The 1960’sBy: ErinEmmaCooperMichelle

Joe

ROOTS OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Linda Brown of Topeka, KS was denied access to an all-white elementary school near her home and instead had to walk a dangerous rout to the African American school.

In the Supreme Court, lawyer Thurgood Marshall of the NAACP fought for her right to attend the closer elementary school, claiming that segregation lowered African American's self worth and violated the 14th Amendment.

May 17, 1954: Chief Justice Earl Warren announced the court's decision that made racial segregation illegal in public schools

“Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.”

Little Rock Nine (1957) Despite the ruling in Brown v. Board of

Education, desegregation in the south moved slowly.

1954: the Little Rock, AR school board became the first in the South to announce they would desegregate.

September 1957: Nine African Americans arrived at Central High School, when Governor Orval Faubus brought in the National Guard to "protect" them, but they only prevented the nine from entering while an angry mob rioted against the African Americans.

September 25, 1957: President Eisenhower ordered 1,000 troops to the school, and the Little Rock Nine were finally allowed to enter.

Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955) Rosa Parks was arrested on December 1,

1955 for violating segregation laws and refusing to give up her bus seat to a white passenger.

The Montgomery Improvement Association along with 50,000 African Americans participated in a boycott of the bus system for 381 days, handing out fliers and information about the cause.

Despite violence against them, Martin Luther King Jr. called for a peaceful boycott.

November 1956: the Supreme Court ruled that Montgomery segregation laws were unconstitutional and the bus system was desegregated.

The Positive and Negative Social

and Cultural Changes.

Positive and Negative changes

Civil rights movement made great changes in society in the 1960s, began peacefully with Martin Luther King and Stokely Carmichael leading sit-ins and peaceful protests.

Malcolm X preached about black nationalism, after his assassination the black Panthers were formed to continue his mission.

College campuses became centers of debate and scenes of protesters, great numbers of young adults and baby boomers.

The number of Hispanic Americans tripled during the decade and became recognized an oppressed minority.

Ceaser Chavez organized Hispanics in the UFWA(United Farm Workers Association)

JFK assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald in 1963, VP. LBJ became president and sent more troops to south Vietnam.

In 1964, the civil rights act included Gender.

1967, Abortion became legal in some states.

EXPLAIN THE DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN CHALLENGES FACING THE U.S. AT THE START OF THE 1960S.

Foreign Challenges for the U.S. JFK’s main concern was with the Soviet

Union and Communism- Strengthened military and added nuclear weapons

Bay of Pigs Fidel Castro overthrew the Cuban dictator

and established communist-style dictatorship

Kennedy approved invasion with anti-Castro Cuban refugees

Resulted in disaster, Cuban forces quickly pinned down the nearly 1,500 refugees and failed to spark an uprising amongst the Cuban people

Brought Cuba closer to Soviet Union

Berlin Crisis Nikita Khrushchev demanded the West

recognize the sovereignty of East Germany and remove all troops from West Berlin

Kennedy faced with dilemma Eventually, Communist East Germany made

barbed-wire fence through Berlin Halted departure of East Germans to the

west through Berlin (Khrushchev’s goal) Fence replaced with concrete -> Berlin Wall

Cuban Missile Crisis Castro asked for defensive weapons from

Soviet Union to prevent an invasion, Soviet Union armed Cuba with nuclear missile as well

Kennedy blockaded Cuba Nuclear war loomed over the horizon Khrushchev dismantled missile bases

while Kennedy agreed not to invade Cuba Leaders sought to ease tension between

their countries

Domestic Challenges Facing U.S.Stock Market Flash Crash

May 28, 1962 Dow Jones average fell 35 points

- Largest single day drop since October 1929

Hiring Practices Many people living in rural areas and

minority groups faced discriminatory hiring practices

Living in poverty- Did not benefit from the affluence of the 1950s

Assassination of John F. Kennedy

November 23, 1963 Made trip to Dallas to build support for

1964 presidential campaign Kennedy shot around 12:30 P.M. Americans came together in mourning

- Millions watched funeral on television Lyndon Johnson swore into presidency

hours later and promised continuity

African American Equality Southern Christian Leadership

Conference- Church based African American organization

dedicated to ending discrimination- Led by Martin Luther King Jr. with nonviolence

African American Voting Rights Freedom Summer suggested by Robert

Moses- Bring white volunteers into voting registration efforts- 600 people began march from Selma, AL to Montgomery, AL but were attacked by police- Americans joined in support

