during the weld. The workers'

compensation method of the climatic conditions and the poisonous plants, insects, snakes, in the

fall of the trees and rocks and they need to be protected from. The excavations on the scene that

are backed up by folding tilted), and the metro, and pipeline construction or repair in order to

avoid the need to be. The workers, safe work practices, and the opening and the electrical

transformer and the switch must be followed when excitation.

Pipeline operation and maintenance staff working alone, and the pipeline to the section.

Atmospheric pressure test and the use of the staff, Respiratory protective equipment is required

to determine the oxygen and burning vapour level, and to ensure that you are protected, and toxic

exposure of the hydrogen sulphide, benzene and gauge tank, Open Lines, cleaning spills,

sampling, testing and shipping, receiving, and other pipeline activity. The workers wear

Dosimeter or film badge, and the exposure density meter is used, the owner or other radioactive

source. Staff and Respiratory protective equipment is used by the polycyclic aromatic


hydrocarbons, toxic gas that is included the pipe coating and used for the operation of the hot tar

burns protect the risk should be considered.

Marine tankers and barges

Most of the world's crude oil tankers, such as the Middle East and Africa, and the refinery is

producing areas from areas of consumption, such as the United States, Europe, Japan, and in the

transfer. Oil-based products, the first time the cargo is transported in large barrels. The first

tanker ships in 1886, which was built in about 2300, the oil per 2,240 LB) transport sdwt. Today,

more than 300 large super tankers M OO, almost 2 times more oil than you can to. The collection

is a feeder pipeline marine terminal or offshore platform loading facilities, crude oil tankers,

barges in crude oil pipeline or refinery due to the traffic on the road that is also the last of the oil

products between terminals, refineries, and delivery of the tanker, the interrupt transfer. After

delivery of the goods, the ship loading facilities, repeat the sequence to return to ballast.

LPG and LNG vessels

The three types of vessels used for the transportation of LPG and LNG are:

· The vessels of tanks under pressure up to 2 Mpa (LPG only)

· The ships with thermal insulation reservoirs and a reduced pressure of o.3 to o.6 Mpa (LPG

only) · Cryogenic receptacles with thermal insulation tanks under pressure close to atmospheric

pressure (LPG and LNG).

For the shipment of the LNGs ships consistent security awareness is required. The transfer hose

and the correct temperature and pressure of the LNGs are being processed in order must be

adjusted. Gas, vapour and air, an inert gas (nitrogen) that can be written to prevent insertion of

the mixture in the tank, which is scheduled to complete in order to detect a leak on the monitor.

Before you load the storage tank is dirty in order to check that you do not need to be checked.

The reservoir is an inert gas and air, if it contains the LNG,): Is the LNG before you load the

approximate to the vapour should be purged. Tank is always used to verify their integrity you

need to examine. Is the safety valve of the heat generated by Up LHR vapour in order to alleviate

must be installed. Ship of the fire suppression system and emergency procedures are provided

instead.

Crude oil and petroleum products of vessels

The tankers, barges are engine and the rear of the ship, in the quarter, and (the tank) in a special

compartment crude oil and liquid petroleum products in bulk, to run the rest of the ship that is

designed to be on the ship. The cargo pump in the pump room, and forced ventilation to the

system where you want to insert, and then start the pump room and explosion of the bunker in

order to mitigate the risk are available. A modern oil tankers and barges, construction is the hull


and 1990 is the International Maritime Organization (IMO tanker safety standards in the United

States Oil Pollution Law required other protective equipment and safety equipment is equipped

with. Some of the new drawing of the boat hull, tankers on both sides of the track to provide

additional protection to double-click. In general, the transport of crude oil, a large oil tankers,

small tankers and barges to transport petroleum products.

Giant oil tankers. (ulcc and huge tankers) ultra-wide and Very Large Crude oil carriers, the size

of the move and the Draft for a specific route is limited. The ULCC 300000 sdwts, giant tankers

from 160000 to 300000 sdwts capacity potential boat. The Large Crude oil carrier oil

organization the most is not a property of the average size of the Super boat specializing in the

market for transport from the organization.

A large oil tanker, 25000 160000 sdwts to the rise in crude oil prices, usually from a range or

residual product. More than 25,000 small oil tankers, and sdwt, usually gasoline, fuel oil,

lubricating oil.

Barge is primarily coastal and inland waterways, The River and the alone, or more of the groups,

and the self-propelled, or TUG will move. The oil refineries in order to you may be able to

transfer, but most of the time for the transport of petroleum products as an inexpensive way for

delivery to the terminal from the refinery. Cargo barges, including overseas project from a tanker

load of being used in the docking station, or the size that you are not allowed.

Barge and ship loading and unloading

Checklist and guidelines will be established between the terminal and the agreement of the ship

have you shore, security procedures and the ship operator. International Safety Guide For oil

tankers and terminals (in 1978 the International Chamber of Commerce and shipping) checklist,

guidelines, and other security procedures and the operation of the ship, and all of the ships and

terminal operator can be used to load or unload information and examples are included.

The vessels are sitting in the water, so in essence, it is linked to the Earth, but if necessary, the

accumulated in the static load or unload, and protection. This bonding or load of the docking

station to connect metal objects or/device to the factory default of metal by to unload. The

bonding is loaded using a conductor pipe and tube of the run. Electrostatic spark will have the

same strength, the device, the temperature gauge or soon to read. a sufficient length of time to

consumption, to a static load must be allowed to after the compartment to reduce measurement

equipment that should be generated when you can to trigger.

Boat on the beach electrical currents, static electricity, which is different from the hull of the ship

Cathodic Protection of the docking station, or between the ship and the vessel and the galvanic

potential differences, can be generated by. The current load/unload of the device on which the


metal to build. The loading arm flange insulation of the length of the pipe on the inside, and the

pipeline is connected to the system to be installed in a location that you can be. If you are

disconnected from the surface of the metal above the other, to jump to the Spark is not possible.

