sustainable energy options: maintaining access to abundant fossil fuels klaus s. lackner columbia...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Sustainable Energy Options: Maintaining access to abundant fossil fuels Klaus S. Lackner Columbia University November 2007](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649eb35503460f94bb9fa5/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Sustainable Energy Options:
Maintaining access to abundant fossil fuels
Klaus S. Lackner
Columbia University
November 2007
![Page 2: Sustainable Energy Options: Maintaining access to abundant fossil fuels Klaus S. Lackner Columbia University November 2007](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649eb35503460f94bb9fa5/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Sustainable energy development is not about limiting access to energy
• low cost, plentiful, and clean energy for all• Energy is central to sustainable growth• Energy can overcome all other limits
Environment
MineralsWater
Food
Energy
![Page 3: Sustainable Energy Options: Maintaining access to abundant fossil fuels Klaus S. Lackner Columbia University November 2007](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649eb35503460f94bb9fa5/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
100 1000 10000 100000
GDP ($/person/year)
Pri
ma
ry E
ne
rgy
Co
ns
um
pti
on
(k
W/p
ers
on
)
Norway USA France UK
Brazil
Russia
India
China
$0.38/kWh (primary)
Energy, Wealth, Economic Growth
EIA Data 2002
![Page 4: Sustainable Energy Options: Maintaining access to abundant fossil fuels Klaus S. Lackner Columbia University November 2007](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649eb35503460f94bb9fa5/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
IPCC Model Simulations of CO2 Emissions
![Page 5: Sustainable Energy Options: Maintaining access to abundant fossil fuels Klaus S. Lackner Columbia University November 2007](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649eb35503460f94bb9fa5/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Growth in Energy Consumption
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 2090 2100
Year
Fra
cti
on
al
Ch
an
ge
Constant Growth 1.6% Plus Population Growth to 10 billion Closing the Gap at 2%
Energy intensity drop 1%/yr Energy Intensity drop 1.5%/yr Energy Intensity drop 2% per year
Constant per capita growth
Plus Population Growth
Closing the Gap
1% energy intensity reduction
1.5% energy intensity reduction
2.0% energy intensity reduction
![Page 6: Sustainable Energy Options: Maintaining access to abundant fossil fuels Klaus S. Lackner Columbia University November 2007](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649eb35503460f94bb9fa5/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Carbon as a Low-Cost Source of Energy
H.H. Rogner, 1997
Lift
ing
Cost
Cumulative Gt of Carbon Consumed
US1990$ per barrel of oil equivalent
Cumulative
Carbon
Consumption as
of1997
![Page 7: Sustainable Energy Options: Maintaining access to abundant fossil fuels Klaus S. Lackner Columbia University November 2007](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649eb35503460f94bb9fa5/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Refining
Carbon
Diesel
Coal
Shale
Fossil fuels are fungible
Tar
Oil
NaturalGas
Jet Fuel
Heat
Electricity
Ethanol
Methanol
DME
Hydrogen
SynthesisGas
![Page 8: Sustainable Energy Options: Maintaining access to abundant fossil fuels Klaus S. Lackner Columbia University November 2007](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649eb35503460f94bb9fa5/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
The Challenge:Holding the Stock of CO2 constant
Constant emissions at 2010
rate
33% of 2010 rate
10% of 2010 rate
0% of 2010 rate
Extension of Historic
Growth Rates
450 ppm
280 ppm
![Page 9: Sustainable Energy Options: Maintaining access to abundant fossil fuels Klaus S. Lackner Columbia University November 2007](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649eb35503460f94bb9fa5/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
The Mismatch in Carbon Sources and Sinks
43
1
2
5
1800-
2000
Fossil Carbon Consumption to
date
180ppmincrease in
the air 30% ofthe Oceanacidified
30% increase inSoil Carbon
50%increase
inbiomass
![Page 10: Sustainable Energy Options: Maintaining access to abundant fossil fuels Klaus S. Lackner Columbia University November 2007](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649eb35503460f94bb9fa5/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
A Triad of Large Scale Options
• Solar– Cost reduction and mass-manufacture
• Nuclear– Cost, waste, safety and security
• Fossil Energy– Zero emission, carbon storage and
interconvertibility
Markets will drive efficiency, conservation and alternative energy
![Page 11: Sustainable Energy Options: Maintaining access to abundant fossil fuels Klaus S. Lackner Columbia University November 2007](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649eb35503460f94bb9fa5/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Small Energy Resources
• Hydro-electricity– Cheap but limited
• Biomass– Sun and land limited, severe competition with
food
• Wind– Stopping the air over Colorado every day?
