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1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
General Information 2
Commonly Used Terms 2
Pre-Maneuver Checklist 3
Takeoffs, Landings, and Go-Arounds 4
Normal Takeoff 4
Normal Landing 5
Short Field Takeoff 6
Short Field Landing 7
Soft Field Takeoff 8
Soft Field Landing 9
Go-Around 10
Forward Slip to Landing 11
Performance Maneuvers 12
Steep Turns 12
Ground Reference Maneuvers 13
Rectangular Course 13
Turns Around a Point 14
S-Turns 15
Navigation 16
Diversion 16
Lost Procedures 16
Slow Flight and Stalls 17
Maneuvering During Slow Flight 17
Power Off Stall 18
Power On Stall 19
Basic Instrument Maneuvers 20
Straight and Level Flight 20
Constant Airspeed Climbs 20
Constant Airspeed Descents 20
Turns to Headings 20
Recovery from Unusual Flight Attitudes 21
Emergency Operations 22
Emergency Approach and Landing (Simulated) 22
Aborted Takeoff 22
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GENERAL INFORMATION
The purpose of this guide is to help students with the procedures of the maneuvers that will be required throughout their training and to ensure a means of standardization by instructors and students alike. It is imperative that students study this manual, as they will be required to recall each maneuver from memory both in the preflight brief and in the aircraft. This guide should be used in conjunction with the allocated maneuver manual and online learning module maneuver lesson. COMMONLY USED TERMS AGL-above ground level ATC-Air Traffic Control BGUMPS- B-BRAKES - test for hydraulic pressure G- (GAS) - fuel is on fullest tank U- (UNDERCARRIAGE) - wheels are down and locked M-mixture full rich P- fuel PUMP is on S-SEATBELTS are secured Comm-Commercial pilot license FPM-feet per minute HDG-heading KIAS-Knots indicated airspeed Kts-knots MP-Manifold Pressure PPL-Private pilot license PTS-Practical Test Standards RPM-revolutions per minute VS-vertical speed
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PRE-MANEUVER CHECKLIST The purpose of the Pre-Maneuver Checklist is to configure the aircraft for the maneuver, establish situational awareness prior to beginning the maneuver and ensure the maneuvers can be accomplished safely. This checklist should be accomplished before the start of each maneuver even if you are repeating the same maneuver. The following items will be verbally called out and visual checked or touched even if actual manipulation of the systems/switches is not required.
- INSTRUMENTS o Checked for normal operating conditions
- POSITION
o Identify position of aircraft in relation to nearest emergency airfield
- CONFIGURATION o Ensure the aircraft is configured properly for the maneuver to begin
- CHECKLIST
o FUEL Note the fuel in each tank Fullest Tank - Select Fuel pump - On Mixture – Rich
o INGITION Ignition - BOTH
o LIGHTS Landing and anti-collision lights - On
- CLEAR AND CALL
o Conduct 180 degrees of clearing turns 1 – 180 degree turn 2 – 90 degree turns Correct Heading, Altitude and Airspeed prior to entry.
o Report location, altitude and maneuver on Air to Air Frequency.
This checklist can be remembered with the memory aide: (I P 3 Cs)
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TAKEOFFS, LANDINGS, AND GO-AROUNDS NORMAL TAKEOFF Description: Takeoff is the controlled movement of the aircraft from the starting point on the runway, transition down the runway, liftoff from the ground and coordinated climb away from the ground. Procedures:
Perform the “Before Takeoff” checklist and the “Take-off” briefing
Verify flaps set to 0°. Once clearance is obtained to take off, visually check to make sure final is clear
Verify the proper runway, taxi onto the runway centerline, positioning flight controls for wind correction
Crosscheck runway numbers with compass heading
Smoothly advance power to full, heels to the floorboards, use the rudder as required for directional control
Call out “Full power, airspeed alive and engine in parameters”
Accelerate to Vr, announce “rotate” and smoothly pull back on elevator o Vr: 60 KIAS
Pitch for 7.5- 10° and climb out at Vx or Vy as required o Vx: 64 KIAS o Vy: 76 KIAS
Maintain coordination with right rudder pressure
Maintain runway centerline using the crab wind drift correction
Follow noise abatement procedures as required
At 500’ AGL, perform Climb Checklist
At 1,000’ AGL*, transition to cruise climb o 87 KIAS
* IF TERRAIN AND AIRSPACE PERMIT Maneuver Standards:
PTS-PPL Vy +10/-5kts
PTS-Comm Vy +/-5kts
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NORMAL LANDING Description: Transition from flight to touchdown of the aircraft on the centerline of the intended point of the runway on the main landing gear with a controlled lowering of the nose wheel. The landing is complete when the aircraft is slowed to a safe speed and exits the runway. Procedures:
Perform the “Before Landing/ Traffic Pattern (BGUMPS)” Checklist before calling tower or CTAF, or on the downwind leg during traffic pattern operations.
