teknik identifikasi karang

TEKNIK IDENTIFIKASI KARANG KERAS (Hard Coral)

Written by Safran Yusri

Muhammad Syahrir S.Pi.

An Introduction to the Different Coral Genus View more PowerPoint from Yayasan TERANGI

A. Introduction

The expertise of identifying corals up to the species level is still rare in Indonesia. Different fromthe fish identification, coral identificaiton requires different steps starting from the coral life form,to the corallite, to genus, and lastly species.

Identifying a coral's species is absolutely difficult to do. This requires the analization of it'staxonomy which is really complicated and is usually not friendly for your eyes. Some of theseanalyses requires DNA analization as it is very difficult. Together with these difficulties, thevariety of corals in Indonesia is also very hard, making it even more difficult to match the exactcoral to it's species.

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http://www.slideshare.net/terangi2011/pengenalan-genusgenus-karang

http://www.slideshare.net/terangi2011



The waters of Indonesia is known for the variety of corals. Indonesia has the most types ofcorals in the world together with Phillipines and Australia. A survey was taken at the Raja Ampatareas and researches found that there are about 480 species of corals in the area, while in theworld all together, there are about 800 species. In other words, more than half of the world'scoral reefs can be found in the waters of Indonesia.

B. Coral Identification Techniques.

To know and understand types of corals, every person has a different approach ofunderstanding it, depending on the facility that each person owns. From experiences, a goodway to start is to identifying the framework of dying corals and then actually doing an actuallyobservation on the scene. Some people on the other hand, does the exact opposite. Bothtechniques has its own pluses and minuses. Now, it is important for people to understand whichtechnique to use and which time, depending on the coral types.

Indentifying corals can be done in many ways:

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{slide=Visual}

Visual, this is a direct observation done in nature.

This visual technique requires the oberservation of a coral colony. This visual technique is bestand easiest for a certain type of corals, but cannot be used for all. Coral identification usuallyrequires microscopes so that one can see the corallites and the framework of the coral.

This direct observation technique is usually used by experienced scientists, usually directlyunder water with scuba equipments. This method requires:

a. Observation of the coral's shape.

This method is very simply and easy to learn because all one has to do is to see how the coralcolony grows over time. One looks at the formation of the coral such as whether it is massive,branching, or sheet-like.

b. Observation of the coral's color and form.

This observation is down to living corals and their tentacles. Some of them glows during theday, some glows at night.

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c. Reviewing a coral's framework.

This technique requires the observation of dead corals. Dead corals are usually opened byscientists to see how the coral is form. Scientists need to understand the different parts of thecoral and how it's formed such as where and how corallites take place.

{/slide}

{slide=Using Magnifying Glass and/or Microscopes}

Using Magnifying Glass and/or Microscopes.

The parts of the corals that isn't visible with our bare eyes such as septa, pali, columella, coenostium, columella, paliform, teeth, andmargins requires at least a magnifying glass to see. This technique needs a preparation so that thecolony can be killed. But this does not mean to kill other corals as one wants because thebigger coral colonies can usually be observed with our naked eyes to those who are experts.

{/slide}

{slide=DNA Analyses Technique}

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DNA Analyses Technique.

This technique requires a lab and is still rare for scientists to do. Together with that, thistechnique needs a problem where a scientist cannot decide the coral's species only based onthe coral's framework and colony. The way a coral colony grows really depends on theenvironment and the adaptation pattern of the coral. Therefore, the way coral grows can be thesame between two similar species but the way the colony grows can be different. This is whenDNA is needed to see how these two corals are still the same species.

{/slide}

C. Basic Characteristic in Coral Identification

The diagram below refers to Veron (2000).

