CLASSIFYINGLIFE FORMS

TAXONOMY

The organizational system that first identifies and then classifies organisms based on physical similarities

Taxis means order Nomos means law or science

TAXONOMY The field of biology that identifies

organisms by 2 names, genus and species.It also classifies organisms (organizes living things into groups that have biological meaning) based on _____________ ____________.

TAXONOMY The field of biology that identifies

organisms by 2 names, genus and species.It also classifies organisms (organizes living things into groups that have biological meaning) based on

binomial nomenclature.

Carl von Linne (Carolus Linnaeus)

Swedish biologist of mid-1700’s who developed the biological system of classification with seven taxonomic levels

BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE

• Means “two-part naming”• An organism’s scientific name

consists of:

__________ name (general type)

__________ name (specific type)

Rules for Binomial Nomenclature Always written in LATIN and in italics Genus name is written first and is

capitalized Species name is written second and is not

capitalized

LATIN is used because it is not widely spoken and therefore the meanings of the word are not likely to change.

THREE REASONS FOR CLASSIFICATION

1. A universally accepted name eliminates confusion caused by common name differences– EX: crayfish, crawdad, mudbug

are all common names for….

Cambarus bartoni

Reasons for Classification cont.

2. Organizes large amounts of information into manageable levels

3. Reveals evolutionary relationships between organisms

Other Examples: Ursus horribilis Ailuropoda melanoleuca Canis lupus Felis sylvestris Panthera leo Panthera tigris Homo neanderthalis

Examples: Ursus horribilis – Grizzly Bear Ailuropoda melanoleuca Canis lupus Felis sylvestris Panthera leo Panthera tigris Homo neanderthalis

Examples: Ursus horribilis – Grizzly Bear Ailuropoda melanoleuca - Panda Canis lupus Felis sylvestris Panthera leo Panthera tigris Homo neanderthalis

Examples: Ursus horribilis – Grizzly bear Ailuropoda melanoleuca - Panda Canis lupus – Gray wolf Felis sylvestris Panthera leo Panthera tigris Homo neanderthalis

Examples: Ursus horribilis – Grizzly bear Ailuropoda melanoleuca - Panda Canis lupus – Gray wolf Felis sylvestris - wildcat Panthera leo Panthera tigris Homo neanderthalis

Examples: Ursus horribilis – Grizzly bear Ailuropoda melanoleuca - Panda Canis lupus – Gray wolf Felis sylvestris - wildcat Panthera leo - Lion Panthera tigris Homo neanderthalis

Examples: Ursus horribilis – Grizzly bear Ailuropoda melanoleuca - Panda Canis lupus – Gray wolf Felis sylvestris - wildcat Panthera leo - Lion Panthera tigris - Tiger Homo neanderthalis

Examples: Ursus horribilis – Grizzly bear Ailuropoda melanoleuca - Panda Canis lupus – Gray wolf Felis sylvestris - wildcat Panthera leo - Lion Panthera tigris - Tiger Homo neanderthalis - Neanderthal

Mountain lion, panther, cougar and puma are all common names for…

Felis concolor

Phylogeny

This is the evolutionary tree or history of an organism.

Derived from the Greek words

Phylo meaning tree

Geny meaning descent

Classification is according to genetic relatedness.

Phylogeny

This is becoming more common as genomes are being studied and common genetic arrangements are found between organisms. Fossil evidence is often incomplete so biologists are using more information from genetic mRNA similarities.

Cladistics

This is a part of phylogeny. It organizes life forms to show evolutionary relatedness. Cladograms are a linear, graphic representations of relatedness.

Taxonomy

Still remains the main system for biological classification.

Levels of Classification

Domain - The most recently added 8th taxonomic level, which is even more inclusive than a kingdom

The other seven levels are: Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

Kingdom – the broadest, most general group into which the organisms are divided.Have similar characteristics such as: cell structure, level of specialization and method of obtaining nutrients

Species - The most specific unit of classification

Levels of Classification DOMAIN – KINGOM – PHYLUM – CLASS – ORDER – FAMILY – GENUS – SPECIES- Common name-

Levels of Classification DOMAIN – Eukarya Eukarya KINGOM – PHYLUM – CLASS – ORDER – FAMILY – GENUS – SPECIES- Common name-

Levels of Classification DOMAIN – Eukarya Eukarya KINGOM – Animalia Animalia PHYLUM – CLASS – ORDER – FAMILY – GENUS – SPECIES- Common name-

Levels of Classification DOMAIN – Eukarya Eukarya KINGOM – Animalia Animalia PHYLUM – Chordata Chordata CLASS – ORDER – FAMILY – GENUS – SPECIES- Common name-