Enter Downwind at a 45° angle at midfield
Downwind - reduce power to slow to 90 KIAS o 2100 RPM
Abeam the landing point - reduce power and extend flaps to 10°. Be sure to keep from ballooning after flap extension with forward pressure.
o 1500 RPM
Base – extend flaps to 25° slowing to 80 KIAS
Final – extend flaps to 40°, power as required for 75 KIAS (in no wind conditions) and trim.
o Use pitch for airspeed and power for altitude
If able, use the approach lighting system for glide path adjustments
Flare having the mains touchdown first at approximate stalling speed, gently letting the nose wheel down on centerline. Align the longitudinal axis of the aircraft with centerline using rudder correction. DO NOT SIDE LOAD THE AIRCRAFT. Use brakes as necessary
Be sure to use crosswind correction after touchdown
After exiting the runway perform the “After Landing” checklist Maneuver Standards:
PTS-PPL 1.3Vso +10/-5kts gust factor applied, Land at or within 400 ft from a specified point
PTS-Comm 1.3Vso +/-5kts gust factor applied, Land at or within 200 ft from a specified point
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SHORT FIELD TAKEOFF Description: Short field takeoffs are often required when there is minimal runway distance or when obstacles on the departure end of the runway require minimizing takeoff roll and maximizing obstacle clearance. Procedures:
Perform the “Before Takeoff” checklist and the “Take-off” briefing
Verify flaps set to 25°. Once clearance is obtained to take off, visually check to make sure final is clear
Verify the runway, taxi using all available runway space centering the nose wheel on the centerline position flight controls for proper wind corrections
Crosscheck runway numbers with compass heading
Apply brakes firmly (do not allow to roll), smoothly advance power to full, verify engine in parameters. Call out “Full power and engine in parameters.”
Release brakes and smoothly accelerate to Vr, climb at Vx.
Call out “Airspeed alive” and “Rotate” at appropriate times o Vr: 55 KIAS o Vx: 64 KIAS
Once clear of 50 ft obstacle accelerate to Vy and retract flaps to 10°. Keep from sinking when retracting flaps
o Vy: 76 KIAS
At safe altitude, retract flaps to 0°.
Maintain coordination with right rudder pressure
Maintain runway centerline using with appropriate rudder inputs
At 500’ AGL, perform Climb Checklist
At 1,000’ AGL*, transition to cruise climb o 87 KIAS
* IF TERRAIN AND AIRSPACE PERMIT Maneuver Standards:
PTS-PPL Vx +10/-5kts to obstacle clearance, Vy +10/-5kts after obstacle clearance
PTS-Comm Vx +5/-0kts to obstacle clearance, Vy +/-5kts after obstacle clearance
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SHORT FIELD LANDING Description: A short field landing is required when the landing area is relatively short or when obstacles on the approach end of the runway limit available landing area. Procedures:
The “Before Landing/ Traffic Pattern (BGUMPS)” checklist before calling tower or CTAF, or on the downwind leg during traffic pattern operations.
Downwind – Reduce power to slow to 90 KIAS o 2100 RPM
Select intended touchdown point
Abeam the position: reduce power, extend flaps 10°. Keep from ballooning o 1500 RPM
Base – extend flaps to 25°, 80 KIAS
Final – extend flaps to 40° and power as needed for 75 KIAS (no wind conditions) and trim
Once landing is assured, power to idle and maintain 75 KIAS (no wind condition)
Keep the longitudinal axis of the aircraft aligned with centerline using wind correction. DO NOT SIDELOAD THE AIRCRAFT. Touchdown at minimum controllable airspeed with minimal floating (If Wind gusts exceed 10kts add 1/2 the gust factor to final approach speed) Quickly but carefully use maximum braking without skidding the tires, retract flaps, yoke full aft while maintaining centerline and wind correction. Stop by a specified distance.
