Advances in Operating Systems

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice HallComputer Fundamentals1

*07/16/96*##ObjectiveComputer modelComputer components: hardware, operating system software, application software. Computer cycle.Milestones in computer development. The most frequent applications (usage).Computer networks and Web based applications.Computers impact on society.2Advances of Computers before 1990Nov 12,1936 A.M.Turing: On Computable Numbers with an Application to the Entscheidungs Problem* -> Universal TM. 1947 ENIAC U of Pennsilvania Eckert and Mauchly -> UNIVAC 1949.Burroughs B5500 stack machine established 1880s, .DEC 1957 until 1998 by Compaq merged withHP in May 2002.IBM founded in 1911. PC 1981. Advances in hardware: Bell Lab transistor 1947 Shockley, integrated circuits TI by Lack Kylby 1958.Microprocessor Intel 8080April 1974 PC: 1977 Apple, Commodore PET 2001, and TRS-80. Advances in software -> Algol 60 based on Postfix notation, Bell Lqb C 1969, Simula 67 Norway, SUN Java 1991 (class libraries).Advances in Operating Systems: Dijkstra TEU 1969, DOS 1970s, UNIX 1973 by Bell Lab..GUI: Microsoft 1983 MS-DOS -> Windows, 1991 Linux = GUI Unix.

*decision problem posed by David Hilbert 1928.3Universal Turing MachineReadProcessWriteMove/haltXXYYFSMProgramDataChurch Thesis: no more powerful machine can be found. Outcomes: Stack machines (Burroughs), lisp machines (Post)Minimum instruction base: +1, -1 if 0 jump.4OPADDRESSPCMDRACCALUGOTOFEFEMARCPUI/OMEMORYMauchly MachineACC - Accumulator Register ALU - Arithmetic Logic UnitCPU - Central Processing Unit E - Execution phaseF - Fetch phaseI/O - Input Output (Terminal) MAR - Memory Address RegisterMDR - Memory Data RegisterOP - Instruction operationPC - Program Counter5Computer cyclePower-on: starts OS with prompt (=>, $, etc.) back to OS

6Advances in HardwareBell Lab transistor 1947 Shockley.Integrated circuits TI by Lack Kylby 1958.Microprocessor Intel 8080April 1974 Intel 80x86: 1982 80286 16-bit, 134 k-transistors, up to 25 MHz clock. 1985 80386 or i386 32-bit, 275 k-transistors, up to 33 MHz. PC: 1977 Apple, Commodore PET 2001, and TRS-80.

78Advances in SoftwareAlgol 60 based on Postfix notation -> subsequent Pascal compiles to p-code. Same concept used by Java hence need for JVM (p-code to Assembler) -> postfix calculators TI and HP. Simula 67 Norway -> objects: class (inheritance and encapsulation and instantiation), monitors [Hoare] (air flight reservation system), processes (infinite loop). [American equivalent Ada]Bell Lab C 1969 (Pascal, loose types, pointer based) .h and .c files separately compiled and at the end linked.1979 1983 C++ Bell Lab Bjarne Stroustrup (passive abstract data types: data encapsulation by methods).SUN Java 1994 (class libraries) James Gosling and Bill Joy. 2000 MS .NET platform C# Anders Hejlsberg (automatic garbage collection).Network programming: HTML, PHP, Ajax,Advances in Operating SystemsE. Dijkstra: THE-multiprogramming system, Jun 1965Batch that supported multitasking.Memory segmentation (relative addressing).Layered structure:Layer 0: process schedulerLayer1 : memory allocator to processesLayer3: I/O management and buffering.Layer 4: user programs served by 5 processes: compilation, execution, and printing.Layer 5: user.

