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STEFANA BALAN

THE ENGLISH TENSES: THEORY, PRACTICE AND

KEY

Clear explanations Practice the tenses Fill in the blanks with the suitable tense Irregular verbs Key to practice

1. SIMPLE PRESENT

FORMS: AFFIRMATIVE: SUBJECT+V1(+S/ES FOR HE/SHE/IT) I study hard every day. She studies German in school.

INTERROGATIVE:DO/DOES(HE/SHE/IT)+SUBJECT+V1

Do you work in this town? Does she enjoy Chemistry? NEGATIVE: SUBJECT+DO NOT/DOES NOT+V1

DON’T/DOESN’TI don't go to club very often.

NEGATIVE-INTERROGATIVE: DON’T/DOESN’T+SUBJECT+V1

DO/DOES+ SUBJECT+NOT+V1 Do you not study Algebra? Don't you smoke cigars?

USE:1. to express scientific or general truths:Water boils at 100°C.

2. to express an action happening repeatedly or which is permanent (frequency adverbs can be used: every day/month/year, rarely, seldom, never, sometimes, always etc) We always travel by plane on holidays. I am never busy in the afternoons.

3. to narrate stories or events (if the action is in progress, present continuous will be used): When I enter my house, I see a big man standing in my kitchen. Apparently, that was the plumber called by my mother.

4. to give instructions:For a pizza, you make dough and you add mozzarella, mushrooms, bacon, olives...

5. when making live commentaries. It is used in general for finished actions.Ronaldo gets the ball and shoots. It's a goal!

6. to express future for official actions:The meeting takes place at 5 pm this afternoon.

7. to express a future action in conditional and time clausesI will call you when/if I finish my project.

8.in exclamations beginning with ‘’here’’ and ‘’there’’Here comes the bus. but The bus is coming

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2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS

FORMS: AFFIRMATIVE: SUBJECT+AM/ARE/IS+V-ING

I am working hard this month. INTERROGATIVE:AM/ARE/IS+SUBJECT+V-ING Are you coming with us?

NEGATIVE: SUBJECT+AM NOT/ARE NOT/IS NOT+V-ING AREN’T/ISN’T They are not working in the morning this week.

NEGATIVE-INTERROGATIVE:AREN’T/ISN’T+SUBJECT+V-ING

AM/ARE/IS+ SUBJECT+NOT+V-ING Aren't you studying English grammar this term?USE:

1.to express an action in progress at the moment of speaking. Such adverbs as now, just, at this moment can be used in order to emphasize the fact that the action is in progress.I am listening to the speaker now.

2. to express an action which happens in the present, even if it is not necessarily in progress at the moment of speaking:I am writing a book. (not as we are speaking)

3. to express temporary actionsThis month I am working harder.

4. to express near future - personal plans or arrangements (it is obligatory to use the time adverbial: tomorrow, next week/month/...)Next weekend we are going to a nice mountain resort.

5. to express future actions with verbs of movement such as : to come, to go, to arrive, to leaveOur aunt is arriving tomorrow.

6. to express a repeated or permanent action which produces annoyance, irritation: (with always, constantly, continually, and forever.)He is always coming late to the parties.

7. in subordinate clauses of time or condition when referring to an action in progress: I won't disturb them if they are studying.

8. to show the transition from one state to another with such verbs as to become, to grow, to get.Children are getting smarter and smarter every day.

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STATE VERBS

1. VERBS OF PERCEPTION: to feel, to hear, to notice, to see, to smell, to taste (to express the mere perception and not a voluntary action)I see you now. but I am looking at you now.The flower smells nice. but I am smelling the flower. If the verbs do nor refer to perception but have other meanings, they can be used in the continuous aspect: I am seeing the doctor on Friday.

2.VERBS EXPRESSING MENTAL ACTIVITIES:to agree, to believe, to distrust, to doubt, to find, to foresee, to forget, to guess, to imagine, to know, to mean, to mind, to remember, to recognize, to recollect, to suppose, to think (that), to trust, to understand

e.g. I understand the tenses now. He thinks that we should go home now.

But

e.g. You are imagining things (you are making up).She is minding her old mother. (looks after her)

3.VERBS EXPRESSING WISH: to desire, to intend, to want, to wish

I want that dress right now! We intend to get married next week.

