An English political theorist. Sought to create a science of politics. Was influenced when he met Galileo and Descartes.

Few people agreed with Hobbe’s thinking.However, later philosophers examined the questions he raised.

Proposed the idea of natural rights.Most influential ideas on government.Deeply involved in the politics of the Glorious Revolution in England.

Related to his political ideas;Influenced by Newton’s discoveries;

*Looked upon Jesus as a great moral teacher rather than as the son of God.

The Enlightenment is centered in France.

social critics and philosophers of this period in France.

the reforms they proposed were a reaction against the French traditions of absolute monarchy and the divine right of kings.

also challenged the traditional view that the nobility and clergy were entitled to special privileges.

Philosophes considered war and persecutions in the name of religion to be unreasonable.

They wanted individuals to be able to choose their own religious beliefs freely & not be persecuted for them.

They opposed censorship by either the Church or the Government.

Most likely the most brilliant and influential philosophes. Wrote political essays and clever stories in which he attacked or made fun of intolerance and superstition

Most renowned work was Candide

French lawyer and aristocrat.Admired the English system of government the freedoms that the English people were guaranteed.Tried to set down different ideas or principles that would lead to a good government and perseverance of the people’s rights.

Montesquieu believed that this principle

would prevent any person or group to

gain complete control of the government.

The chief editor was the French writer Dean Diderot.

Jean d’Alembert edited the scientific articles.

Banned the work for undermining royal authority, encouraging a spirit of revolt, and fostering of moral corruption, irreligion &unbelief.

Diderot convinced the government to publish some volumes of the encyclopaedia but the articles had to be carefully worded to avoid criticism by the censors.

Italian economist and law professor.

Crime Preventiona scientific investigation into

the effectiveness of punishment urged by Beccaria

Proposed new approaches to education and social changeThe philosopher who most influenced educational theory

Philosophes were a small group, but they had great

influence.

Enlightenment ideas were spread not only by their

books but also by their visits and letters to European

rulers and political leaders

Noblewoman who trained as a mathematician and physicist

Enlightenment artists emphasized balance

and gracefulness.

German;Most outstanding figure/composer in the Baroque period.

French classical writing emphasized drama.

The tragedies of Racine and the satirical comedy Moliere

were considered classical works.

Devoloped modern musical forms (Sonata and Symphony)

Operas Don Giovanni and The Marriage of Figaro set a new musical style.

Music was known for its power and grandeur music.