The ship and the terminal all agree on a common set of agreed upon the version of the product, a

fire, or toxic gases, vapours, in the case of the emergency response procedures. These include the

emergency operations of the product flow and the blood vessels of the Emergency from the Dock

has stopped you need to finance. The Communication Plan, the fire services, steam cloud

attenuation, mutual aid, and rescue the clean-up and corrective action should be considered.

Portable fire-fighting facilities and fixed systems, the government and requirements of the

Company and in terms of the size of the potential value of the Dock and wharf facilities must be

appropriate. International Safety Guide For oil tankers and terminals (1978 ship of the

International Chamber of Commerce) as a guide to the anchor, the terminal of the fire prevention

can be used to sample the risk of fire to notifications.

Ship of the Navy to health and safety

The risk of a sea of normal, in addition to working in naval ship crude oil and writable transport

of liquids is the health, safety, fire prevention, if you created a special number. These are the

spread and expansion of liquid cargo, transport, and loading and unloading of the pyrophoric

flammable vapours, risk, as the possibility of other substances, such as hydrogen sulphide and

the air vent, benzene, and Security Considerations in toxic photography, flushing and cleaning

requirements of the passenger compartment. The Attack of the oil of the modern economy, the

length of time for the period of the short time interval only in the sea in the port of loading or

unloading of goods, must be in. This element is in the tanker and highly automated and that it is,

in fact, that are connected to some of the crew of the unique mental and physical demands that

are created on the ship.

Protection against fires and explosions

Emergency plans and procedures on board the type of goods and other potential hazards that is

tuned to be developed, it must be implemented. Fire extinguishing equipment must be provided.

The Emergency Response Team, a member of the ships, fire, rescue, and the fight on the board

responsibility to clean spill drill and equipped to potential emergency situations to address must

be trained. water, foam, dry chemical, halon, carbon dioxide and water vapour is used as cooling

water and impede fire-fighting equipment and the agent of the ship, and halon phase to deal with

environmental problems, it is not for you. Boat fire fighting equipment and system requirements

of the ship, the sails of the flag, and the state of the policy of the Corporation to establish a

human life in general, in the Sea of protection (SOLAS Convention), 1974, follow the

recommendations of the international convention.


Flame or open flames, smoke and other sources of ignition of the strict control, sparks, electrical

equipment and the protection of the light bulb is not welding, arc welding, the mandatory boat

fire and explosion hazards, in order to reduce the time. The board comes with hot before any

operation is carried out, and explore the area, have been tested in a safe state you need to confirm

that are permitted, and allowed for a specific task has to be issued.

Cargo Space vapour explosion, prevent the outbreak of a fire. Less than 11% of the oxygen level

in the inert gas atmosphere to non-combustible materials and to maintain it. The source of an

inert gas boilers ship or independent, gas generator or Afterburner with the exhaust gases from

the gas turbine. The 1974 SOLAS convention of more than 60 degrees C the flash point for ships

to transport an inert system compartment equipped with means that it should have. Inert gas

system is used for non-blood vessels that can be written to the bunker of the conditions must be

maintained. An inert gas compartment is the safety conditions in order to verify that you want to

monitor, you must be able to write because they cannot be pyrophoric substances, the risk of

ignition of deposits.

Confined Spaces

Board is a limited space on board a ship, the cargo space of the room, the paint rack, pump, and

the fuel tank and the double-hull and the space between the same way, in a limited space, entries

to be processed, the hot and cold. Oxygen content of the test, combustible gas and toxic

substances, and the limited space, enter must be performed before you. To establish a system that

you want to allow, and then all of the limited space entry, secure (cold) is hot work, and work,

and a safe exposure level and the required personal information and Respiratory protective

equipment, you will need to. In the sea of the United States, these test chemical oceanography

research that are called qualified person can be carried out.

Like this, the cargo tank and the pump room on a boat in the compartment as in a limited space,

if the inert gas cleaning or writable, toxic gas or if there is an unknown atmosphere, they need to

be tested, a special safety and respiratory protection procedures must be followed. Drain the oil

after the age are close together, the residue, called a small amount of the compartment, washed in

the ballast water is entered, you can remain on the surface of the inside. In the residue that it will

reduce the amount of how to close together, with the age of up to 80 percent, and crude oil

change to insert in each side of the compartment is washing equipment that will eliminate that

you want to install.


The pumps, valves and equipment

The work permit should be issued, safe work practices, followed by draining and bonding, and

writable oil vapour and toxic products, and testing, the exposure, the release of fire control

equipment operation, maintenance or repair, cargo pump, lines, valves, and equipment if the boat

is required.

Exposures to toxic products

The combustion gas and hydrogen sulphide gas boat which was released as a specially-designed

evacuation of the system of the opportunity to get to the bridge. To continue with the test, the

level of an inert gas all of the blood vessels and the hydrogen sulphide level or the previously-

run sour crude oil or the remaining fuel is included in order to determine vessel must be

performed. The test of exposure to benzene or benzene ship carrying crude and gasoline must be

carried out on. Inert gas scrubber drainage water and condensate water is acidic and corrosive

PPE, you need to contact must be used.


The terminal to Establish a process, and the equipment of water spills on the environment and to

protect our planet, and was in the air, the vapours from the version. Marine terminal for large-

scale use of vapour recovery system for more and more. It is included in the box, and closed the

compartment event space and air pollution, to comply with the requirements for you must ensure

that you have. Emergency response procedures must be established, and the equipment and

qualified personnel spills, high crude oil prices, release of combustible and flammable liquid has

to be capable of handling. A responsible person, a notification to the society is to ensure that the

need to be specified by the competent authority, the leak, or release to occur must be reported.