910OS layered approachH/Wprocess mngmntmemory mngmntdevice mngmntfile mngmntHistory of DOSDigital Research (Gary Killdal): CP/M for Intel 8080 and Z80IBM PC with Intel 8088 seeks OS approached CP/M.Seattle Computer Products (Tim Paterson) 86 DOSIBM -> Bill Gates -> 86-DOS for 50 k$ -> MS-DOS 1981IBM PC DOS: single user, single tasking, API for devices, files, memory, printers, program load. Complex peripherals (graphic cards, mouse,, etc.) -> device drivers provided by OEMs.11History of GUI1960 SRI Ca (Doug Engelbart): oN-Line System (NLS) mouse driven + windows for hypertext.1973 Xerox PARC (Alan Key): Alto PC with bit map screen -> predecessor of GUI.1980 Apple Lisa and Macintosh. SUNs workstations.1981 Xerox Star project influenced MAC, SUN, MS.1979-1984 Steve Jobs adopted Star for MAC.1983 MIT project Athena -> X Windows GUI for Unix like OS.1984 Digital Research adopted GUI for CP/M.1985 Commodore -> GUI for Amiga.1985 Microsoft Windows 1.0 for MS-DOS.

12History of Unix1969 Bell Lab, MIT, GE project Multics: portable, multiuser, multitasking, time-sharing OS1973 Unix on PDP-11 in C hence portable. Programmable Shell (APIs), file and device management, calling APIs from user programs.1978 Unix for DEC Vax machines.1982 AT&T licensed Unix V with BSD shell.1983 Richard Stallman announced GNU project for free software Unix-like systems.1991 Linus Tornvalds -> Linux for IBM PC like.2005 Android -> Google: Linux derived OS for mobile devices.

13Advances after 1990: Computer NetworksWeb, HTML and browser1990 Tim Berners-Lee, employee of CERN, finalized tools for working Web: HTTP, HTML, CLI editor (browser) and HTTP server software.1990 Hyper Text Markup Language is amarkup language thatweb browser use to interpret and compose text, images and other material into visual or audible web pages.1993 Marc Andreessen (student), theNational Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) at the University of Illinois released the first version Mosaic that ran in theX Window System. Funding came from Al Gore Bill.1993 the 500 known web servers grew to over 10,000 in 1994.1994 Mosaic Corporation (Jim Clark and Marc Andreessen): became Netscape: Mosaic -> Netscape Navigator.1995 Microsoft: Internet explorer as part of Windows 95.1998 Netscape was bought by AOL for 10 B$ -> 1999.1998 Netscape started open source Mozilla project.2008 Google Chrome for Windows.14Web based E-mail1972 Unix mail program1973 RFC 561 -> 1982 RFC 821 SMTP1978 Unix over UseNet (over Arpanet) .1981 IBM BitNet -> 1984 IBM PC FidoNetInternet Service Providers:

1994 Yahoo was started by Jerry Yang and David Filo of Stanford created a website named "Jerry and David's Guide to the World Wide Web". The Guide was a directory of other websites, organized in a hierarchy, as opposed to a searchable index of pages. 1995 yahoo.com domain was created (IANA).1996 hotmail was one of the first web-based email services founded bySabeer Bhatia and Jack Smith, acquired by Microsoft in 1997 for an estimated $400 million, and rebranded as "MSN Hotmail". 1990 1996 AOL was struggling as ISP however in 1996 introduced fixed monthly rate 19.95 $ and start booming.2004 Gmail was made available to the public byGoogle.

Spamming is unsolicited commercial (or bulk) email. Spoofing changes a header as from trusted source.Phishing: acquire usernames, passwords, credit card numbers etc.15AdvantagesMultifold increased productivity in any activity: manufacturing, writing/editing, book keeping, presentation, forensic coordination, learning, etc.Correspondence (documents with signature).Trade (advertising, selling/buying)Distance learning.E-Government (on line documents). Google search.Wiki (knowledge sharing).

16Disadvantages

Health hazard: physical (ergonomics), psychological (anti-socializing -> depression)Crime hazard (developing malicious software)Work force (layoffs due computer manufacturing)Lack of deep learning

17SummaryComputer modelMajor computer components: Input, output, CPU, RAM, storage.Major players in hardware development: Intel, PC manufacturers, IBM (mainframe)Major players in OS/GUI: DOS, Windows, X Windows (MIT), Unix, Linux.Major players in application software: Microsoft (office), professional applications.Major Web development milestones and major web based applications.

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