4. VERBS EXPRESSING ATTITUDES, FEELINGS, EMOTIONAL STATES: to abhor, to adore, to detest, to dislike, to displease, to like, to love , to hate, to please, to prefer I love English grammar now.

5. VERBS EXPRESSING POSSESSION: to belong to, to have, to hold, to keep to owe, to own, to possess

He has a lot of money now.

6. VERBS EXPRESSING A STATE, A CONDITION: to appear, to be, to consist of, to contain, to differ, to deserve, to equal, to resemble, to seem, to suit

You seem upset today.

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3. PAST SIMPLE

FORMS: AFFIRMATIVE: SUBJECT+V2I went to the theatre yesterday.

INTERROGATIVE:DID +SUBJECT+V1Did you visit your grandparents last week?

NEGATIVE: SUBJECT+DID NOT+V1

DIDN’TI didn’t go to the theatre, I went to the cinema.NEGATIVE-INTERROGATIVE: DIDN’T+SUBJECT+V1

DID+ SUBJECT+NOT+V1Did you not understand what I told you?

SPELLING RULES OF THE PAST FORM

1. when the verbs end in –e only –d is added

She smiled at him and left.

2. when a one-syllable verb ends in a single consonant (with the exception of c, w, or x) preceded by a single vowel, the final consonant is doubled and –ed is added

They stopped and greeted each other.

3. the verbs ending in –c add k after c then –ed is added

Everybody panicked when hearing about the test.

4. a verb of more than one syllable ends in a single consonant preceded by a single vowel, the final consonant is doubled if the final syllable is stressed.

They referred to our project.

the final consonant is not doubled when the final consonant is not stressed (visited, listened)

I visited Rome instead of staying at home.

Exceptions: kidnapped, handicapped

5. When the short infinitive of a verb ends in –y, if the –y is preceded by a consonant, it is changed into –I and then –ed is added I cried at the end of the Titanic movie.

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USE:

1. for an action which happened at a definite time in the past. In this case a past adverbial is used such as when, the other day, then, yesterday, last week, last month, in 1998, ago, etc. They went camping by the lake last month.

2. for actions which happened one after the other in the pastFirst she paid the driver, then she got out of the taxi.

3. for past habits or states which are now finished. In such cases we can also use the expression "used to" or modal "would" (only for dynamic verbs)I played football every weekend when I was young.I used to play football when I was young....I would play football when I was young...

4. in conditional clauses (type II) to express a probable actionIf I were you, I would call him.If she had time, she would call you.

Obs. 'to be' has the form were for all persons in literary English.

5. to express Present Simple in Reported Speech introduced by a verb in the past

‘I like English grammar’, she said. She said that she liked English grammar.

6. to express an action with duration but completed at the moment of speaking.I lived in New York for 10 years. Then I moved to London.

7. after wish, had better, would rather, as if/though, it's time to express present reference

I wish I were at the seaside now.He behaves as if he were our boss.It's time you learnt the English tenses. I'd rather/better you came early at the party. (we use past only when we have different subjects.)

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4. PAST CONTINUOUS

FORMS: AFFIRMATIVE: SUBJECT+WAS/WERE+V-ING I was doing my homework when you called.

INTERROGATIVE:WAS/WERE+SUBJECT+V-ING Were you doing some shopping yesterday in the Mall?

NEGATIVE: SUBJECT+WAS NOT/WERE NOT +V-ing - WASN’T / WEREN’T I wasn't doing anything so you did not bother me.

USE:

1. To express an action in progress at a certain moment in the past:This time yesterday I was writing.

2. For two or more simultaneous actions in the pastWhile mother was cooking, I was helping her.

3. for a temporary action in the pastI was working as a translator at that time.

4. to express a repeated annoying situation or actionThey were always asking for money.

5. to express a background actionWhen I was going to school yesterday, I saw a house on fire.

6. To render a Present Continuous in Reported SpeechI am working, she said. She said that she was working.

7. in Reported Speech+time/conditional clausesShe said she wouldn't disturb them if they were studying.

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5.PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

FORMS: AFFIRMATIVE: SUBJECT+HAVE/HAS+V3 I have been here for two hours.

INTERROGATIVE: HAVE/HAS+SUBJECT+V3Have you understood the question?

NEGATIVE: SUBJECT+HAVE NOT/HAS NOT+V3 - HAVEN’T/HASN’T I haven't seen him yet.