Levels of Classification DOMAIN – Eukarya Eukarya KINGOM – Animalia Animalia PHYLUM – Chordata Chordata CLASS – Mammalia Mammalia ORDER – FAMILY – GENUS – SPECIES- Common name-

Levels of Classification DOMAIN – Eukarya Eukarya KINGOM – Animalia Animalia PHYLUM – Chordata Chordata CLASS – Mammalia Mammalia ORDER – Primates Perissodactyla FAMILY – GENUS – SPECIES- Common name-

Levels of Classification DOMAIN – Eukarya Eukarya KINGOM – Animalia Animalia PHYLUM – Chordata Chordata CLASS – Mammalia Mammalia ORDER – Primates Perissodactyla FAMILY – Hominidae Equidae GENUS – SPECIES- Common name-

Levels of Classification DOMAIN – Eukarya Eukarya KINGOM – Animalia Animalia PHYLUM – Chordata Chordata CLASS – Mammalia Mammalia ORDER – Primates Perissodactyla FAMILY – Hominidae Equidae GENUS – Homo Equus SPECIES- Common name-

Levels of Classification DOMAIN – Eukarya Eukarya KINGOM – Animalia Animalia PHYLUM – Chordata Chordata CLASS – Mammalia Mammalia ORDER – Primates Perissodactyla FAMILY – Hominidae Equidae GENUS – Homo Equus SPECIES- sapiens caballus Common name-

Levels of Classification DOMAIN – Eukarya Eukarya KINGOM – Animalia Animalia PHYLUM – Chordata Chordata CLASS – Mammalia Mammalia ORDER – Primates Perissodactyla FAMILY – Hominidae Equidae GENUS – Homo Equus SPECIES- sapiens caballus Common name- Humans Domestic Horse

EXCEPTION TO THE RULE

The above categories apply to most, but not all organisms

Plant kingdom is divided into DIVISIONS instead of phylums

Bacteria are divided into groups called STRAINS

Domain ArcheaIncludes Kingdom Archeobacteria –

Found in extreme environments, such

as hotsprings.

KINGDOM ARCHAEBACTERIA

Unicellular prokaryotes All autotrophs

EX: all ancient Bacteria Might be the first living organisms Also found around fumarols or black

smokers Called EXTREMOPHILES

Domain Bacteria

Includes Kingdom Eubacteria

KINGDOM EUBACTERIA

Unicellular prokaryotes

Some heterotrophs and autotrophs

EX: all bacteria

KINGDOM EUBACTERIA

Majority are beneficial to higher life forms Characteristics are: unicellular, prokaryotes,

heterotrophs and autotrophs.

KINGDOM EUBACTERIA

Cyanophyta- is a phylum called blue-green algae but is not algae. They get their energy from photosynthesis.

An important producer in salt and fresh water.

KINGDOM EUBACTERIA Stromatolites – are rock formations formed

by fossilized cyanobacteria. As old as 2.8 billion years old (pre-

Cambrian) Possible formers of Earths oxygen

atmosphere May have led to near extinction of

anaerobic organisms Known as Spirulina, a superfood

Domain Eukarya• Includes

Kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plants and Animals

• Have a nucleus

KINGDOM PROTISTA

• Unicellular and multicelluar eukaryotes

• Some photosynthetic autotrophs and heterotrophs

• EX: amoebas, algae, kelp and slime mold

KINGDOM PROTISTA are not:

• Bacteria• Animals• Plants• fungi

KINGDOM PROTISTA are:

• Mostly unicellular• Complex cells• Photosynthetic or decomposers or

predators or a combination of the three

• Some are huge like the kelp forests

KINGDOM FUNGI Unicellular or

multicellular eukaryotes

All heterotrophs EX: molds,

mildews, yeast, mushrooms

KINGDOM FUNGI

Cannot make their own food Mostly decomposers Some slime and water molds are

significant water borne pathogens Some are parasitic

KINGDOM PLANTAE Multicellular eukaryotes Have cell walls All photosynthetic

autotrophs Non-motile EX: mosses, ferns,

flowering and cone-bearing plants

KINGDOM PLANTAE Multicellular eukaryotes Have cell walls Are all photosynthetic autotrophs EX: mosses, ferns, flowering and cone-bearing

plant Second largest kingdom

KINGDOM ANIMALIA

Multicellular eukaryotes All heterotrophs Do not have cell walls EX: sponges, jellyfish, worms, insects Largest kingdom with over 1 million species Have complex cells