survey of microbiology of parasitic diseases
TRANSCRIPT
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Parasitic Diseases of Wildlife
Helminths = worms
Arthropods (lice, mites, ticks)
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Parasitic Diseases of Wildlife
Helminths - Multicellular eukaryotic animals w/ organ systems
Platyhelminthes = flatworms - flattened from front to back
Nematodes = roundworms – tapered at both ends
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Helminths
Distinguishing characteristics of parasitic helminths1. May lack a digestive system
2. Nervous system is reduced
3. Means of locomotion is reduced or completely lacking
4. Reproductive system is complex, produce large numbers of fertilized eggs
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Helminths
Generalized Life CycleCan be very complex, succession of intermediate hosts for
completion of each larval (developmental) stage of the parasite and a definitive host for the adult parasite.
Adults may be dioecious – male and female reproductive systems in separate individuals
Adults may be monoecious or hermaphroditic – male and female systems in the same individual
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Platyhelminthes = flatworms
Trematodes = flukesFlat, leaf-shaped bodies,
ventral and oral suckersCommon names based on
tissue of the definitive host where adult lives – blood fluke, liver fluke, lung fluke…
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Platyhelminthes = flatworms
Cestodes = tapewormsHead with suckers, flat body,
no digestive system
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Nematodes = roundworms
Complete digestive systems
Most species dioecious
2 main categories
eggs are infective
larva are infective
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Nematodes = roundworms
Meningeal (brain) worm - Parelaphostrongylus tenuis
Raccoon roundworm - Baylisascaris procyonis
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Meningeal worm - Parelaphostrongylus tenuis
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Meningeal worm - Parelaphostrongylus tenuis
Definitive Host
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Meningeal worm - Parelaphostrongylus tenuis
A – Adult worms in meninges lay eggs
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Meningeal worm - Parelaphostrongylus tenuis
B - Eggs go into circulation, reach lungs (C), hatch into larvae L1.
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Meningeal worm - Parelaphostrongylus tenuis
The L1 migrate up bronchial tree (D) to pharynx, coughed, swallowed feces (E)
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Meningeal worm - Parelaphostrongylus tenuis
L1 infects snails or slugs thru foot L3, takes ~3 wks.
Intermediate Host
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Meningeal worm - Parelaphostrongylus tenuis
F – S with L3 are ingested abomasum
Intermediate Host
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Meningeal worm - Parelaphostrongylus tenuis
Intermediate Host
Spinal nerves spinal cord mature 20-30 days to adults
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Meningeal worm - Parelaphostrongylus tenuis
Intermediate Host
Adults migrate to subdural space brain
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Meningeal worm - Parelaphostrongylus tenuis
Intermediate Host
From ingestion to exit of eggs in feces = prepatent period
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Meningeal worm - Parelaphostrongylus tenuis
• If infected snails or slugs are ingested by susceptible incidental hosts, the L3 are released in the digestive tract.
• L3 migrate to the spinal cord and continue to migrate aimlessly within the CNS causing neurologic disease.
• Do not develop into adults.
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Raccoon roundworm - Baylisascaris procyonis
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Raccoon roundworm - Baylisascaris procyonis
Definitive host
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Raccoon roundworm - Baylisascaris procyonis
Adults in intestines lay eggs
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Raccoon roundworm - Baylisascaris procyonis
Eggs are shed with feces
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Raccoon roundworm - Baylisascaris procyonis
Over 2-4 weeks the eggs develop larvae
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Raccoon roundworm - Baylisascaris procyonis
Embryonated egg with larvae is ingested by raccoon
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Raccoon roundworm - Baylisascaris procyonis
Larvae in intestines develop into egg-laying adults
Infection rates in raccoons are high – as high as 70% of adults and over 90% of juveniles
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Raccoon roundworm - Baylisascaris procyonis
Embryonated egg with larvae are ingested by intermediate hosts
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Raccoon roundworm - Baylisascaris procyonis
Eggs hatch and release larvae into intestines gut wall migrate thru the various tissue causing considerable damage and then encyst
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Raccoon roundworm - Baylisascaris procyonis
In the eye blindness
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Raccoon roundworm - Baylisascaris procyonis
5-7% CNS disease
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Raccoon roundworm - Baylisascaris procyonis
Dead intermediate is scavenged by raccoon.
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Emerging zoonotic disease
Dogs may be reservoir hosts, can shed eggs.
Infective eggs found in aging feces. Can remain in the environment for years.
Resistant to all common disinfectants
http://www.maniacworld.com/raccoon-encounter-with-dog-and-cat.html
Raccoon roundworm - Baylisascaris procyonis
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Arthropds
Crustacea
Insecta - lice
Arachnids - mites and ticks