NEGATIVE-INTERROGATIVE: HAVEN’T/HASN’T+SUBJECT+V3

HAVE/HAS+ SUBJECT+NOT+V3 Have you not heard my question?

USE

1. to express an action in the past with present consequencesI've lost my car keys. (I can't drive home)

2. to express an action or state which started in the past and continues to the present moment. I've been here for a week.

3. to express a recent action (yet, already, recently, just)I've just woken up.

4. in time and conditional clauses to replace a Future PerfectIf/When I have done my homework, I will meet with my friends.

5. with an unfinished period of time.I've missed the bus this morning. (it's before noon)

The most common adverbials for Present Perfect are just, lately, recently, of late, latterly, till now, up to now, so far, up to the present, during the last week, the last few days, these twenty minutes, today, this week, this month, this year, all day, all night, this morning, how long, when concerned with a period of time extending into the present, ever, never, often, seldom, always, several times, already and yet, with since and for. Note that these adverbs are used with the PRESENT PERFECT when the point of reference in THE PRESENT MOMENT

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6. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

FORMS: AFFIRMATIVE: SUBJECT+HAVE/HAS+BEEN+V-ING I have been working in this school for 12 years.

INTERROGATIVE: HAVE/HAS+SUBJECT+BEEN+V-ING

Have you been studying English?

NEGATIVE: SUBJECT+HAVE NOT/HAS NOT + BEEN+V-ING HAVEN’T/HASN’T

I haven’t been working hard lately.

NEGATIVE-INTERROGATIVE: HAVEN’T/HASN’T+SUBJECT+ BEEN+V-ING

HAVE/HAS+ SUBJECT+NOT BEEN+V-INGHave you not been doing your homework since last week?

USE:

1. to express an uninterrupted action which has duration and is in progress at the moment of speaking. (it should be an action and not a state)I’ve been drinking a lot of coffee this morning. But I’ve drunk three cups of coffee this morning.

2. to express a finished action with dramatic effects in the presentYour room is a mess. What have you been doing?

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7. PAST PERFECT SIMPLE

FORMS: AFFIRMATIVE: SUBJECT+HAD+V3I had done my work by the time they left.

INTERROGATIVE: HAD+SUBJECT+V3Had he forgotten his umbrella at home?

NEGATIVE: SUBJECT+HAD NOT +V3

HADN’TI hadn’t realized at that time that they were married.

NEGATIVE-INTERROGATIVE: HADN’T+SUBJECT+V3

HAD+ SUBJECT+NOT+V3Had you not understood how wrong everything was?

USE:1. to express an action or a state prior to another moment or action. The most common adverbials are when, before, now that, as soon as, and after.I had completed the questionnaire when the clerk came in the office.

2. to express duration up to a moment in the past (especially with states):I had been there for five hours when he finally showed up.

3. in sentences with the constructions just, hardly/barely/scarcely…+ when and no sooner…+ thanNo sooner had I got home than he called me.Hardly had I got in the classroom when the teacher came in.

4. with since and for when they show duration up to a past momentIn 2010 I had been a teacher for 10 years.

5. to express Past Tense Simple and Present Perfect Simple in Indirect Speech“I met with him a minute ago” she said She said that she had met with him a minute before.“I have just met with him” she said She said that she had just met with him.

6. in the Conditional Clause Type III to express an impossible conditionI would have got a good grade if I had organised my time better.

7. to express a regret (with if only, wish)If only I had worked every day at least a bit...I wish I had done more to improve my grammar skills before the Cambridge exam

8. after had/would rather(when subjects are different) or as if/as thoughI’d rather you had helped him with his homework. He acted as if he had been our master.

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8. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

FORMS: AFFIRMATIVE: SUBJECT+HAD+BEEN+V-ING I had been waiting for him for 30 minutes when he finally came.

INTERROGATIVE: HAD+SUBJECT+BEEN+V-ING

Had he been bothering you a lot?

NEGATIVE: SUBJECT+HAD NOT + BEEN+V-ING HADN’T

I had not been reading my school books by the time of the exam

NEGATIVE-INTERROGATIVE: HADN’T+SUBJECT+ BEEN+V-INGHAD+ SUBJECT+NOT BEEN+V-ING

Had he not been working hard like the rest of the team?