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The picture above shows the structure of a basic coral. The terms below are some terms usedto differentiate hard corals: - Corallite : Coral structure that has a shape of a bowl (septa, costae, columella, paliformlobes merupakan bagian dari corallite ) - Calice : The part inside the corallite circle that has a curve following the lips of the Corallite. - Septa : A vertical slab that is composed such that radially from the center of the tube, theseries of septa shapes itself like a sharp leaf and is different to other species. In one Corallite, afew of these vertical slab can be found. - Costae : A part of the septa that grows out reaching the Corallite walls. - Pali : The part on the lower end of the septa that widens, creating a bump around the columella. This structure can also be called paliform lobes. - Columella : The structure in the middle of the corallite. There are for columellastructures that is often found which are solid, porous, lengthwise, and without columella. - Coenosteum : A horizontal slab that connecters one Corallite to the other. - Polip : A group of living coral tissues. - Tentacles : A part of the polip that resembles a hand. It often comes out when in calciumform at night. 1. Colony Types

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Based on how the coral grows, hard corals can be divided into 2 groups which are Acropora annon-Acropora(English dkk., 1994). The difference between Acropora with non-Acropora is seen in the coral's skeleton. Acropora has a part called axial coralliteand radial corallite, while non-Acroporahas a radial corallite.

Frame of an Acropora

Frame of a non Acropora

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2. Growth Form of a Coral

Consist of Non-Acropora and Acropora

{tab=Non-Acropora}

1. This branching type of coral coded CB, has a branch longer than its diameter. Each branchwill have other sub-branches and will have a very sharp tip.

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2. Massive shaped coral coded CM, often has the shape of rock chunks. The surface of thecoral is often smooth and solid, this type of coral along the edges of the other corals and the topof a coral slope.

3. Encrusting corals, coded CE, grows following the substrate shape, sticking itself on roughand hard surfaces with little holes. These corals are usually crust-like.

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4. Sheet like corals called foliose, coded CF, are sheets that is prominent and small. Theyusually create folds or a circular shape. These corals are often found in areas that areproctected and they also play a role in creating a living space for fishes and other marineorganisms.

5. Mushroom-like corals has a unique shape which is oval, coded CMR, has many bumpswhich are hill-like. For these mushroom-like corals, it has no colony, so if one finds this coral, itwill be an individual by itself. memiliki banyak tonjolan seperti punggung bukit beralur dari tepihingga pusat mulut. Khusus karang jamur, ia tidak berkoloni, sehingga bila menemukan karangjamur maka ia merupakan satu individu.

6. Submassive shape, coded CS, has a strong and sturdy shape with bumps and smallcolumns.

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7. Fire corals (Millepora), coded CML, are known to have little yellow marks at the tips of thesecorals and one will feel a warm and burning sensation when touched.

8. Blue coral (Heliopora), coded CHL, can be easily identified as corals that has a base color ofblue.

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{tab=Acropora} Acropora form of growth : 1. Branching Acropora, coded ACB, has many branches just like a tree.

2.Tabulate Acropora, coded ACT, has many branches but forms itself into a table. This coralsare supported by it's strong stem which allows the smaller branches to spread out like a table.This corals create a hiding place for fishes that like's to be "undercover."

3. Encursting Acropora, coded ACE, is a crust-like coral with axial corallite. Usually, this type ofcoral is approached by Acroporathat is new and looking for a place to grow on.

4. Submassive Acropora), coded ACS, is a slab-like coral and is sturdy.

5. Acropora berjari (Digitate Acropora), kode ACD, the branches are densely built together andhas shape like human fingers.

{/tabs} 3. Corallite types

The following categories are listed below refers to the Veron (2000).

{slide=Divided Walls}

a. Divided Walls

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Plocoid, each corallite has its own walls with bumps that has a shape of a cylinder that isseparated by c oenosteum.

Phaceloid, when the corallites enlongates, it creates a cylinder-like shape and has a corallitewalls that is separated by an empty area.

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Flabello-meandroid, like meandroid, has a shape of long valleys while the corallites does nothave a diving wall.

Soliter, this type of coral only consist of one corallite, mainly has two shapes which are circularand oval.

{/slide}

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{slide=Dinding Menyatu}

b. Connecting Walls

Cerioid, when these corallites connects one to another, it forms a flat surface.

Meandroid, corallite that connects one wall to the other, creating canal-like shape.