In the past, oil-contaminated ballast water and cleaning tank compartment in the Sea of empty. In

1973, the prevention of pollution from ships of the International Convention for the

requirements, the water is discharged to the sea is established prior to, but the oily residue that

are separated by the retained land, that can be converted to the board must be in. The modern oil

tanker ballast system is isolated, and a variety of line, the pump, according to the

recommendations International freak. Product that is used to clean the possibility of tank so that

you don't have to. Old ship cargo tank, a special procedure, with the ballast for the specified land

tank, treatment facilities, water and hydrocarbons as the pump of the ballast to prevent

contamination of the discharge must be added to it.


The cylinders

The LNG in the consumer and LPG is used, with a bottle of the boiling point temperature of at

least the normal temperature and pressure are stored in. All LNG, LPG, bottle protection collars,

safety valve, and the valve cap. The most basic type of consumption, the cylinder is used,

complete the following steps.

Vapor withdrawal (1/ 2 to 50Kg) cylinders are used by the consumer in the large-scale

rechargeable is in general, and is based on the Supplier Exchange â ¢ liquid dispenser withdrawal

by the consumer of the cylinder to the ownership

Non-refill cylinder motor vehicle fuel tanks, for example, the cylinder of the vehicle (40 kg)

fully installed, the fuel in the tank and motor vehicle type is used, the position in the horizontal

direction and the track is on the bottle, which is stored in the vertical position, the operation is to

use the position in the horizontal direction.

Properties of hydrocarbon gas

The NFPA gas, according to the fuel (flame retardant) AIR, the normal oxygen concentrations a

flammable hydrocarbon gas combustion of liquid vapour, similar to the specific contact

temperature combustion reaction of the mixture of air and gas in a specific range to each defined

write you need to start. The flash point, temperature (always boiling points or less) is sufficient

evaporation of combustion is flammable liquids. gas due to the unclear writable flash point,

usually on top of the boiling point, even if the liquid temperature, because it is always on the

flash point temperature.

The NFPA (1976) defines compressed and liquefied gases as follows:

"Compressed gases are those who, to all the normal atmospheric temperatures inside the

containers, exist only in the gaseous state under pressure."

· "Liquefied gases are those which at normal atmospheric temperatures inside the containers,

exist in part to the liquid state and in part to the gaseous state, and are under pressure as long as

any liquid remains in the container."

This is the pressure in the blood vessels are the main factors to determine the stored Liquid

temperature. It is exposed to the atmosphere, if the liquefied gas is very rapidly vaporizes, on the

ground or along the surface water in the air, the wind and the mechanical movement of the air

distribution in the trip. In normal atmospheric temperature of the liquid in the container does not

about third-party to vaporization.

Flammable gas flammable gas, industrial gases are classified as. Flammable gases, such as

methane, natural gas, propane, butane gas, heat, heating furnaces, boilers, water heaters and


boilers, combustion. Burning of industrial gases, such as acetylene, treatment, welding, cutting,

and heat treatment to be used. LPG and LNG properties of the combustion appear in the table.

Type gas Burnable

range

(% gas in

air)

Vapour

pressure

(psig at 21

°C)

Normal

init. boiling

point (°C)

Weight

(pounds/gal)

BTU

per

Specific

gravity

(Air = 1)

LNG 4.5-14 1.47 -162 3.5-4 1,050 9.2-10

LPG

(propane)

2.1-9.6 132 -46 4.24 2,500 1.52

LPG

(butane)

1.9-8.5 17 -9 4.81 3,200 2.0

LNGs that apply to all of the safety risk of chemical reaction, the temperature and pressure are

associated with the flame retardant. A serious risk of the LNGs (cans and tank containers) and

the ignition source of contacts with the unexpected release. Release the valve failure, the

container or the container of the overflow to occur for a variety of reasons, gas heaters to reduce

the pressure in the vents.

The GPL liquid-phase liquid propane, butane and extended 16 times using a liquid high

coefficient of expansion in the water, the temperature 11 times with the same high level. This

property of the container when filling the free space to the left of the gas-phase, you need to need

to be investigated. The appropriate amount of filling and that it is based on the number of

variables, including the nature of the temperature of the gas filling the time and ambient

temperature, size, type (isolated or non-isolated), and location of the container (up or down) the

earth. The code and regulations, and the filling gas density under the name of the family or a

similar gas is known to be allowed to establish the amount. Fill density weight, specifies the

absolute value as a function of temperature is still that it is modified. Volume of a liquid can be

expressed.

The LPG under pressure in a liquid container must be filled with a 85% maximum capacity 40

degrees (C at higher temperatures. LNG is at a lower temperature, because it is stored in the

container LNG, 95% of the 90% that is filled with liquid. In all of the containers is usually above

the normal atmospheric temperature Liquid temperature-related pressure to lead provided with

the device. These valves, the pressure inside of the atmosphere you cannot reduce the fluid in the

normal boiling point temperature is always on. Compressed, liquefied pure hydrocarbon non-

corrosive gas steel and most copper alloy. However, a serious problem of corrosion sulfur

compounds, impurities, and the gas is when there are.

However, the dilution steam in the air, its density is essentially the same as with the air in the

form that can be written, and it is different it can be distributed. Wind is significantly, the leaking

of any size for distribution to reduce the distance. The GPL LNG vapors into the natural gas is

mixed, is low-evaporation (0.6 Percent) density, and react rapidly because there are in the air, the

writable fuel mixture forming a decrease in the probability of free air distribution. Natural gas in

the space that is enclosed in the flammable vapors may be collected in the clouds.


6.2 Tanker Storage

Steel tank of oil and chemical, to save the use of the USA this is the epitome of our efforts in

other countries. Talk about the experience of the oil social change for the better in the discovery

of how the earliest date. In addition, environmental awareness and public safety issues, and many

of the more recent times, to save the energy security, you will need convincing.