USE:

1. To show that an action had duration up to a certain moment in the past:I had been studying hard for more than 5 hours when my mother arrived at home.

2. in Reported Speech to express a past continuous or a present perfect continuous“I was crossing the street when I saw her” he explained He explained that he had been crossing the street when he had seen her.“ I have been waiting for hours” she complained She complained that she had been waiting for hours.

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FUTURE TENSES AND EXPRESSIONS

1. THE SIMPLE FUTURE

FORMS: SUBJECT+SHALL(I,WE)/WILL+V1

USE:

Will1. is used to express a neutral future event, yet there are grammarians who include this use in the category of modality:He will pass the exams for sure. (rather a prediction)

2. a future action in the main clause of conditional and time sentencesI will help you if/when you need me to.

3. to express on-the-spot decisions:-This suitcase is so heavy!-I will help you!

2. THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS

WILL+BE+V-ING

1. to express a future activity or state in progress at a certain time in the futureThis time tomorrow I will be doing shopping.

2. to express an activity or state that will take place over a future periodWe will be working hard all next week.

3. to express planned actionsWe will be visiting Rome for Christmas.

3. FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE

WILL+ HAVE +V3

USE:1. to express a completed action at a future momentThis time tomorrow, I will have finished my project.

2. the duration up to a certain time in the future (especially with states)He will have been in this company for a long year when he retires.

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3. possibility or assumptionHe will have finished his homework by now.

4.FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS

WILL+ HAVE +BEEN+V3

It is used to express the duration of an action up to a certain moment in the future and the fact that the action is in progress at the moment of reference:This time next year, I will have been teaching English for 15 years.

5. FUTURE-IN-THE-PAST SIMPLE

SHOULD/WOULD+V1

It is used to express a future action or state in reported speech:She said she would help me.

Observation: The same happens with the other future tenses, as a matter of fact, will turns into would in Reported Speech introduced by a verb in the past.

7. TO BE TO

1.to express an official plan or an arrangementThe PM is to resign this morning.

2. a demand or obligationYou are to do your homework.

3. a possible actionHe is to become rich one day

8. TO BE ABOUT TO

To express immediate future:You are about to get good news.

9. TO BE GOING TO (NEAR FUTURE)

It is used to express:1. premeditation of an action:I am going to study hard this year.

2. to make predictions with clear evidence:The sky is clear, it is going to be a wonderful day.

3. planned actionsI am going to have a party tonight.

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PRACTICE

Fill in the blanks with the right tense of the verb between the brackets:

Put the verbs in the brackets into the correct tense and voice:

1. When I………….(1.be) a little girl, my brother and I used to visit our grandparents’ mysterious house which……..(2.say) to have been haunted. Just before New Year’s Eve, the house was cold and gloomy because it…………(3.snow) heavily all day; we ……..(4.sit) around the fire listening to grandma’s favourite stories when suddenly there …….(5.be) a tremendous crash upstairs. We all thought in horror of the ghost that she …..(6.tell) us about. We …..(7.rush) up the stairs to discover that a tree ……(8.snap) in the wind smashing the bedroom window. I……(9.remember/always) the expression on my grandma’s face. “ I ………(10.be) so scared in my life!” was all she could say.

2. I …….(1. walk) along the main street one day when I suddenly …..(2. see) something strange: a man I …..(3.see) before, the same height as me who……..(4.have) a beard just like mine…….(5.cross) the street a few steps from me, coming to my direction. He …..(6.pass) by me and I …..(7. freeze) amazed. He ……(8.wear) a blue shirt and a dark suit and he ……..(9. carry) a suitcase. I ………….(10. turn) around and followed him.

3. When Hamlet first saw the ghost of his father he doubted, as any reasonable man ………(1.do). If he ……..(2.trust) it from start, he ………..(3.kill) Claudius sooner and the complicated story of betrayal, inquiry and strategy of revenge (4. exist). Supposing he …..(5.kill) Polonius, Ophelia …….(6.lose) her mind and finally drowned; and Laertes ……….(7.have) any reason to challenge Hamlet to a duel. Moreover, if Hamlet ……….(8.fake) madness, Claudius ……..(9.lower) his guard and finally given himself away; but then again, who would know about their story ………..(10.be) for Shakespeare?