Taxi clear of runway and perform “After Landing” checklist Maneuver Standards:
PTS-PPL 1.3Vso +10/-5kts gust factor applied, land at or within 200 ft from a specified point
PTS-Comm 1.3Vso +/-5kts gust factor applied, land at or within 100 ft from a specified point
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SOFT FIELD TAKEOFF Description: A soft field takeoff technique will be required when taking off from any surface that will slow or inhibit aircraft acceleration. This maneuver allows the aircraft to become airborne quicker while maximizing the benefits of ground effect for departure. Procedures:
Use aft yoke pressure during taxi. Perform the “Before Takeoff” checklist and the “Take-off” briefing
Verify flaps set to 25°. Once clearance is obtained to take off, visually check to make sure final is clear
Smoothly accelerate onto the runway minimum braking, aft yoke and use proper wind correction inputs
Crosscheck runway numbers with magnetic compass
Once on centerline – Power-full while using back-pressure on the yoke to get the nose wheel up. Once the nose wheel comes up, reduce aft pressure. Call out “Full power, airspeed alive and engine in parameters”
Lift off at the lowest possible airspeed calling out “Rotate”, DO NOT let the airplane settle back on the runway
Maintain ground effect (half wing the span from the surface) and accelerate to appropriate airspeed Vx or Vy, depending on obstacle clearance and climb out at that airspeed
o Vx 64 KIAS o Vy 76 KIAS o Once clear of 50 ft obstacle pitch to Vy
Maintain coordination with right rudder pressure
Maintain runway centerline using the crab wind drift correction and follow noise abatement procedures
At 500” AGL, perform Climb Checklist
At 1,000’ AGL*, transition to cruise climb o 87 KIAS
* IF TERRAIN AND AIRSPACE PERMIT Maneuver Standards:
PTS-PPL Vx +10/-5kts Vx or Vy as appropriate
PTS-Comm Vx +5/-0kts to obstacle clearance, Vy +/-5kts after obstacle clearance
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SOFT FIELD LANDING Description: This technique is required when the surface of the landing area is subject to the weight of the aircraft. This maneuver is utilized in order to prevent the nose wheel from sinking into the landing surface and abruptly stopping the aircraft. Procedures:
Perform “Before landing/ Traffic Pattern (BGUMPS)” checklist prior to calling Tower or CTAF, or on the downwind during traffic pattern operations
Downwind – Power to slow to 90 KIAS o 2100 RPM
Abeam the landing spot – reduce power, extend flaps to 10°, keep from ballooning o 1500 RPM
Base – extend flaps to 25°, 80 KIAS
Final – extend flaps to 40° and power as needed, 75 KIAS (no wind condition)
During touchdown use power as needed and align the longitudinal axis of the aircraft with centerline using wind correction. DO NOT SIDE LOAD THE AIRCRAFT. Once touched down, add a little power to aid keeping the nose wheel off the ground as long as possible using minimum braking
Use wind correction inputs and maintain centerline
Taxi clear of the runway with yoke full aft using slightly more power than normal and perform the “After Landing” Checklist
Maneuver Standards:
PTS-PPL 1.3Vso +10/-5kts gust factor applied
PTS-Comm 1.3Vso +/-5kts gust factor applied
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GO AROUND Description: A Go-Around is the transitioning of the aircraft from a landing profile to a climb profile after a pilot has determined that a safe landing cannot be made due to obstacles on or near the landing area, improper approach profile or when directed by ATC. Procedures:
Power – Full, using right rudder as appropriate
Flaps – 25°
Establish pitch attitude to climb at o Vx 64 KIAS
Positive rate of climb, clear of obstacles, retract flaps to 10°
Retract remaining flaps o Vy 76 KIAS
Maneuver to the side of the runway to clear/ avoid conflicting traffic, use proper wind corrections*
Follow noise abatement procedures
Announce intentions on tower or CTAF/UNICOM
Perform the “Climb” checklist * SIDE STEP RUNWAY IF CONFLICTING TRAFFIC
Maneuver Standards:
PTS-PPL Vy +10/-5kts
PTS-Comm Vy +/-5kts
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FORWARD SLIP TO LAND Description: A forward slip to landing is a controlled means of increasing descent rates without increasing airspeed. This maneuver is often required to lose excessive altitude while on final approach during a landing.