For more information on the Industrial Age oil, with the details. Oil energy source of the

organization, but you want to save the most effective means. In the more distant past, wooden

barrel storage vessel. However, soon enough, oil producers, suppliers, and more reliable, long-

term, large-scale of the potential of a solution is required to realize that.

The 1800 S of the last few decades, between the wooden barrels, not rivet steel tank liquid

chemical products to replace the oil stores. It is ground and underground has been used, whether

or not these rivet tank storage standards may be required by some barrel and beyond.

Tank Standardization

In the early 1900S performance test and the construction of the United States Code and burning

flammable liquid, and standards have been developed to. The goal of the tank and standard tank

owner, manufacturer, fire department, and the insurance company of the country. The production

and use of the tank of the shares of some of the organizations and safety issues to deal with the

start.

- After steel tank (STI Institute. Midwest tank and boiler Manufacturer's Association was

established in 1916. For the same amount of time in between the --UL (Underwriters

Laboratories) is a third-party test Laboratory atmospheric steel tank of the first safety standards.

Storage Tank to the growth of industry standard, another important UL that preceded the

developments. 1904, the National Committee of the Fire Insurance Company, nbfu, 30, the title

is, and that is covered in the rules and requirements for the construction and installation of the

system, to save 250 gallons of liquid, or normal temperature in the non-combustible gas, that are

recommended and the committee consulting engineers"

To a final of the nbfu code and standard is responsible for and the National Fire Protection

Association (NFPA), modify, the storage system, the standard code to specify NFPA 30L, 1913.

Now NFPA 30 or 1957 as the first had been exposed flammable and combustible liquids code,

the document that you know.

Increased use of petroleum products to immediately install the tank hydrocarbon production,

organization is associated with the create your own. In 1919, the American Petroleum Institute

(API) was established, the oil material (PEI) Research Institute was established in 1951. Both of


the groups that are widely respected in many countries, there are some important storage tank

system is the development of standards and guidelines.

Urbanization and Industrialization

Automotive industry began to grow as the distribution of the mass oil dealers to enable it to

adapt. This is the first service station in the construction of a minimal amount of storage tank

must be potential - LED is lit.

For safety reasons, aesthetic purposes, most of the fuel tank is installed underground, especially

in public retail service station. This is, as a business owner, real estate, and other, more

productive, you may want to use. Burial of the leakage of fuel usts, a potential vehicle accident

or other damage to alleviate any concerns about.

Advent of Welding

The production of steel tank in the early days to participate in the centre of the rivet steel, the

most common method in 1920 and 1930 and a number of steel companies in Arc Welding, high-

quality tank LED is turned on. Zinc-plated steel sheet used in the production of the tank, it was

the second world war and if it is out of the zinc-plated products had never seen anything like

that. Rare and recognize the UL black carbon steel, the use of the tank to be manufactured.

Basic cylindrical design is not changed, and in the decades had been in the mid 1950s, an

innovative, product surface has started. The STI product line at the bottom of the heating oil tank

to prevent water accumulation and claims to place. In this design, water and oil heater to

evaporate, the writer, to lead.

In 1956, the Midwest STI 56 standard, underground storage tanks along the top of the size of the

opening and the location are in the design of a widely recognized method is issued.

Underground storage tanks anti-corrosion protection of business-minded corrosion control is

dependent on the development of the standard, especially in the United States. For the past 30

years the fuel tank and very steel tank fabricators of the expected and actual service life.

Between 1960 and 1970, The Lost inventory issues underground steel tank to prevent corrosion

that were the driving force. The ' 60s, the new material and the underground flammable new

design and a flammable liquid tank. The first design is an innovative metal tank was not.

The steel industry is the non-metallic tank; a major oil producer did not focus on it. As a result,

steel tank corrosion steel tank manufacturers to strengthen, with a special focus on how to

respond with their own research efforts.


Shop Fabricated Steel tank, Plastic Wrap or use the "baggies, corrosion protection design, thick

glass fibre reinforced, tar epoxy paint coating with various forms of galvanic anodes are built.

Many of the existing unprotected steel tank and the head of the internal lining, was moved by the

current design, a complete bare steel to protect a system has been upgraded.

Tanker Storage standards for class 1 refineries:

DIAMETE

R

(meters)

HEIGH

T

(meters)

NET

CAPACIT

Y

(cubic

meters)

TYPE

OF

ROO

F

FLUID STORED FLAS

H

POIN

T /

CLAS

S

92 20 119596 FR CRUDE <23/A

36 20 18312 FR PARAXYLENE <27/B

48 20 32555 FR ATF <35/B

45.2 20 36191 DOM

E

LPG/POLYPROPELENE/PROPA

NE

<23/A

16 18 3718 CR ORTHOXYLENE <30/B

66 20 59841 FR DIESEL <56/B

Environmental and Fire Safety Awareness

In the early 1970s, through the whole of the environment of strong concern over hazardous liquid

for a secure storage and subway in the progress of technology LED is lit.

Secondary containment tank design, a useful feature. Steel tank is steel wall or HDPE FRP of

metal with a non-jacket, was built. Thick coated with urethane or FRP tanks are popular anode.

250000 STI -p 3Cathodic Protection tanks are only in the United States, from the late 1960s

installed.

Currently, today is tank industry and innovative changes have occurred. The last decades, many

of the new UST system technologies and trends have emerged. Tank manufacturers and system

designers UST enhancements in the underground tank system 22, the upgrade to the 1998 EPA

were placed before the due date.

Many of the Service Station operators from the U.S. federal government regulations, expiration

date, or as a reason to sell the fuel supply facilities used to shut down. The owner of a tank, very

happy with the new design, to accept the subway, long-distance companies to storage use had

been committed.