4. Mary had a row with her parents and she decided to leave home. If she ……….(1.think) twice she would still be with them. Later, she wished she ……….(2.not say) those harsh words to them, and that they ……..(3.be) on good terms again. She experienced very hard times for a month or two, and she often wished she ……..(4.be) born. If she ………..(5.be) strong, she …….(6.have) a break down. Luckily, her friends supported and advised her. If it …………(7.not be) for them, she…….(8.not be) on her own. Her career changed due to them; she may even become successful provided that she …………(9.work) hard from now on. She even tried to make up with her parents and she often thinks “If only these things ………..(10.happen)!”

5. People all over the world have seen UFOs for centuries. Aliens …..(1.say)…….(2.be) little green transparent creatures that ………..(3. come) here in order to study us.People ………..(4.say) …………(5.kidnap) and tested and each victim has very strong memories about this experience. They …………….(6.often/suspect) of lying or at least exaggerating but they can’t all be crooks, can they? Doctors and UFO-scientists……………….(7.know)…….(8.examine) them carefully even under hypnosis. Some of the events and experiences ……………(9.share) by all of them. Alien ………..(10. always/see) as the most intriguing contemporary subject due to our hope of not being alone in the Universe.

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KEY:

1.1. was2. was said3. had been snowing4. were sitting5. was6. had told/was telling7. rushed8. had snapped9. will always remember10.have never been

2.1. was walking2. saw3. had never seen4. had5. was crossing6. passed7. froze8. was wearing9. was carrying10. turned

3. 1. would have done/would do2. had trusted3. would have killed4. wouldn’t have existed5. hadn’t killed6. wouldn’t have lost7. wouldn’t have had8. hadn’t faked9. wouldn’t have lowered10.hadn’t it been

4.1. had thought2. hadn’t said3. were4. hadn’t been born5. hadn’t been6. would have had7. had not been8. wouldn’t be9. works10.hadn’t happened

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5. 1. are said2. to be3. come/have come4. are said5. have been kidnapped6. are often suspected7. are known8. to have examined9. are shared10.have always been seen

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LISTA VERBELOR NEREGULATE

Infinitive Past Tense Past Participle Prezent Participle Traducere

to arise arose arisen arising a se ridica/urca/sui/ivi/rasari/iscato awake awoke awaked awaking a se trezi/destepta/sculato backbite backbit backbitten backbiting a defaima/ponegri/birfi/calomniato be was/were been being a fi/a se afla/gasito bear bore born bearing a purta/duce/transporta/cara/rodito beat beat beaten beating a bate/lovi/sunato become became become becoming a deveni/ajunge/a se potrivito beget begot begotten begetting a procrea/a da nastere la/ a cauzato begin began begun beginning a incepe/debuta/a pornito bend bent bent/bended bending a (se) indoi/incovoia/inclina/supuneto beset beset beset besetting a aranja/pune/potrivi/bloca/coplesito bid bid/bade bid/bidden bidding a ruga/implora/porunci/ordona/licitato bind bound bound binding a (se) lega/uni/consolida/captusito bite bit bit/bitten biting a musca/ciupi/apuca/defaimato bleed bled bled bleeding a stoarce/slei/singerato blend blent/blended blent/blended blending a (se) amesteca/combina/asortato bless blessed/blest blessed/blest blessing a binecuvinta/slavi/glorifica/aparato blow to blew blown blowing a bate/sufla/adia/rasuna/erupeto break broke broken breaking a (se) rupe/sparge/fringeto breed bred bred breeding a creste/cultiva/hrani/nutri/educato bring brought brought bringing a aduce/mina/impinge/determinato broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcasting a difuza/raspindi/transmite/semanato build built built building a construi/cladi/zidito burn burnt/burned burnt burning a arde/cauterizato burst burst burst bursting a izbucni/plesni/crapato buy bought bought buying a cumpara/corupe/mituito cast cast cast casting a arunca/azvirli/distribuito catch caught caught catching a (se) prinde/apuca/fixato chide chid chid/chidden chiding a certa/mustra/dojeni/cicalito choose chose chosen choosing a alege/selecta/prefera/a vreato cleave cleft/clove cleft/clove cleaving a (se) crapa/despica/detasato cling clung clung clinging a se lipi/agata de/a se tine deto clothe clothed/clad clothed/clad clothing a (se) imbraca/invesminta/acoperito come came come coming a veni/sosi/a se apropia/a exagerato cost cost cost costing a costa/face, fixa pretulto creep crept crept creeping a (se) tiri/furisa, a fi plecat/umilto crow crowed/crew crowed crowing a cinta cucurigu/a-si manifesta to cut cut cut cutting a taia/reteza/sectiona/despica/cioplito dare dared/durst dared daring a indrazni/cuteza/a avea curajulto deal dealt dealt dealing a imparti/repartiza/a face comert cuto dig dug dug digging a sapa/a dezgropa/scormoni/rascolito do did done doing a face/savirsi/executa/infaptuito draw drew drawn drawing a trage/intinde/remorca/a trasato dream dreamed dreamed dreaming a visa/a-si inchipui/crede/gindi