*To be used when the pilot determines that the aircraft is too high for a safe landing*
Procedures:
Perform the “BGUMPS” checklist
Power-idle
Lower the upwind wing, pitch down and use the rudder to yaw the airplane in the opposite direction for runway centerline alignment
The amount of slip is controlled by the angle of bank, the higher the bank, the more altitude lost
You can also increase or decrease the descent rate by pitch up or down. Be sure to manage airspeed properly
Once back on proper glide path re-establish normal approach to landing
Maintain 75 KIAS (no wind condition)
Flare having the mains touchdown first at approximate stalling speed, gently letting the nose wheel down on centerline. DO NOT SIDE LOAD THE AIRCRAFT. Use brakes as necessary
Be sure to use crosswind correction after touchdown
After exiting the runway perform the “After Landing” checklist Maneuver Standards:
PTS-PPL Touches down at or within 400ft beyond a specified point
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PERFORMANCE MANEUVERS STEEP TURNS Description: A Steep Turn is a maneuver that tests the pilot’s ability to control the aircraft’s altitude, airspeed through consistent high angle of bank turns and accurate heading reversals.
The following maneuver should always be completed with a minimum of 1500ft AGL recovery altitude
Procedures:
Pre Maneuver flow
Entry o Establish power setting
2300 RPM o 95 KIAS
Execution o Enter turn with a bank angle of 45° (Private) and 50° (Commercial) o Passing 30° bank, add back pressure to maintain altitude o Add 100 RPM, power may be needed o Maintain coordination with the rudder o 360° in one direction, look outside to clear for traffic o Start roll out 10° before completing the turn, release the back pressure
and reducing any added power o Then start turn in opposite direction with same procedures
Recovery o Start rollout 10° early to end on the same heading, airspeed and altitude
on start Maneuver Standards:
PTS-PPL +/-100 ft, +/-10kts, +/-10° heading, +/-5° bank, 45° bank angle
PTS-Comm +/-100 ft, +/-10kts, +/-10° heading, +/-5° bank, 50° bank angle
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GROUND REFERENCE MANEUVERS
RECTANGULAR COURSE Description: This maneuver is designed to help a student pilot identify wind effects and apply correction inputs while flying a pattern that replicates a normal traffic pattern. Procedure:
Pre maneuver flow
Entry o Altitude: 800 - 1000ft AGL o Establish power setting
2300 RPM o 95 KIAS
Execution o Enter Downwind at a 45° angle at midfield, ¼ to ½ mile away from the
reference lines o Turn to Base – Turn more than 90° and steeper bank angle o Base – crabbed correction into the wind o Turn to Upwind – Less than a 90° turn, medium bank angle o Upwind – slower ground speed o Turn to crosswind – less than 90°, slow shallow turn o Crosswind – crabbed correction into the wind o Turn to Downwind – turn more than 90°, medium to increasing bank o Downwind – faster ground speed
Recovery o Exit – leave at a 45° from the pattern
Maneuver Standards:
PTS-PPL +/-100 ft, +/-10kts
PTS-Comm +/-100 ft, +/-10kts
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TURNS ON A POINT Description: Turns on a point develop a student’s ability to coordinate a consistent turn around a point and track over the ground while compensating for wind effects. Procedure:
Pre maneuver flow
Entry o Altitude: 800 – 1000ft AGL o Pick a suitable point to enter downwind o Establish power setting
2300 RPM o 95 KIAS
Execution o Enter on a downwind and note the distance from the point o Maintain a constant radius (not bank angle) around a point o Complete two turns
Recovery o Exit at same point of entry
Maneuver Standards:
PTS-PPL +/-100 ft, +/-10kts
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S-TURNS Description: S-Turns incorporate the learning objectives of the turns around a point while adding turn reversals to improve the student’s ability to compensate for wind effects during turns. Procedures:
Pre maneuver flow
Entry o Altitude: 800 – 1000ft AGL o Pick a suitable road or fence line or straight line ground feature
perpendicular to the wind o Establish power setting
2300 RPM o 95 KIAS
Execution o Fly downwind to cross the line at 90° o Constant radius half circle each direction
Once over the road, roll to the steepest bank then to a shallower bank to 180° from the initial heading while being over the road with wings level
Turn immediately in the other direction slowly increasing the bank until reaching the initial heading, then you should be wings level over the road again
Recovery o Rollout should be on same heading, airspeed and altitude the maneuver
was initiated at Maneuver Standards:
PTS-PPL +/-100 ft, +/-10kts
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NAVIGATION DIVERSION Description: This procedure outlines the decision and planning process associated with an in-flight divert to a destination other than the one that was selected in your preflight planning. Procedures:
Recognize a situation that requires a diversion
Mark time and location,
Turn on course, find exact heading
Distance
Groundspeed
Time Enroute, ETA
Fuel required, do I have enough?