• Geothermal– Geographically limited
• Tides, Waves & Ocean Currents– Less than human energy generation
![Page 12: Sustainable Energy Options: Maintaining access to abundant fossil fuels Klaus S. Lackner Columbia University November 2007](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649eb35503460f94bb9fa5/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Net Zero Carbon EconomyNet Zero Carbon Economy
CO2 from distributed emissions
Permanent & safe disposal
CO2 from concentrated
sources
Capture from power plants, cement, steel,
refineries, etc.
Geological Storage Mineral carbonate disposal
Capture from air
![Page 13: Sustainable Energy Options: Maintaining access to abundant fossil fuels Klaus S. Lackner Columbia University November 2007](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649eb35503460f94bb9fa5/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Dividing The Fossil Carbon Pie
900 Gt C
total
550 ppm
Past
10yr
![Page 14: Sustainable Energy Options: Maintaining access to abundant fossil fuels Klaus S. Lackner Columbia University November 2007](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649eb35503460f94bb9fa5/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Removing the Carbon Constraint
5000 Gt C
totalPast
![Page 15: Sustainable Energy Options: Maintaining access to abundant fossil fuels Klaus S. Lackner Columbia University November 2007](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649eb35503460f94bb9fa5/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Net Zero Carbon EconomyNet Zero Carbon Economy
CO2 from distributed emissions
Permanent & safe
disposal
CO2 from concentrated sources
Capture from power plants, cement,
steel, refineries, etc.
Geological Storage Mineral carbonate
disposal
Capture from air
![Page 16: Sustainable Energy Options: Maintaining access to abundant fossil fuels Klaus S. Lackner Columbia University November 2007](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649eb35503460f94bb9fa5/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Storage Life Time
5000 Gt of C
200 years at 4 times current rates of emission
Storage
Slow Leak (0.04%/yr)
2 Gt/yr for 2500 years
Current Emissions: 7Gt/year
![Page 17: Sustainable Energy Options: Maintaining access to abundant fossil fuels Klaus S. Lackner Columbia University November 2007](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649eb35503460f94bb9fa5/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Underground Injection
statoil
![Page 18: Sustainable Energy Options: Maintaining access to abundant fossil fuels Klaus S. Lackner Columbia University November 2007](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649eb35503460f94bb9fa5/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Gravitational TrappingSubocean Floor Disposal
![Page 19: Sustainable Energy Options: Maintaining access to abundant fossil fuels Klaus S. Lackner Columbia University November 2007](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649eb35503460f94bb9fa5/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Energy States of Carbon
Carbon
Carbon Dioxide
Carbonate
400 kJ/mole
60...180 kJ/mole
The ground state of carbon is a mineral
carbonate
![Page 20: Sustainable Energy Options: Maintaining access to abundant fossil fuels Klaus S. Lackner Columbia University November 2007](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649eb35503460f94bb9fa5/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Rockville Quarry
Mg3Si2O5(OH)4 + 3CO2(g) 3MgCO3 + 2SiO2 +2H2O(l)+63kJ/mol CO2
![Page 21: Sustainable Energy Options: Maintaining access to abundant fossil fuels Klaus S. Lackner Columbia University November 2007](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649eb35503460f94bb9fa5/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Bedrock geology GIS datasets – All U.S. (Surface area)120°W130°W
110°W
110°W
100°W
100°W 90°W
90°W
80°W
80°W
70°W
25°N 25°N
30°N 30°N
35°N 35°N
40°N 40°N
45°N 45°N
$0 1,000,000
Meters
Legend
ultramafic rock
67°W
67°W
66°W
66°W
65°W
18°N
18°N19°N
0 140,000
Meters
Puerto Rico
8733 km2
920 km2
166 km2Total = 9820 ±100 km2