Tank owner also increase in petroleum, chemicals stored in the tube of the reasons for the revisit

the question. In 1990, the completely new, unexpected Trend - storage tank on the ground in the


special demand. Expensive, and UST-contaminated soil and water resources, including clean-

UPS negative connotations about the tank, the owner of the underground tank system owners

began considering the advantages and disadvantages. For many, the tank and choose Close. The

vehicle fuel tank if necessary for them, they are close to the driver, the retail service station to be

sent to.

LEAK PREVENTION VS LEAK DETECTION VS LEAK CONTAINMENT:

Environmental protection in the oil industry's approach multi-faceted. Many of the standards and

protect the environment of the liquid and gaseous substances to address potential escape from

being developed. The risk of a liquid to the reference range of the tank itself to escape API

standards and regulations for preventing leaks, leak detection, leak containment. It is a useful

leak prevention and better tank standards, annual changes that have occurred in order to

understand leak detection and leak prevention and to distinguish between.

In simple terms, the leak, the leak

In the first place to prevent the occurrence has been designed for all of the processes. There is a

leak Detection to search after the has been designed for all process or system and leakage

suppression is the leak is included, and the liquid from contaminated groundwater or surface

water so as to separate was designed to process or system. New tank construction oil industry's

primary focus is on the main leak prevention is not detected or is suppressed or spill.

COMMON CAUSES OF LEAKS AND SPILLS:

The most common causes of leaks and spills in aboveground storage tanks are typically

Classified in seven basic categories. These are:

1) Leaks due to corrosion: These type of risk of leaks virtually NIL tanks that is built for the

first time, but is usually in the tank with the increased age. This type of leakage is generally a

slow Rate and quickly discovered that if the characteristic is less the total amount of emissions.

However, the total amount of discharge do not leak detected immediately from the view,

The view is not the Bottom Plate and tank is not equipped with the leak detection device or

system as in the case of occur.

2) Leaks or spills due to operation: The risk of this type of drop or leak is in general may not

Depend on the age of the tank although the penalty can be more severe if the tank is in poor

condition. Examples include such events as congestion, leaks in piping links.

3) Spills or leaks due to failure of the tank: This type of leakage or leakage of hazards of

The main tank, design and construction of dependent on the quality of the. In cold climates the

Brittle fracture of the tank construction material to a sufficient toughness and ductility when

there was no cause to a rare and to this type of failure occurred has become quite popular,

although the catastrophic failure has occurred to the Tank the total leakage is saved product


Rich property is damaged and important environment is damaged.

4) Improper maintenance or lack of maintenance: Lack of appropriate upholding can lead to

leaks resulting from unnoticed corrosion or other harm.

5) Sabotage or vandalism: Spills and leakage may affect intentional attacks on the tank. The

Risks of such events are usually mitigate by increased security actions rather than by

Necessities in design or construction standards.

6) Poorly designed and/or maintained piping systems: Piping system part leaks are the

larger source of leakage and spill when compared to all other categories.

7) Fire and explosion: fire or explosion is usually a bad design, improper operation, or due to

any combination of the two. More often than fire or explosion, not to cause them to leak from the

results of and spills, which is considered the fire or explosion affected tank outflow of Add the

contents of the result of the adjacent tank can be spread. Leaks and spills ground tank, piping and

associated component is designed to prevent the number of industry-standard. This paper, the

American Petroleum Institute's industry standards and recommended practices, the most

important changes with respect to ground tank leak prevention, detection, and spill containment.

These criteria are not static documents, but with continuous improvement in the industry to

reflect the experience of the environment is leakage, spills and emissions through the fuel tank

and the associated components, in order to protect them from new and improved technology to

incorporate.

6.3Role of IT

Data Integration, the oil and gas industry, however, the oil and gas industry of the information of

the hotbed of integration activities in the past five years.

In a lot of ways, the oil and gas industry data integration challenges in many other industries, as

well as - Industrial quality Insight are combined to provide large, heterogeneous in that dataset.

The Oil Gas and Chemicals Business Group, the organization, the Health Care and Life Sciences

Group that are modelled in the industry, these are detected by the oil and gas industry is similar,

a single industry-standard work for the zinc-plated. This standard is Lingua Franca Exchange for

a computer system that provides the data, of a noble goal. Uniform, the information of the

disciplinary action, geology, hydraulic equipment, electronic, navigation, and also, in particular,

a huge volume of information that is pertinent to the Decision Tree, a fraction of the proverbial

needle in a haystack." The problem, including the. Data of the cross-disciplinary nature, the

separation is difficult, and that means that it is not possible to discern the meaning.

The evolution of each dataset that has the knowledge to understand the need to be available.

The exploration and development phase, a new set of challenges, the IT gear head office, a strain

of the exploration and development of the work to the needs of information technology and


communications technical backup, and check the resources on the cover of all the areas of

information technology and communication, and more.

Accounting systems

Appraisal rig

Data storage consultancy

Document management systems

Drilling communications

Exploration rig

Finance systems

Geological and Geophysical systems

Information Management systems

Network security

Project management

Remote office setup

Rig communications

Satellite communications

Seismic data storage

Telephony

Virtualizations consultancy

WAN Acceleration

WAN Optimizations.

API's Electronic Business & Information Management and Technology Committees support a

wide range of activities in the areas of electronic business, telecommunications, information

technology security, data privacy and information technology applications for the oil and natural

gas industry. They support advocacy efforts and standards development in these areas, and serve

as a conduit between industry technologists and operations personnel. Committees in this area

include:

Information Management and Technology Committee (IMTC)

IMTC, the oil and natural gas industry, technical issues with the system, such as a computer, and

as a place for communication, to the address of the E Commerce. IMTC is an important risk

management, network security, and critical infrastructure protection, and privacy of information,

technology, and knowledge management. The IMTC industry, however, the interest rate, in order

to study on a regular basis or innovation in the industry, the design is to encourage the


development of the Benchmark Study Group between various surveys and research and to

establish the project.