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{/slide}

{slide=Spesial}

c. Special

Themnasterioid, is a type of corallite that does not have walls, instead it creates little canals thatis centralized.

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Hydnophoroid, corallite shaped like a hill that has an individual dividing walls.

{/slide}

D. Sistematika Karang

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Dari 800 spesies yang ditemukan di dunia, sekitar 450 spesies di antaranya dapat ditemukan diIndonesia. Karang keras di Indonesia terbagi kedalam 6 ordo (2 kelas), namun 90 %diantaranya merupakan Ordo Scleractinia.

{slide=Tabel Klasifikasi Karang}

OUTLINE OF CLASSIFICATION

Phylum Cnidaria (Coelenterata)

Class

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Ordo

Sub-Ordo

Familia

Genus

Anthozoa

Coenthecalia

Helioporidae

Heliopora

Gorgonacea

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Corallidae

Corallium

Melithaeidae

Melithaea

Stolinifera

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Tubiporidae

Tubipora

Scleractinia

Archaecoenina

Astrocoeniidae

Stylocoeniella

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Acroporidae

Acropora

Montipora

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Anacropora

Astreopora

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Pocilloporidae

Pocillopora

Seriatopora

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Stylophora

Palauastrea

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Madracis

Fungiina

Siderastreidae

Psammocora

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Coscinaraea

Pseudosiderastrea

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Siderastrea

Anomastrea

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Horastrea

Agariciidae

Pavona

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Leptoseris

Gardineroseris

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Coeloseris

Pachyseris

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Agaricia

Fungiidae

Cycloseris

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Diaseris

Heliofungia

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Fungia

Herpolitha

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Polyphyllia

Halomitra

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Sandalolitha

Lithophyllon

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Zoopilus

Podabacia

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Micrabaciidae

Letepsammia

Fungiacyathidae

Fungiacyathus

Faviina

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Rhyzangidae

Culicia

Astrangia

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Pectiniidae

Echinophyllia

Oxypora

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Mycedium

Pectinia

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Physophyllia

Mussidae

Blastomussa

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Cynarina

Scolymia

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Australomussa

Acanthastrea

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Lobophyllia

Symphyllia

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Merulinidae

Hydnophora

Merulina

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Paraclaverina

Scapophyllia

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Boninastrea

Faviidae

Caulastrea

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Favia

Barabattoia

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Favites

Goniastrea

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Faviidae

Platygyra

Australogyra

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Leptoria

Oulophyllia

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Oulastrea

Montastrea

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Plesiastrea

Diploastrea

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Leptastrea

Astreosmilia

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Arythrastrea

Cyphastrea

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Echinopora

Moseleya

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Trachyphylliidae

Trachyphyllia

Wellsophyllia

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Caryophyllina

Caryophylliidae

Euphyllia

Catalophyllia

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Plerogyra

Physogyra

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Montigyra

Nemenzophyllia

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Gyrosmilia

Heterocyathus

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& Ahermatypic 20

Parasmillidae

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Turbinolidae

Guyniidae

Stenocyathus

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Flabellidae

Flabellum

Placotrochus

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Monomyces

Gardineria

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Meandrina

Oculinidae

Galaxea

Archelia

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Madrepora

Cyathelia

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Meandrinidae

Ctenella

Dendrophyllina

Dendrophylliidae

Dendrophyllia

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Tubastrea

Turbinaria

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Balanophyllia

Duncanopsammia

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& Ahermatypic 7

Poritina

Poritidae

Porites

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Stylaraea

Goniopora

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Alveopora

Hydrozoa

Milleporina

Milleporidae

Millepora

Stylasterina

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Stylasteridae

Stylaster

Distichopora

{/slide}

E. Beberapa Genus Karang yang Umum di Indonesia

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Berdasarkan survei karang yang pernah dilakukan di beberapa daerah di Indonesia olehbeberapa ahli karang, ternyata genus karang yang umum dijumpai di perairan Indonesia antaralain meliputi :

{slide=Acropora}

1. Genus Acropora (Familia Acroporidae)

Genus Acropora memiliki jumlah jenis (spesies) terbanyak dibandingkan genus lainnya padakarang. Karang jenis ini biasanya tumbuh pada perairan jernih dan lokasi dimana terjadipecahan ombak. Bentuk koloni umumnya bercabang dan tergolong jenis karang yang cepattumbuh, namun sangat rentan terhadap sedimentasi dan aktivitas penangkapan ikan.