![Page 22: Sustainable Energy Options: Maintaining access to abundant fossil fuels Klaus S. Lackner Columbia University November 2007](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649eb35503460f94bb9fa5/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Belvidere Mountain, Vermont
Serpentine Tailings
![Page 23: Sustainable Energy Options: Maintaining access to abundant fossil fuels Klaus S. Lackner Columbia University November 2007](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649eb35503460f94bb9fa5/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Oman Peridotite
![Page 24: Sustainable Energy Options: Maintaining access to abundant fossil fuels Klaus S. Lackner Columbia University November 2007](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649eb35503460f94bb9fa5/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Net Zero Carbon EconomyNet Zero Carbon Economy
CO2 from distributed emissions
Permanent & safe disposal
CO2 from concentrated
sources
Capture from power plants, cement, steel,
refineries, etc.
Geological Storage Mineral carbonate disposal
Capture from air
![Page 25: Sustainable Energy Options: Maintaining access to abundant fossil fuels Klaus S. Lackner Columbia University November 2007](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649eb35503460f94bb9fa5/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Many Different Options
• Flue gas scrubbing– MEA, chilled ammonia
• Oxyfuel Combustion– Naturally zero emission
• Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle– Difficult as zero emission
• AZEP Cycles– Mixed Oxide Membranes
• Fuel Cell Cycles– Solid Oxide Membranes
![Page 26: Sustainable Energy Options: Maintaining access to abundant fossil fuels Klaus S. Lackner Columbia University November 2007](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649eb35503460f94bb9fa5/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
CO2 N2
H2OSOx, NOx and
other Pollutants
Carbon
Air
Zero Emission Principle
Solid Waste
Power Plant
![Page 27: Sustainable Energy Options: Maintaining access to abundant fossil fuels Klaus S. Lackner Columbia University November 2007](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649eb35503460f94bb9fa5/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Steam Reforming
![Page 28: Sustainable Energy Options: Maintaining access to abundant fossil fuels Klaus S. Lackner Columbia University November 2007](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649eb35503460f94bb9fa5/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Boudouard Reaction
![Page 29: Sustainable Energy Options: Maintaining access to abundant fossil fuels Klaus S. Lackner Columbia University November 2007](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649eb35503460f94bb9fa5/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
C + O2 CO2
no change in mole volume
entropy stays constantG = H
2H2 + O2 2H2O
large reduction in mole volumeentropy decreases in reactantsmade up by heat transfer to
surroundings G < H
Carbon makes a better fuel cell
![Page 30: Sustainable Energy Options: Maintaining access to abundant fossil fuels Klaus S. Lackner Columbia University November 2007](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649eb35503460f94bb9fa5/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
PCO2CO2O2-
CO32- CO3
2-CO32- CO3
2-
O2- O2- O2- CO2Phase I: Solid Oxide
Phase II: Molten Carbonate
CO2 Membrane
Jennifer Wade
High partial
pressure of CO2
Low partial pressure of CO2
![Page 31: Sustainable Energy Options: Maintaining access to abundant fossil fuels Klaus S. Lackner Columbia University November 2007](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649eb35503460f94bb9fa5/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
CO2
extraction from air
Permanent & safe disposal
CO2 from concentrated
sources
Net Zero Carbon EconomyNet Zero Carbon Economy
![Page 32: Sustainable Energy Options: Maintaining access to abundant fossil fuels Klaus S. Lackner Columbia University November 2007](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649eb35503460f94bb9fa5/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Relative size of a tank
Electrical, mechanical
storage
Batteries etc.