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to dream dreamt dreamt dreaming a visa/a-si inchipui/crede/gindito drink drank drunk drinking a bea/sorbi/a sugeto drive drove driven driving a conduce masina/a circulato dwell dwelt dwelt dwelling a locui/trai/domicilia/salasuito eat ate eaten eating a minca/a lua/servi masa/hrani cuto fall fell fallen falling a cadea/pica/a se prabusito feed fed fed feeding a (se) hrani/a alimenta/nutrito feel felt felt feeling a simti/resimti/percepe/a pipaito fight fought fought fighting a (se) lupta/bate/a disputato find found found finding a gasi/intilni/a vedea/a da deto flee fled fled fleeing a fugi/a se refugia din/a parasito fly flew flown flying a zbura/a trece in zborto forbear forbore forborne forbearing a se abtine de la/a se feri de/a evita to forbid forbade forbidden forbidding a interzice/a nu ingadui/permiteto forecast forecast(ed) forecast(ed) forecasting a prevedea/a calcula dinainteto forego forewent foregone foregoing a anticipa/a precedato forknow foreknew foreknown foreknowing a cunoaste/sti dinainte/a prevedeato foresee foresaw foreseen foreseeing a prevedeato foretell foretold foretold foretelling a prezice/prevesti/proorocito forget forgot forgotten forgetting a uita/neglija/nesocoti/omiteto forgive forgave forgiven forgiving a iertato forsake forsook forsaken forsaking a parasi/abandona/a renunta lato forswear forswore forsworn forswearing a jura fals/a depune marturie falsato freeze froze frozen freezing a ingheta/degera/congelato gainsay gainsaid gainsaid gainsaying a contrazice/contesta/nega/tagaduito get got/gotten got/gotten getting a capata/obtine/procura/face/dobindito gird girt/girded girt/girded girding a incinge/inconjurato give gave given giving a da/darui/oferi/a face cadouto go went gone going a merge/pleca/deplasa/duce/umblato grave graved graved/graven graving a grava/sculpta/ciopli/sapato grind ground ground grinding a macina/rasni/pisa/slefui/polizato grow grew grown growing a creste/spori/dezvolta/maturizato hang hung/hanged hung/hanged hanging a (se) spinzura/agata/atirna/fixato have had had having a avea/poseda/a suferi de/a beato hear heard heard hearing a auzi/audia/ascultato hide hid hid/hidden hidding a (se) ascunde/piti/dosi/tainuito hit hit hit hitting a lovi/nimeri/bate/izbi/atingeto hold held held holding a tine/pastra/detine/mentineto hurt hurt hurt hurting a rani/leza/dauna/strica/lovi/a dureato inlay inlaid inlaid inlaying a intercala/introduce/inserato keep kept kept keeping a pastra/respecta/tine seama deto kneel knelt/kneeled knelt/kneeled kneeling a ingenunchea/a aseza in genunchito knit knit/knitted knit/knitted knitting a croseta/tricota/impleti/deosebito know knew known knowing a sti/a cunoasteto lade laded laden/laded lading a incarca/imbarcato lay laid laid laying a pune/aseza/intinde/depune/expuneto lead led led leading a duce/conduce/ghida/comandato lean leant/leaned leant/leaned leaning a se rezema/sprijini/a se aplicato leap leapt/leaped leapt/leaped leaping a sari/salta/face salturito learn learnt/learned learnt/learned learning a invata/afla/studia/a se instrui