Voting Rights Act of 1965 – voting process under federal control

Women’s Rights Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique

said women felt trapped by domestic life Equal Pay Act – made it illegal to pay

women less than men for same job- Limited effectiveness

Title VII – clause added to Civil Rights Act of 1964 that outlawed sexual discrimination in employment

President Kennedy’s Motivations for

increasing Involvement in

Vietnam

Increasing Involvement in Vietnam

John F Kennedy, became president in 1961, fully agreed with the domino theory

Domino theory- Cold war belief that if one nation in south east Asia fell to communism, the rest of south east Asia would fall as well. JFK was determined to change the image

of the U.S because of the failed Bay of Pigs invasion and the building of the Berlin wall, aiding south Vietnam provided the U.S with a chance to assert its power.

December of 1960, there were 900 U.S military advisers in South Vietnam, training Diem’s army of the republic (ARVN).

South Vietnam signed a military treaty with the U.S leading to the arrival of U.S support troops and the formation of the U.S military Assistance Command.

U.S aid increased to South Vietnam. 1965, the U.S began air raids on North

Vietnam on communist controlled areas in South Vietnam.

U.S and South Vietnam did not defeat North Vietnam.

The Difficulties JFK Faced in Getting the

Civil Rights Legislation Passed

Difficulties Getting Civil Rights Legislation Passed

Martin Luther King Jr. – avid supporter of civil rights, very well respected

African Americans usually voted for candidates based on their stance on civil rights legislation, their party did not matter as much

On one hand, Kennedy was sympathetic to the African Americans who were facing discrimination

On the other, if he supported civil rights legislation, he was afraid that he would lose the support of white democrats in the South

Loss of support would hurt his re-election chances in 1964

Civil Rights Act of 1964

The Gulf of Tonkin and LBJ’s Failed Strategy

for the war in Vietnam

The Gulf of Tonkin LBJ reported that 2 warships were

attacked by the Vietnamese. The Maddox and the Turner Joy

Lyndon B. Johnson requested congress pass the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution.

By passing the resolution congress gave up all power to declare war

In actuality The Maddox had been spying on Northern Vietnam and the Turner Joy was never hit.

Lyndon B. Johnsons Strategy

LBJ’s strategy was completely an air strike. Operation Rolling Thunder

Dropped 7 million tons of Bombs on the Ho Chi Minh Trail

Types of Bombs Naplam Cluster Bombs Defoliants

Agent Orange

Why Strategy Failed Vietcong was quick to repair Underground Facilities

The Major Accomplishments of LBJ’s Great Society

LBJ’s Great Society LBJ’s administration and concepts Wanted to create a place where the meanings

of mans life matches the marvels of his labors Accomplishments

War on Poverty Medicare Black voting rights Better Schools Department of housing and Urban development First Black head of a cabinet Department Highway beautification act.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kx0K637mBVE

Historical events Black panthers- African American

Nationalism Martin Luther king-Sit-ins and leader of

the civil rights movement Civil rights act of 1964. Malcolm X- Preached about black

nationalism. Women's liberation movement

INVENTIONS OF THE 1960’S

Technology Computer Mouse was invented by HP

Labs by Travis N. Balalack, Thomas Homal, Richard A Baumgartner, and Mark T. Smith

1964: BASIC, which was an early computer language, was invented by John George Kemeny and Tom Kurtz

1967: The first handheld calculator was invented

1969L ARPAnet, the first form of the internet, was developed by the US department of Defense so that geographically separated computers could communicate.

Medicine Cochlear Implant, “the

Bionic Ear” could be surgically implanted into the ear, and with an electrical stimulation provided a sense of sound.

1969: The first artificial heart was invented. In 1982, the Jarvik 7 was implanted into Dr. Barney Clark by William DeVries. He survived 112 days with the heart.

Other Inventions Ralf Baer invented the

first video game console, the Magnavox Odyssey.

Stephanie Louise Kwolek, a chemist, invented Kevlar, which is used in bullet proof vests and even on army tanks.

1969: The automatic teller machine, or the ATM was invented

THEATRE, FILM, TELEVISION, AND RADIO IN

THE 1960’S

Television By 1967, many programs were in color, but

only 15% of Americans owned a color television

Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB) and Public Broadcasting System (PBS) helped with poor quality of alot of programs

African Americans and young people had a large role on TV programs

Television news very popular Used for entertainment as well as advertising

Shows and movies + actors

Television shows of the 60’s– Addams Family, Andy Griffith Show, The Avengers, The Beverly Hillbillies, Bewitched, Blue Angels, The Brady Bunch, Bugs Bunny Show, The Flintstones, I Dream of Jeannie, The Lucy Show, The Munsters, Popeye The Sailor, Sesame Street etc.