hydrogen
gasoline
![Page 33: Sustainable Energy Options: Maintaining access to abundant fossil fuels Klaus S. Lackner Columbia University November 2007](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649eb35503460f94bb9fa5/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Challenge: CO2 in air is dilute
• Energetics limits options– Work done on air must be small
• compared to heat content of carbon• 10,000 J/m3 of air
• No heating, no compression, no cooling
• Low velocity 10m/s (60 J/m3)Solution: Sorbents remove CO2 from
air flow
![Page 34: Sustainable Energy Options: Maintaining access to abundant fossil fuels Klaus S. Lackner Columbia University November 2007](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649eb35503460f94bb9fa5/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
CO2
1 m3of Air40 moles of gas, 1.16 kg
wind speed 6 m/s
0.015 moles of CO2
produced by 10,000 J of gasoline
2
20 J2
mv
Volumes are drawn to scale
CO2 Capture from Air
![Page 35: Sustainable Energy Options: Maintaining access to abundant fossil fuels Klaus S. Lackner Columbia University November 2007](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649eb35503460f94bb9fa5/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Air Capture: Collection & Regeneration
Ion exchange resin as sorbent, regeneration with humidity
Regeneration• CO2 is recovered with:
○ low-temperature water vapor○ plus optional low-grade heat
• Regenerated solid sorbent is reused over and over for years
Collection• Natural wind carries CO2 through
collector • CO2 binds to surface of proprietary
sorbent materials
1
2
![Page 36: Sustainable Energy Options: Maintaining access to abundant fossil fuels Klaus S. Lackner Columbia University November 2007](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649eb35503460f94bb9fa5/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Collecting CO2 with Synthetic Trees
Current GRT Development
Mass-Manufactured Air Capture Units
GRT Pre-Prototype Air Capture Modules - 2007
From Technology Validation to Market-Flexible Products to Scalable Global Solutions
Courtesy GRT*
*K. S. Lackner is a member of GRT
![Page 37: Sustainable Energy Options: Maintaining access to abundant fossil fuels Klaus S. Lackner Columbia University November 2007](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649eb35503460f94bb9fa5/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Carbon, Water & Energy Balance
• Life Cycle contributions are small• Energy consumption dominates
– 50kJ of mechanical energy per mole of CO2
– Gasoline releases 700 kJ of heat per mole
• CO2 balance is excellent
– Coal plant would release 30% of captured CO2
• Plant consumes saltwater, produces fresh water– 10 tons of saltwater consumed per ton of CO2
– 1 ton of fresh water produced per ton of CO2
![Page 38: Sustainable Energy Options: Maintaining access to abundant fossil fuels Klaus S. Lackner Columbia University November 2007](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649eb35503460f94bb9fa5/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Comparison to Flue Stack Scrubbing
• Much larger collector• Similar sorbent recovery• Cost is in the sorbent recovery
![Page 39: Sustainable Energy Options: Maintaining access to abundant fossil fuels Klaus S. Lackner Columbia University November 2007](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649eb35503460f94bb9fa5/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Hydrogen or Air Extraction?