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to leave left left leaving a lasa/abandona/parasi/pleca dinto lend lent lent lending a da imprumut/a se preta lato let let let letting a lasa/ingadui/permite/a inchiriato lie lay lain lying a sta intins/culcat/a zacea/a existato light lighted/lit lighted/lit lighting a aprinde (foc)/a lumina/ a poposito lose lost lost losing a pierdeto make made made making a fabrica/face/confectiona/construito mean meant meant meaning a insemna/a vrea sa spuna/a credeto meet met met meeting a (se) intilni/intimpina/impreunato mel melted melted/molten melting a se topi/dizolva/lichefia/induiosato misgive misgave misgiven misgiving a presimti ceva rau/a inspira fricato mislay mislaid mislaid mislaying a pierde/rataci (un obiect)to mislead misled misled misleading a conduce/indruma gresitto mistake mistook mistaken mistaking a intelege gresitto misunderstand misunderstood misunderstood misunderstanding a intelege/interpreta gresit cuvinteleto mow mowed mowed/mown mowing a cosi/secera/tundeto outride outrode outridden outriding a intrece/depasi pe cineva calareto outrun outran outrun outrunning depasi pe cineva in fugato overcast overcast overcast overcasting a intuneca/surfila/inchideto overcome overcame overcome overcoming a invinge/birui/coplesi/dobori/infringeto overdo overdid overdone overdoing a exagera/intrece masurato overeat overate overeaten overeating a minca prea mult/a se ghiftuito overfeed overfed overfed overfeeding a supraalimentato overlie overlay overlain overlying a se intinde pesteto overrun overran overrun overrunning a se revarsa/a depasi limiteleto oversee oversaw overseen overseeing a supraveghea/controlato overset overset overset oversetting a rasturna ordinea/a zadarnicito oversleep overslept overslept oversleeping a dormi prea mult/a se scula tirziuto overtake overtook overtaken overtaking a depasi un autovehiculto overthrow overthrew overthrown overthrowing a rasturna/dobori/infringe/invingeto partake partook partaken partaking a profita/uza de/a lua parte la cevato pay paid paid paying a plati/achita/a prezenta avantajto put put put putting a aseza/pune/supuneto read read read reading a citi/interpreta/studia/a se pregatito rend rent rent rending a (se) rupe/sfisia/despica/crapato repay repaid repaid repaying a rasplati/recompensato reset reset reset resetting a restabili/repune/potrivi ceasulto retell retold retold retelling a spune/povesti din nou/repetato rid rid/ridden rid/ridden ridding a se descotorosi/debarasa/elibera deto ride rode ridden riding a calari (calul)/domina/stapinito ring rang rung ringing a suna/rasuna/anunta/semnalato rise rose risen rising a se ridica/inalta/scula/a se agitato rive rived riven/rived riving a crapa/spinteca/despica/rupeto run ran run running a fugi/alerga/conduce/administrato saw sawed sawn/sawed sawing a taia cu ferastraulto say said said saying a zice/spune/grai/afirma/mentionato see saw seen seeing a vedea/intelege/remarca/observato seek sought sought seeking a cauta/cerceta/explora/solicitato sell sold sold selling a vinde/desface marfuri/a pacali

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to send sent sent sending a expedia/trimite/transmite/lansato set set set setting a pune/aseza/instala/culegeto sew sewed sewn/sewen sewing a coase/lucra cu aculto shake shook shaken shaking a scutura/zgudui/agitato shear sheared/shore shorn/sheared shearing a tunde/despuia/pagubito shed shed shed shedding a varsa (lacrimi)/pierde/lepadato shine shone shone shining a straluci/luci/izbindito shoe shod shod shoeing a incalta/pingeli/potcovi/talpuito shoot shot shot shooting a trage (in)/impusca/vina/revarsato show showed shown/showed showing a arata/indica/demonstra/dovedi/ivito shrink shrank shrunk/shrunken shrinking a se scurta/micsora/strimbato shut shut shut shutting a (se) inchideto sing sang sung singing a cinta/suierato sink sank sunk sinking a se scufunda/scadea/amortizato sit sat sat sitting a sedea/sta jos/poza ca modelto slay slew slain slaying a omori/asasina/ucide/masacrato sleep slept slept sleeping a dormi/a adormito slide slid slid/sliden sliding a aluneca/a se da pe gheatato slit slit slit slitting a crapa/spinteca/despica/rupeto smell smelt smelt smelling a mirosi/adulmecato sow sowed sown/sowed sowing a semana/insamintato speak spoke spoken speaking a vorbi/grai/rostito speed sped/speeded sped/speeded speeding a accelera/goni/merge cu vitezato spell spelt/spelled spelt/speld spelling a ortografia/a rosti un cuvint to spend spent spent spending a cheltui/consuma/epuizato spill spilt/spilled spilt/spilled spilling a (se) revarsa/varsa/imprastia