Weather
FSS to announce diversion amend ETA
Airspace ahead?
Aircraft Performance? Maneuver Standards:
PTS-PPL +/-200ft and +/-15° heading
PTS-Comm +/-100ft and +/-10° heading LOST PROCEDURES Procedures:
Climb o Better reception range, able to see more landmarks
Circle o Don’t want to get more lost, start to look for ground references, use
different methods of calculating your position Find the nearest airport on the 430 Tune two different VORs and triangulate your position Use the circle method-take the time from your last known
checkpoint, calculate how much distance you covered and make a circle around that point on your chart, look for landmarks in the general direction that you headed
o Readjust flight instruments to ensure proper indications
Confess o Confess to yourself that you are lost and that you cannot help
yourself, you need help
Communicate o If you are not able to triangulate your position call ATC or 121.5 and
confess that you are lost or find the nearest FSS on the 430
Comply o Follow ATC instructions
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SLOW FLIGHT AND STALLS
MANEUVERING DURING SLOW FLIGHT Description: This maneuver establishes the aircraft at an airspeed just above stall speed in order to allow the student to feel, understand and recognize how the airspeed, attitude, load factor and altitude control relate to each other at a near stall condition. Procedure:
Pre Maneuver Checklist
Entry o Establish power setting
1500 RPM o Flaps – As desired o Power/ Airspeed – An airspeed at which any further change in load, angle
of attack or reduction in power would cause a stall. Be sure to trim the aircraft.
o Bank angle as desired
Execution o Pitch controls airspeed o Power controls altitude o If entering a turn, add power to avoid stalling or losing altitude
Recovery o Apply full power, Flaps 25° o Maintain altitude o Accelerate to Vy and Flaps 0°
76 KIAS o Recover to Cruise altitude
Maneuver Standards:
PTS-Private Pilot (PPL) +/-100 ft, +10kts -0kts, +/-10° heading, +/-10° bank
PTS-Commercial (Comm) +/-50 ft, +5kts -0kts, +/-10° heading, +/-5° bank
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POWER OFF STALL Description: This procedure enables the student to recognize the characteristics of an impending stall as well as practice the recovery from a stall. The power off stall simulates a typical stall condition of an aircraft as it approaches for landing.
The following maneuver should always be completed with a minimum of 1500ft AGL recovery altitude
Procedure:
Pre Maneuver Checklist
Entry o Establish power setting
1500 RPM o Flaps 40°
Execution o At 70 KIAS, descend at 500 fpm o 20° max bank angle o Reduce throttle to idle and increase pitch to a normal landing attitude and
induce a stall. o Call out “Stall horn”, “Buffet”, and “Stall”
Recovery o Apply full power o Reduce angle of attack and level wings o Flaps to 25° o Pitch for Vx 64 KIAS o When there is a positive rate and clear of obstacles
Pitch for Vy 76 KIAS Flaps to 0° Recover to Cruise
Maneuver Standards:
PTS-PPL +/-10° heading, not exceeding 20° bank +/-10° bank
PTS-Comm +/-10° heading, not exceeding 20° bank +/-5° bank
19
POWER ON STALL Description: This procedure enables the student to recognize the characteristics of an impending stall as well as practice the recovery from a stall. The power on stall simulates the typical flight conditions of an aircraft that stall during a climb or departure from an airfield.