Coal,Gas Fossil Fuel Oil
Hydrogen Gasoline
Consumption Consumption
Distribution Distribution
CO2 Transport Air Extraction
CO2 Disposal
Cost comparisons
![Page 40: Sustainable Energy Options: Maintaining access to abundant fossil fuels Klaus S. Lackner Columbia University November 2007](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649eb35503460f94bb9fa5/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Wind area that carries 22 tons of CO2 per year
Wind area that carries 10 kW
0.2 m 2
for CO2 80 m 2
for Wind Energy
How much wind? (6m/sec)
50 cents/ton of CO2 for contacting
![Page 41: Sustainable Energy Options: Maintaining access to abundant fossil fuels Klaus S. Lackner Columbia University November 2007](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649eb35503460f94bb9fa5/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Sorbent Choices
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
100 1000 10000 100000
CO2 Partial Pressure (ppm)
Bin
din
g E
ne
rgy
(k
J/m
ole
)
350K
300KAir Power plant
![Page 42: Sustainable Energy Options: Maintaining access to abundant fossil fuels Klaus S. Lackner Columbia University November 2007](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649eb35503460f94bb9fa5/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
EnergySource
EnergyConsumer
H2O H2O
O2
O2
H2
CO2
CO2
H2 CH2
Materially Closed Energy Cycles
![Page 43: Sustainable Energy Options: Maintaining access to abundant fossil fuels Klaus S. Lackner Columbia University November 2007](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649eb35503460f94bb9fa5/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
C H
O
Fuels
Oxidizer
Combustion products
Biomass
CO
Fischer Tropsch Synthesis GasMethanol
EthanolNatural Gas
Town Gas
PetroleumCoal
GasolineBenzeneCarbon Hydrogen
CO2 H2O
Oxygen
Increasing Hydrogen Content
Incr
easi
ng O
xid
ati
on S
tate
Methane
Free
O2
Free C
- H
![Page 44: Sustainable Energy Options: Maintaining access to abundant fossil fuels Klaus S. Lackner Columbia University November 2007](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649eb35503460f94bb9fa5/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
C H
O
Fuels
Oxidizer
Combustion products
Biomass
CO
Fischer Tropsch Synthesis GasMethanol
EthanolNatural Gas
Town Gas
PetroleumCoal
GasolineBenzeneCarbon Hydrogen
CO2 H2O
Oxygen
Increasing Hydrogen Content
Incr
easi
ng O
xid
ati
on S
tate
Methane
Free
O2
Free C
- H
![Page 45: Sustainable Energy Options: Maintaining access to abundant fossil fuels Klaus S. Lackner Columbia University November 2007](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649eb35503460f94bb9fa5/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
C H
O
Fuels
Oxidizer
Combustion products
Biomass
CO
Fischer Tropsch Synthesis GasMethanol
EthanolNatural Gas
Town Gas
PetroleumCoal
GasolineBenzeneCarbon Hydrogen
CO2 H2O
Oxygen
Increasing Hydrogen Content
Incr
easi
ng O
xid
ati
on S
tate
Methane
Free
O2
Free C
- H
![Page 46: Sustainable Energy Options: Maintaining access to abundant fossil fuels Klaus S. Lackner Columbia University November 2007](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649eb35503460f94bb9fa5/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Refining
Carbon
Gasoline
Diesel
Fossil
Nuclear
Fischer Tropsch:-- Connecting Sources to Carriers
-- Carriers to Consumers
Solar
Biomass
Wind ,Hydro
Jet Fuel
Heat
Electricity
Ethanol
Methanol
DME
Hydrogen
SynthesisGas
Chemicals
Geo
CO2
![Page 47: Sustainable Energy Options: Maintaining access to abundant fossil fuels Klaus S. Lackner Columbia University November 2007](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649eb35503460f94bb9fa5/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Carbon Capture and Storagefor
Carbon Neutral World
• CCS simplifies Carbon Accounting– Ultimate cap is zero– Finite amount of carbon left
• Air Capture– Can turn the clock back– Maintain access to liquid
hydrocarbons– Close the carbon cycle
![Page 48: Sustainable Energy Options: Maintaining access to abundant fossil fuels Klaus S. Lackner Columbia University November 2007](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649eb35503460f94bb9fa5/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Private SectorCarbon Extraction
CarbonSequestratio
n
Farming, Manufacturing, Service, etc.
Certified Carbon Accounting
certificates
certification
Public Institutionsand Government
Carbon Board
guidance
Permits
&
Credits