Karakteristik bentuk rangka kapur genus Acropora antara lain ialah:

- Koloni biasanya bercabang, jarang sekali menempel ataupun - submasif. - Koralit dua tipe, axial dan radial. - Septa umumnya mempunyai dua lingkaran. - Columella tidak ada. - Dinding koralit dan coenosteum rapuh. - Tentakel umumnya keluar pada malam hari.

{/slide}

{slide=Montipora}

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2. Genus Montipora (Familia Acroporidae)

Genus Montipora sering ditemukan mendominasi suatu daerah. Sangat tergantung padakejernihan suatu perairan. Biasanya berada pada perairan dangkal berkaitan dengan intensitascahaya yang diperolehnya dengan bentuk koloni berupa lembaran.

Karakteristik bentuk rangka kapur genus Montipora ini antara lain ialah:

- Bentuk koloni bervariasi, ada yang submasif, laminar, menempel ataupun bercabang. - Ukuran koralit umumnya kecil. - Septa umumnya memiliki dua lingkaran dengan bagian ujung (gigi) muncul keluar. Apabila disentuh maka akan terasa tajam. - Tidak memiliki columella. - Dinding koralit dan coenosteum keropos. Coenosteum memiliki beberapa tipe: Papillae(bila coenosteumlebih kecil dibandingkan dengan ukuran koralit), dan tuberculae jika sebaliknya. Apabila berkelompok mengelilingi koralit disebut thecalpapillaedan juga ada thecal tuberculae. - Tentakel umumnya keluar pada malam hari. - Karang yang struktur rangka kapurnya mirip dengan genus Montipora adalah genus Porites ,dan kadangkala sulit untuk membedakannya.

Namun pada pengamatan bawah air, struktur internal pada koralit karang genus Porites lebihjelas terlihat dibandingkan dengan karang genus Montipora, dan sebagian besar Montiporamemiliki coenosteumyang lebar, sementara

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Poritestidak memiliki coenosteum.

{/slide}

{slide=Pocillopora}

3. Genus Pocillopora (Familia Pocilloporidae)}

Karakteristik bentuk rangka kapur genus Pocillopora antara lain ialah:

- Koloni umumnya berbentuk submasif, bercabang, ataupun bercabang dengan bentukpipih. - Koloni ditutupi oleh verrucae. - Koralit cekung ke dalam pada verrucae. - Koralit mungkin tidak memiliki struktur dalam atau memiliki columella yang kurangberkembang. - Memiliki dua lingkaran septa yang tidak sama. - Coenosteum biasanya ditutupi oleh granules (butiran). - Tentakel umumnya keluar hanya pada malam hari.

Genus Pocillopora merupakan satu-satunya genus pada karang yang memiliki verrucae. Haltersebut menjadi ciri khas yang membedakannya dengan genus-genus karang yang lain.

{/slide}

{slide=Seriatopora}

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4. Genus Seriatopora (Familia Pocilloporidae)

Karakteristik genus Seriatopora antara lain ialah:

- Ciri khas koloninya berbentuk compact bushes dengan cabang yang halus. - Koralit tersusun rapi (neat rows) sepanjang cabang. - Koralit sebagian besar tenggelam (immerse) dan struktur internal tidak begituberkembang kecuali columella. - Septa umumnya berjumlah satu, namun kadangkala terdiri atas dua lingkaran, dan telahberkembang dan menyatu hingga ke columella. - Coenosteum ditutupi oleh spinules (duri-duri) yang halus. - Struktur rangka kapur genus Seriatopora hampir mirip dengan genus Stylophora, tetapidapat dibedakan, dimana percabangan genus Seriatoporalebih halus (kecil) dibandingkan dengan genus Stylophora.