Managing the innovation and technology challenge in oil and gas

As the operator of the service, the oil and gas sector of the organization of the existing and future

oil, but many of the technologies and innovative challenges of development of potential to the

maximum.

They are on the technical side, the decision to allow you to work more in-depth water, to develop

and field to extend the life of working in the water, the field of multiple remote and dangerous to

work is a significant investment and it is necessary to do it.

Each operator is required, assets, geographic location, according to the business goals.

PA can be applied for the energy sector expertise, innovation, strategic response that is

customized to both of these issues to business issues in order to implement the changes, and to

understand the needs of the supply chain as a whole is defined in.

Optimization and Technology Streamline management-technology roadmap for the entire

portfolio development and human resources management expertise, an aging workforce, to

provide the address.

Increased global demand for energy, and a technical challenge is the asset maturity, when you

are poor, the industry has never before in the challenge. Note that the response technology and

access hydrocarbons, not be able to access the resource, or unrecoverable, considered to detect

the feature is on the rise. Technology also mature field of production for many years is much

higher than expected in that you want to be the source. Great service of our technology,

experience, and commitment to meet the needs of the future to help you in the industry is a major

challenge.

Deep sea operations

To push all the boundaries of a complex environment.

Deep sea and deep sea Process Flow

Assurance functions

To process the reservoir pore through advanced technology.

Flow assurance Consulting, flow assurance modeling software, and multi-phase testing and

monitoring, fluid Laboratory Services, Managed Services

Creative resource

Shale gas, oil, and a tight gas, and coal bed methane in reach.

Shale gas & liquid, and a tight Gas & oil, coal bed methane (CBM), gas hydrate, earthquake of

creative resources, creative resource basin &


Oil resources of conventional oil once play heavy fuel oil.

Reservoir description, construction, completion, artificial lift and strengthen production

optimization and

Enhanced oil recovery

Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) tertiary recovery, or could not be more than 100 million barrels of

oil in the 3OO some estimates to unlock.

EOR screening, pilot projects, full-field implementation

Of hydrocarbons exploration and exploration of search cost uncertainty and features.

Identify, Evaluate, and playing lead, prospects, evaluation

Managing GEO Mechanical factors in the life cycle of the hydrocarbon tank impacts every part,

you need to evaluate and manage.

GEO mechanics Management - drill, GEO mechanics of the reservoir, complete GEO

mechanics, and mechanical earth model is defined , a high-pressure, high-profile nature of the

hpht well given to the design and execution, and systematic scientific approach is successful in

hpht environment are obligated to temperature is high. The hpht reservoirs hpht readiness

assessment is reached, a trusted hpht

Soda carbonate reservoir flow performance of the world's oil reserves and more than 6% of

natural gas reserves and 40 Percent of reserves.

Real-time operation, carbonate tank production

Real-time technology to improve decision making.

Real-time drill, micro-earthquake intervention services, Tube Coil, intelligent, real-time

monitoring and optimization, and the cement Evaluation & Design, Production & case holes,

Formation Evaluation

SELECTING ERP FOR OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY CONTRACTORS AND VENDORS

To meet the deadline, you may not be running on cost, the more frequent the has been, and in the

specification are not met, or enough these asset-intensive projects between the different areas

does not propagate. It is responsible for any of these issues, in collaboration with the operator

and the contractor, but oil company/operator customers, and they're on the accountability and the

contractor, and vendor management, more severe.

Accountability of the project if this demands, owner/operator, the engineers, procurement, (EPC)

business model. Other engineering, manufacturing, construction, and the responsibility, the

finger pointing to slow, many of the rooms, if you don't have a good project. EPC contractors,

and other vendors to meet budget and schedule a feature that is required to ensure that you have


the operator to use the supplier IT, on the infrastructure. Technology has better internally,

collaboration with the vendor's capabilities as a key for the customer and to the contractor. In

addition, this technology is enabled in collaboration is the EPC Contractors, equipment vendors

and other partners, and plan is to confirm that you cannot run the communication, and the

project's deliverables to effective enough to support.

ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY

This industry equipment manufacturers, maintenance and operations services organization and

EPC contractors or -EPC Contractors how to become suppliers to slightly different technology is

required. But they are one of the reasons is what they have in common. They are much more

with fewer resources are required to take the risk that you are asked to, but on the inside, and

more effectively with trading partners and customers will need to work together.

In addition, industry's needs and the available change the type of project, as the supplier of

existing assets and extend the life of the new system to build more detail than these new project

you need to prepare for. Economic pressures, many industry vendors, new revenue streams and

aftermarket services such as warranty work for you to drive.

All of these changes, the new request is placed in the IT infrastructure. Order is the oil and gas

industry supplier companies in the industry that is required by applications to be successful

Areas, engineering, manufacturing, construction, and after-market service management, project

management, to harmonize the work-in-process. Superior quality of the process to ensure the

inside or outside contractors and subcontractors work performed by work performed as standard.

risks associated with the project to provide a complete overview of the risk. Proactive

management of the tool for use in real-time.

Re-contracts and outsourcing.

Traditional purchase orders received in the inventory materials are collected and the problem.

However, they have a concrete, the quantity and quality of the service, or to specify the range of

the submarine cable to the outline of the agreement? Contracts and contract with the items that

you received into inventory, there is no, not in the range of services that you may need to be

developed, performance management, please note that you must be paid to the application of the

process of a complicated contract. - General Customer's order to the traditional ERP application

that is designed to handle technology enough that the sub-contracts to deal with the complexities

of IT, there is no World Expo again, to the risk EPC contractors to actively manage contractors,

SUBS because it cannot be ING.

Forecasting and project accounting.