to spin spun/span spun spinning a toarce/fila/rasuci/invirti/rotito spit spat/spit spat/spit spitting a scuipa/expectora/poua maruntto split split split spiting a (se) scinda/descompune/divizato spoil spoilt/spoiled spoilt/spoiled spoiling a strica/deteriora/altera/rasfata/jefuito spread spread spread spreading a intinde/desfasura/desface/lungito spring sprang sprung springing a sari/tisni/incolti/rasari/izvori/explodato stand stood stood standing a sta in picioare/a se tine dreptto steal stole stolen stealing a fura/sterpeli/amagi/seduce/cucerito stick stuck stuck sticking a infige/intepa/introduce/aderato sting stung stung stinging a impunge/intepa/rani/insela/amagito stink stank/stunk stunk stinking a mirosi urit/a puti/a duhnito strike struck struck/stricken striking a (se) lovi/izbi/ciocni/bateto string strung strung stringing a lega cu sfoara/intinde coardato strive strove striven striving a se stradui/lupta/zbate/a tinde/nazuito swear swore sworn swearing a jura/depune juramintul/injurato sweep swept swept sweeping a matura/sterge prafulto swell swelled swollen swelling a umfla/mari/bomba

swelledto swim swam swum swimming a inota/pluti/trece inot/inundato swing swung swung swinging a se legana/balansa/roti/invirti/oscilato take took taken taking a lua/imprumuta/pune minato teach taught taught teaching a invata pe cineva/instrui/predato tear tore torn tearing a rupe/sfisia/distruge/smulge

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to tell told told telling a spune/povesti/exprima/arata/indicato think thought thought thinking a (se) gindi/crede/imagina/inchipuito throw threw thrown throwing a (se) arunca/lansa/azvirli/lepada/fatato thrust thrust thrust thrusting a implinta/viri/indesato tread trod trodden/trod treading a calca/pasi/calca peto unbend unbent unbent unbending a (se) intinde/destinde/relaxato unbind unbound unbound unbinding a dezlega/desface/desprinde/slobozito undergo underwent undergone undergoing a suferi/indura/suporta/trece printo undersell undersold undersold underselling a vinde mai ieftin/vinde sub pretul deto understand understood understood understanding a intelege/pricepe/sesizato undertake undertook undertaken undertaking a intreprinde/lua asupra sa/asumato undo undid undone undoing a anula/desfiinta/desface/distrugeto upset upset upset upsetting a (se) rasturna/dezorganiza/afectato wake woke/woked waked/woken waking a (se) trezi/destepta/priveghea/stirnito wear wore worn wearing a purta/a fi imbracat cu/a se uzato weave wove woven/wove weaving a tese/impleti/a se amesteca/baga into wed wedded wedded/wed wedding a (se) casatori/da/lua in casatorieto weep wept wept weeping a plinge/varsa lacrimito win won won winning a cistiga/obtine/reusi/a ajunge lato wind wound wound winding a serpui/rasuci/infasura/invelito withdraw withdrew withdrawn withdrawing a retrage/retracta/lua inapoi/renuntato withhold withheld withheld withholding a opri/retine de la/interzice cevato withstand withstood withstood withstanding a se impotrivi/opune la/a rezistato write wrote written writing a scrie/a redacta

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BIBLIOGRAPHY:

Chilărescu, Mihaela, Paidos, Constantin, Proficiency in English, Institutul European, Iaşi, 1997

Rafiroiu, A., Popa, F., Roset, S. et al (2005) – Steps-the IX-th grade-admitere in clasele cu predare bilingva si intensiv engleza, Ed. Rovimed, Bacau

Acklam, R. (2005): Advanced Gold Coursebook, Longman, London

Aklam, R. and Crace, A. (2006): Going for Gold Upper-Intermediate Coursebook, Longman, London

Newbrook, J. et al (2008): New First Certificate Gold Coursebook, Pearson Longman, London

Newbrook, J. and Wilson, J. (2006): New Proficiency Gold Coursebook, Longman, London

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