{/slide}

{slide=Favia}

5. Genus Favia (Familia Faviidae)

Karakteristik bentuk rangka kapur genus Favia antara lain ialah:

- Bentuk koloni umumnya masif, flat atau dome-shaped. - Koralit sebagian besar monocentric (satu columella dalam satu corallite) dan plocoid. - Memperbanyak koralit melalui pembelahan intratentacular. - Tentakel umumnya keluar hanya pada malam hari. - Struktur rangka kapur genus Favia mirip dengan genus Favites tapi dapat dibedakandengan perbedaan tipe koralit karang. Tipe koralit Favites

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tergolong ceroid, sedangkan tipe koralit Faviatergolong plocoid.

{/slide}

{slide=Favites}

6. Genus Favites (Familia Faviidae)

Beberapa karakteristik bentuk rangka kapur dari genus Favites :

- Bentuk koloni umumnya masif, flat atau dome-shaped. - Koralit berbentuk monocentric dan ceroid, beberapa berbentuk subplocoid. - Pada koloni karang ini, antar dua koralit dibatasi oleh satu dinding koralit.

{/slide}

{slide=Porites}

7. Genus Porites (Familia Poritidae)

Beberapa karakteristik bentuk rangka kapur dari genus Porites :

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- Bentuk koloni ada yang flat (foliaceous atau encrusting), masif atau bercabang. - Koloni yang masif berbentuk bulat ataupun setengah bulat. Koloni masif yang kecil akanterlihat berbentuk seperti helm atau dome-shaped, dengan diameter dapat mencapailebih dari 5 m. - Koralit berukuran kecil, cekung ke dalam (terbenam) pada badan koloni dengan lebar Calice kurang dari 2 mm. - Tentakel umumnya keluar pada malam hari.

Genus Porites ini mirip dengan genus Montipora dan Stylaraea, namun memiliki beberapaperbedaan. Perbedaan antara Porites dengan Montiporaialah bahwa Porites memiliki bentuk pertumbuhan yang lebih beragam, koralitpada Porites lebih besar, kokoh dan tidak ada elaborate thecal (perpanjangan dinding koralit). Genus Montiporamempunyai dua tipe coenosteum, yaitu reticulum papillaedan tuberculae.Selain itu, Poritesmemiliki koralit yang umumnya selalu terlihat septanya, sementara Montiporahanya memiliki perpanjangan gigi septa yang menonjol keluar sehingga terasa runcing dankasar bila tersentuh.

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{/slide}

{slide=Goniopora}

8. Genus Goniopora (Familia Poritidae)

Karakteristik :

- Bentuk koloni columnar , masif dan encrusting. - Koralit tebal tapi berdinding keropos dan calice memiliki septa yang kokoh dan memiliki columella. - Polip genus Goniopora berukuran panjang dan keluar baik pada malam maupun sianghari. - Polip genus Goniopora memiliki 24 tentakel.

{/slide}

{slide=Fungia}

9.Genus Fungia (Famili Fungiidae)

Karakteristik :

- Cara hidup tidak menempel pada substrat (free living) kecuali yang masih belum dewasa (juvenile). - Hidup dengan tidak membentuk koloni (soliter).

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- Memiliki satu mulut. - Rangka kapur umumnya berbentuk bulat dan atau lonjong. - Bagian bawah koloni ada yang memiliki ferporation (lubang rangka).

{/tabs}

Daftar Acuan

English S, Wilkinson C, Baker V. 1998. Survey manual for tropical marine resources.Townsville: Australian Institute of Marine Science.

Veron, JEN. 2000. Corals of the World. Vol. 1. Australian Institute of Marine Science & CRR,Qld: xii + 463 hlm.

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teknik identifikasi karang

Technology

corals species

species of corals

types of corals

corals framework

thevariety of corals

corals color

corals shape

indentifying corals