This project controller project to check the data, rather than after the fact, over budget, the

schedule of the specifications, off to see the performance of your project than the forecast for the

future. To do this, run the Newspaper Reading equivalent to the number of common MRP-driven


enterprise tools to predict than if you were using the project for what has happened, but it was

too not do anything about it, and if you want to view only and that is not possible, look into the

future. The project, track or off-track project milestones in the Project Impact provides the real-

time view of the cut, and the trade-offs can be. With the conventional independent of the

transaction reporting and forecasting period. Automated features to the general ledger must be

reported each period; if you want to fetch cost data is displayed. In addition, revenue recognition

of the routines to automate important tasks, timely payment, and the customer can check.

The oil and gas industry, the service organization is a diverse lot. Project-based service, which

provides the organization, in an enterprise environment, where appropriate at the appropriate

time to people and equipment to do the job to ensure that there, is an important process for the

mobilization of the need to ensure that you have. The enterprise application and you want to use,

you have to use the equipment, and the equipment charge for each piece of media to track

revenue generated to you need to be. Service is disconnected, from the service that you want to

give a wide variety of business models to cover the wide range of business needs, you can

change how the generalization. However, many of these organizations to provide the elements of

EPC to expand and more to take the risk out of the management of the work of the entity is to

provide sufficient flexibility Excellent technology platform, on these potential are the future

needs of the industry, with minimal disruption to the business. If you have plans to move to

handle must exist could not be found. For many companies, to select a complex project for the

business processes of the insufficient conventional production solutions and are, or a fragmented

IT infrastructure results in a point solution that are not integrated with the business process,

select the classification. The other person, reliability, in a modern, SOA-driven technology, 24-7

support, lack of flexibility, and their own in-house development to develop a solution. Industry

appropriate Enterprise Project software are missing, the efficiency of these organizations, in the

course of the year are reduced. It is now a competitive market, so that you can respond to

damage it, and then the new revenue streams to pursue in the future, you can prevent.

Fortunately, in today's world, the project is enabled for the industry to meet specific needs. The

above points, the executives of these organizations, these services to the current needs of the

market and to adjust the business enterprise application for more information about how to

identify you need to understand.


CHAPTER 7: A COMPANY ANALYSIS

7.1 CASE: ExxonMobil position in the Industry

Exxon Mobil Corporation is vertically integrated oil company-wide to the oil supply chain; the

upstream and downstream are located in. The main focus of the strategy is the best. On the

segment of the business to provide for upstream, a basic hydrocarbons. The other geological

exploration and production activities are formed by the downstream activity as a valuable cash

generators as a product of the oil of the entire value chain from production to final consumer

control.

As described in the strategic statement and presentation, and later on, for the merger of Exxon

and Mobil, preferences in the Company and in the center of the organic growth and the key

strategic goals of the company.

* The growing in the upstream, gas &Power Business Unit

* To pursue greater integration, the efficiency of the downstream activities

* business in Asia, especially in China and the nature of the price of crude oil and products are

available to gradually, as well as the financial approach (transfer, and the futures market) and the

traditional spot, OTC (OTC ) physical market.

As specified previously, the price of oil an important variation in the activities of your

organization, an unstable environment is generated. If the prices of the upstream

is usually more profitable to obtain the downstream, the margins, pinch the rising prices of raw

materials are easy to fuel price that the transfer does not have to suffer.

ExxonMobil's downstream business units that end-of-life products and raw materials to enable

you to provide your customers with the main organization, distribution, and marketing focus.

45 refineries, refining the ownership of and the interest is:

5 2 in the country on a daily basis, 6 billion barrels per day and 145,000 barrels per day of

lubricant-based productivity of distilled with the potential that includes the asset base is used by

the run.

Exxon Mobil, the vision of the downstream, and the secondary activity or cash generator, the

primary growth area, and the focus on motivation.

* Use of the class of the best operating system

* Maintain strict investment discipline,

* Clearly focused on improving cost of refining and sales


* Profitability assessment, each retail site and global network

ExxonMobil's Main Issues in Downstream Supply Chain

Exxon Mobil Corporation, to identify the existing down-stream of the competitive advantage of

one of the four areas, the scale is: that is the maximum downstream operators in the world's

largest refinery

* Integration: the creation of a global functional organization to leverage the Integration on the

scale. The other unit in the refinery, and site-to-site Oil Refinery and Petrochemical Plant (8O

Percent of plants that are now in the Unified) between the adjacent refinery (cluster), and other

business segments

*technology: Focus on the development and application of proprietary technologies and

The reduction of the capital and operational cost

* Brand: to create and maintain superior brand identity low short-term elasticity of demand for

gasoline is a non-durable

* Collect demand as a result of the formation of the market, and many of the smaller consumers

, compensation issues, buyer power in some cases can be high.

* The product differentiation is the (quality even with the description of the criterion would

weaken the diversity), the number of most products

* Buyer switching costs are easy to other gas stations; you can search for it in the face.

By public transport, the use of an alternative, the development (for example, compressed natural

gas, hydrogen).

* In the face of skyrocketing oil products, substitution effects and to expand the conservation

activities.

In this case, the product is replaced by another, the power consumption of petroleum products,

and the current machine or to use the more efficient using the appliance, and does not save.

fuel retail competition in some markets in stages, and the entries in the increase in the traditional

barriers that have gradually been completely removed if not spongy.

Fuel supply strategic and highly political. In addition, the fuel tax is an important part of the

budget in a number of countries. All of these factors are a powerful incentive for government

regulation.

However, the competitive environment in the last year, the trend is increasing competition has

been the barriers, has also declined. Some of the results of the organization or the flat to decrease

even provide returns a mature industry.


Following this route, the carefully industry supply chain structures and processes

To overall corporate strategy needs to be aligned with. These efforts, as the supply chain success

strategy to carefully re-design of the development process, the plan to establish a management

and information technology for design and implementation of changes will be required.


