taxonomy - chap 14 and 19 taxonomy is the science of naming and classifying organisms the system...
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Taxonomy - Chap 14 and 19Taxonomy is the science of naming and
classifying organismsThe system used by biologists is called the
Linnnaean System.Carl Linnaeus was a Swedish biologist in the
mid-1700sHe popularized a system of grouping
organisms according to like characteristics and giving each group a specific name.
TaxonomyThe most important part of this system was
the use of binomial nomenclatureBinomial nomenclature is the use of a two
word name to identify individual species, i.e. Anampses chrysocephalus is the Psychedelic Wrasse.
Many of the species Linnaeus named in 1753 still have the two-part names he gave them.
TaxonomyThe first part of the name is the genus.
A genus is a group of closely related species.Most hybrids are between two species in the
same genus.The genus is always capitalized.
The second part of the name is the species name.A species is a group of organisms that are
capable of interbreeding and can produce fertile offspring of both sexes.
The species name is never capitalized.
TaxonomySaccopharynx
harrisoniGenus :
SaccopharynxSpecies : harrisoniOther species in the
same genus include berteli, hjorti, flagellum and thalassa
Common Name vs. Scientific NameScientific name:
Naso lituratusCommon Names:
Orangespine Unicornfish
Orangespine Tang
Naso TangOrange Lipstick
SurgeonfishUmaumalei
(Hawaiian name)
Higher Levels of ClassificationThere are 8 levels of classification.
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Each level of classification is based on characteristics that are shared by all organisms in that level.
A handy mnemonic:Dumb Kids Play Checkers On Freeways Get
Smashed.Danish Kings Play Chess On Fat Green
Stools.Daringly Keeping Precious Creatures
Organized For Grumpy Scientists
A Sample Organism
The American LobsterDomain: Eukarya - made of eukaryotic cellsKingdom: Animalia – multicellular heterotroph whose cells
lack cell wallsPhylum: Arthropoda – jointed appendages, exoskeleton, and
a segmented bodySubphylum: Crustacea – Use gills to breathe, have
antennaeClass: Malacostraca – 3 body segments with 5 head
segments, 8 thorax segments and 6 abdomen segmentsOrder: Decapoda – ten legsFamily: Nephropidae – clawed lobstersGenus: Homarus – Atlantic clawed lobstersSpecies: americanus – American Lobster
DomainsThere are three domains.
Archaea – Unicellular prokaryotes, often found in harsh environments
Bacteria – Unicellular prokaryotes, found everywhere
Eukarya – Uni or Multicellular organisms Most non-microscopic life is included in this
domain.
Prokaryotic vs. EukaryoticAll cells can be divided into two types
Prokaryotic cells don’t have a nucleus. All prokaryotes are unicellular.
Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus Eukaryotes can be either unicellular or
multicellular.
ArchaeaContains one kingdom, ArchaebacteriaUnicellular prokaryotesArchaebacteria are often found in extreme
environments, such as hot springs or salty lakes.Thermophiles live in very hot places, up to 106 degrees
celsius!Acidophiles live in water as acidic as sulfuric acid!However, some live in the same environments bacteria
do.
BacteriaContains one kingdom, BacteriaThe most abundant organisms on earth!Unicellular prokaryotesSome live without oxygen, called anaerobes.Some use inorganic compounds such as
ammonia or methane to make energy.
EukaryaThe domain Eukarya is made of four
kingdoms.Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia
All organisms in the domain Eukarya are eukaryotes.
Most are multicellular, some are unicellular.Some are microscopic, but most can be seen
with the naked eye.Eukarya is the only domain that has
organisms that undergo true sexual reproduction.
ProtistaThe “garbage” kingdom
If an organism isn’t a plant, an animal or a fungus, it’s a protist.
Many are unicellular, in fact, all unicellular eukaryotes (except yeasts) are included in kingdom Protista.
Because they are a “garbage” kingdom, they have diverse characteristics.
Notable types of protists:Algaes and kelpsDiatomsDinoflagellatesSlime Molds
Protista
FungiFungi include mushrooms, molds and yeasts.All fungi are multicellular except yeasts.Like animals, all fungi get their energy from
eating.Fungi secrete digestive enzymes onto whatever
they are growing.Most are decomposers that live on dead
organisms, but some are parasites.
PlantaeKingdom Plantae includes all the plants.All are multicellular.All are autotrophs, which means they convert
the sunlight into energy.They are non-motile, which means they can’t
move from place to place.Many of their adaptations, such as seeds, are a
way to overcome this disadvantage.
AnimaliaAnimals are multicellular eukaryotes.All animals get their energy from other
organisms.Animals are either vertebrates, which means
they have a backbone, or invertebrates, which means they don’t have a backbone.Of the 1 million species of animals, only about
42,500 are vertebrates!