The following maneuver should always be completed with a minimum of 1500ft AGL recovery altitude
Procedure:
Pre Maneuver Checklist
Entry o Flaps as required
Normal – 0° flaps Short-field – 25° Flaps
o Slow to Vr: 60 KIAS 1500 RPM
Execution o At 55 KIAS, apply Full power o Use rudder to maintain coordination o Increase pitch angle to induce stall (Maximum 25° pitch attitude) o Call out “Stall horn”, “Buffet”, and “Stall”
Recovery o Verify full power o Pitch for Vx
Flaps to 10°: 64 KIAS o Positive rate of climb o Clear of terrain and obstacles o Accelerate to Vy and pitch for positive rate
Flaps to 0°: 76 KIAS
Maneuver Standards:
PTS-PPL +/-10° heading, not exceeding 20° bank +/-10° bank
PTS-Comm +/-10° heading, not exceeding 20° bank +/-5° bank
20
BASIC INSTRUMENT MANEUVERS *Only perform with an instructor*
STRAIGHT AND LEVEL FLIGHT Procedures:
Configure the aircraft for 90KIAS, clean, straight and level
Maintain configuration parameters Maneuver Standards:
PTS-PPL +/-200 ft, +/-20° heading, +/-10 kts CONSTANT AIRSPEED CLIMBS Procedures:
Establish desired climb airspeed of 64 KIAS with pitch.
Apply Full power.
Adjust pitch to maintain desired airspeed.
Adjust bank angle (attitude gyro and heading indicator) to maintain heading.
Maneuver Standards:
PTS-PPL +/-200 ft, +/-20° heading, +/-10 kts
CONSTANT AIRSPEED DESCENTS Procedures:
Establish desired descent by reducing power to 1700 RPM
Set pitch attitude to maintain 90 KIAS descent
Adjust pitch to maintain desired airspeed.
Adjust bank angle (attitude gyro and heading indicator) to maintain heading. Maneuver Standards:
PTS-PPL +/-200 ft, +/-20°, +/-10 kts
TURNS TO A HEADING Procedures:
Establish the aircraft at 90 KIAS straight and level flight.
Use Turn Coordinator as primary rate of turn. Use Airspeed at primary pitch indicator and altimeter as primary power indicator.
Maneuver Standards:
PTS-PPL +/-200 ft, +/-10°, +/-10 kts (Note: PTS heading standards are greater than other BAI Maneuvers)
21
RECOVERY FROM UNUSUAL ATTITUDES
Description: These procedures should be utilized when the aircraft enters an unusual flight attitude. The procedures have been established to quickly and safely return the aircraft to straight and level instrument flight while minimizing a potential stall (nose high) or overstressing the airframe (nose low).
Procedures:
Nose high o Recovering promptly to a stabilized level attitude using smooth and
coordinated control inputs: Add full power Push the nose down level to the horizon Roll wings level Cross check instruments to ensure straight and level flight
Nose low o Recovering promptly to a stabilized level attitude using smooth and
coordinated control inputs: Pull back power Roll wings level Pull the nose up level to the horizon Return power to 2300 RPM Cross check instruments to ensure straight and level flight
Maneuvers Standards:
PTS-PPL Be able to recognize unusual flight attitudes solely by reference to instruments
22
EMERGENCY OPERATIONS EMERGENCY APPROACH AND LANDING Description: Procedures:
Pre-maneuver flow
Establish best glide speed
Turn the Bat Master Switches on
Place the Power Lever in the 1/2 inch open position
Enrich mixture as required
Fuel selector switch tanks
Check the Ignition Switch and put in the Both position
Turn the Fuel pump to on position
Turn the alternate induction air on
Turn the Alt Master Switch off
If the propeller is not windmilling, engage the starter
Slowly increase the power lever
Turn the Alt Master Switches on again
If the engine will not start, perform the Forced landing checklist
*NOTE: At 1000 AGL break off the maneuver and climb out at Vy-76 KIAS in practice situations*
Maneuver Standards:
PTS-PPL +/-10kts best glide speed
PTS-Comm +/-10kts best glide speed
ABORTED TAKEOFF Description:
*When there is any abnormal engine, airspeed indications, sluggish acceleration or rough engine operation*
Procedures:
Power-Idle
Maximum braking
Maintain directional control on the runway centerline