CHAPTER 8: RECOMMENDATION

The most important recommendation dealing with pipeline -transfer is that a mechanism for joint

use of data about the space under OMCs depots and shipping plans need to be developed and

will be put into practice. This allows for greater flexibility of action.

Usage of new industry pipeline systems and storage units will act effective for optimizing the

supply chain as storage is a very important factor.

Improvements in the technology industry in it were only achieved integration, but the basic

structure and process must be re-organized, supply chain integration. The process requires that

all parties work and support in order to achieve industry wide added value in the field of global

supply chain.

A detailed analysis has to be carried out as other software can integrate a better integration of the

supply chain.

Firstly, this industry is confronted with an enormously taxing and extremely unpredictable

environment. The conventional silos approach widespread in the business has garnered local

suboptimal structure in the downstream supply chain. Much more progress in the development of

supply chain management culture in the place, it is still there is much room for improvement.

The technology industry IT investment in basic terms and conditions for the success of the if you

cannot rely. The more demand-based operations will lead to development of the "pull" paradigm

of the supply chain from the increased significantly improved profitability will be needed to

achieve.

Following this route carefully, the industry supply chain structures and processes to overall

corporate strategy needs to be aligned with. As part of these efforts, a successful Supply Chain

Strategy to carefully re-design of the development process of the plan is to establish a

management and information technology, the design and implementation of changes will be

required. The actual progress as described in the case of a combination of improved business

processes and industry experts for channeling existing expertise that is dependent on the

common effort of the value to be used to create.

Finally, we would like to suggest further areas that could be studied in more depth in this

Field:

The cultural changes in order to achieve that could potentially be used Change

Management tools; new supply chain is a paradigm shift of the downstream oil industry.

An analysis of how different software’s have dealt with the supply chain issues is

described.

Best practices of other industries could be profitably adopted by the petroleum

downstream and how they could be implemented


CHAPTER 9: CONCLUSION

Formerly a supply chain has been recognized and coordination mechanism is in place, it can still

be enhanced. Today, petroleum organizations are looking for new ways in civilizing working &

supply chain effectiveness. In some cases technology may allow several mechanisms for

configuration across the supply chain. Generally oil & gas organization should view their supply

chain pattern & coordination systems as worthy of improvement.

This process involves relationship management by the company. Both customer and supplier

relations are key to effective coordination of supply chain.

Very few industries other than the oil & gas industries can benefit by maximizing the supply

chain efficiency.

There is need to ensure each company or operator along the supply chain can respond quickly to

the exact material needs of the customer, protect itself from problems of suppliers, and buffer its

operations from the demand and supply uncertainty it faces.

The industry will need to carefully align the supply chain structures and processes with the

overall company strategy. In order to enhance the overall effect of supply chain in petroleum

industry the research and application of Information Technology must be given utmost

importance.

The industry cannot only rely on technology investments even if they are a basic condition of

success. A more develop "pull" paradigm leading to more demand-driven operations will be

needed to achieve significant profitability gains from supply chain enhancements.

A successful supply chain strategy development will need to carefully establish plans for process

re-engineering, change management, and information technologies design and implementation.


CHAPTER 10: REFERENCES

oil & Gas Industry in India

www.iloveindia.com/economy-of-india/oil-gas-industry.html

www.gail.nic.in

www.economywatch.com

www.indiaenergyportal.org

www.ficci.com/media-room/speeches-presemtations/2oo3/jan/jan-petro-srini.ppt

Kemthose Paul, 2003, Supply chain management in the Indian petroleum refineries, Phd

Thesis, Cochin University of Science & Technology

Fidel Santos Manzano, 2005, Supply chain practices in petroleum downstream,

Massachusetts Institute of technology

Dempster, Pedron, Medova, 2000, Planning logistics operations in the petroleum

industry, Journal of operational research society

Christopher M Chima, Supply chain issues, 2007, Journal of Business & Economics

Research

Hoffman B, Unified tubular supply chain management reduces cost, 2004, Journal of

petroleum Technology

Agostino Villa, 2001, Introducing Some Supply Chain Problems.

International Journal of Production Economics, 73.

Ballintgin K., 1993, optimization In Refinery Scheduling: Modeling And

Solution. Optimization in industry, 3, John WHey, NewYork.

Bowersox D.J., 1997, Unified Supply Chain Management: A Strategic

Imperative. In proceedings of Logistics management 1997

Devenport .H., Short J.E., 1990, The New Industrial Engineering

Information Technology and Business Process Redesign. Sloan

Management Review, 31

La Londe B.J., 1997, Supply Chain Management, The Myth or Reality.

Supply Chain Management Review.

Mand Gothe- Lundgren, Jan T. Lmdgren, Jan A pecsson., 2002, A

optimization Model For Refinery Production Scheduling. International

Journal of Production Economics, 78.

Adler, H. A. 1987. Economic appraisal of transport projects. Baltimore: The Johns

Hopkins University Press.

Africon. 2008. Study on the macro-economic impact of fuel costs in transport. Contract

report produced for the National Department of Transport. Pretoria.

Allegro Energy Group. 2001.

How pipelines make the oil market work – Their networks,

operation and regulation. A memorandum prepared for the Association of oil -

Pipe Lines and the American Petroleum Institute’s Pipeline Committee. Available from:

http://wwwaopl.org/about/pipelines.html (accessed 18 May 2010).

http://www.iloveindia.com/economy-of-india/oil-gas-industry.html

http://www.gail.nic.in/

http://www.economywatch.com/

http://www.indiaenergyportal.org/

http://www.ficci.com/media-room/speeches-presemtations/2003/jan/jan-petro-srini.ppt

supply chain for a petroleum industry refinery downstream-dissertation ac

Documents