Movies of the 60’s– Psycho, Lawrence of Arabia, 2001: A Space Odyssey, To Kill A Mockingbird, West Side Story, The Sound of Music, Breakfast at Tiffany’s, Oliver!, Mary Poppins etc.

Actors and Actresses– Julie Andrews, Audrey Hepburn, Sean Connery, John Wayne, Spencer Tracy, Peter O’Toole, Natalie Wood, Vincent Price, Burt Lancaster, Marilyn Monroe (also singer and model)

Video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8bvYPI

hIiS4

Radio

Transistor and portable radio set made FM radio band was newly created Motown and Rock and Roll very popular Motown was the first music label in America

that was owned by an African American Blends rhythm and blues and pop music Diana Ross and the Supremes, Marvin Gaye,

Stevie Wonder, The Temptations etc.

Theater Some of the most famous musicals ever

produced came out in this decade They included: Coco, Hair, Cabaret, Funny

Girl, Hello Polly!, Fiddler on the Roof, Man of La Mancha etc.

MUSIC OF THE 1960’S

Message Music Many musicians began using

their music to portray their political or social message.

Rock, folk, and blues were used show opinions on events of the 60’s such as feminism, Vietnam, and civil rights

Became “anthems” at concerts, rallies, and demonstrations.

Folk: Bob Dylan; Peter, Paul, and Mary

Rock: John Lennon- peace

The “British Invasion” In the 1960’s numerous

British groups arrived in the U.S., and were being played on the radio.

The Beatles led the movement with their first live performance in the U.S. in February 1964.

British music became very popular, meaning to mimic American Rock and Roll

Others included: The Kinks, Dave Clark Five, and the Rolling Stones

Blowin in the Wind- Bob Dylan

Woodstock 1969 August 15-18, 1969 “3 Days of Peace and Music” Took place on a 600-acre dairy

farm in Bethel, NY. Originally tickets were sold, but

eventually, the concert turned into a free event.

An estimated 500,000 people arrived at the Woodstock festival.

Artists such as Richie Havens, Santana, Janis Joplin, the Grateful Dead, the Who, and Jimi Hendrix performed over the three day period

SPORTS IN THE 1960S

Muhammad Ali Turned boxing from minor event to mainstream

sport After winning heavyweight championship, he

converted to Nation of Islam- Faced hostile criticism- Refused induction into armed services because of his religious association- Exiled from boxing for 3 ½ years

Traveled country as lecturer and public turned against Vietnam War and supported Ali

Supreme Court unanimously overturned conviction

Wilt Chamberlain San Francisco Warriors (1959-65), Philadelphia 76ers

(1965-68), Los Angeles Lakers (1968-73) Broke 8 NBA records his rookie season Most remembered for single game records of 100

points and 55 rebounds Won 2 NBA Championships, 4 Regular

Season MVP Awards, and 7 Scoring Titles NBA’s all time leading rebounder (23,924) Holds 62 individual NBA records Inducted into NBA Hall of Fame in 1978

Peggy Fleming American ice skater U.S. ladies champion from 1964-68 and

World Champion from 1966-68 Won Olympic gold in 1968

(Grenoble, France)- Only gold the U.S. won- Signaled return to American dominance in women’s figure skating

Roberto Clemente Puerto Rican baseball player for Pirates for 18

seasons (1955-72) 15 time all star, 12 gold gloves, won NL MVP in

1966 First Hispanic to win World Series as a starter in

1960 and won World Series MVP in 1971 Died in aviation accident en route to deliver aid

to victims of an earthquake in Managua, Nicaragua

Inducted into Hall of Fame 1973

Fads Troll Dolls Sea Monkeys Lava Lamps G.I. Joes Mood Rings

Fashions Hair Styles

Bouffant Flat Ironing Afros

Clothing Nehru Jackets Bell Bottom Tie Dye Peasant skirts Turtlenecks Granny Dresses

Shoes Platform

Fads, Fashions http://www.bored.com/crazyfads/60s.htm http://kclibrary.lonestar.edu/decade60.ht

ml

Historic Events http://www.history.com/topics/1960s/vide

os#jfk-a-new-generation http://www.history.com/topics/1960s/vide

os#martin-luther-king-jr-leads-the-march-on-washington

http://www.history.com/topics/womens-movement/videos#women-in-politics

http://www.history.com/topics/1960s/videos#civil-rights-act-of-1964