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The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt, 1632INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY Kaan Ycel M.D., Ph.D. 12 . November 2013 TUESDAY

. INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY

ATOMSMOLECULES

. INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY

Trillions of the cells in the human body

. INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY

Tissues

. INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY

78 organs in the body

. INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY

9 -13 systems

. INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY

HUMAN BODY

1. Skeletal System2. Articular system 3. Muscular System 4. Cardiovascular (Circulatory) System5. Respiratory System 6. Digestive (Alimentary) System7. Urinary (Excretory) System8. Reproductive (Genital) System 9. Endocrine System10.Nervous system11.Integumentary system

Systems in the bodyLocomotor systemLOCOMOTOR SYSTEM

LOCOMOTOR SYSTEMNone of the systems functions in isolation.

passive skeletal & articular systems active muscular system collectively constitute a supersystemlocomotor system

must work together to produce locomotion of the body.

LOCOMOTOR SYSTEMbrain and nerves of the nervous system

stimulate them to act.

arteries and veins of the circulatory system

supply oxygen and nutrients remove waste from these structures.

sensory organs (especially vision and equilibrium)

play important roles in directing their activities.

Bones are organs, and along with the cartilages form the skeletal system.

Skeletal Systembones and cartilages

For parts of the human body, other organs, muscles, vessels, etc. a framework is required.

The sketetal system actually provides this framework for the body with its strong composure. Skeletal Systembones and cartilages

Provides our basic shape. Supports the soft tissuesVital for the movement.Serves as a point of attachment for ligaments, tendons, fascia, and muscle. Skeletal System

Skeletal System

PROTECTION

Cranium (Skull)

skeleton of the headprotects the brain which resides within itself.

Vertebral column

In an adult typically consists of 33 vertebrae arranged in 5 regions 7 cervical vertebrae

12 thoracic vertebrae

5 lumbar vertebrae

5 sacral vertebrae

4 coccygeal vertebrae

protects the spinal cord

ThoraxThe thoracic skeleton forms a framework to protect two vital organs; the heart and the lungs.

part of the body between the neck and abdomen

PelvisThe bones of the pelvis Right and left pelvic (hip) bones SacrumCoccyx

Pelvic skeleton protects

lower part of the digestive system and urinary systemreproductive system.

Pelvis

Joints & ligaments connect the bony parts of the skeletal system and provide the sites at which movements occur.Articular systemjoints & their associated ligaments

3 types of muscles FXN controlled voluntarily or involuntarily, whether they appear

APPEARANCE striated (striped) or smooth

LOCATION associated with the body wall (somatic), or with organs and blood vessels (visceral)Muscular System

transports fluids throughout the body.

the heart and blood vessels make up the blood transportation network, the cardiovascular system. Cardiovascular (Circulatory) System

Cardiovascular (Circulatory) SystemHeart pumps blood throughout the bodyBlood vessels, closed network of tubes, transport the blood.

3 types of blood vessels Arteries transport blood away from the heart. Veins transport blood toward the heart.Capillaries connect the arteries and veins. where oxygen, nutrients, and wastes are exchanged within the tissues.

Cardiovascular (Circulatory) SystemArteries in 3 classes According to;Amount of smooth muscles & elastic fibers @ tunica mediaSize of the vesselIts function

1.Large elastic arteries

2.Medium muscular arteries

3.Small arteries and arterioles

Cardiovascular (Circulatory) SystemThe main artery in the body aorta.

Arteries have also branches themselves.

Cardiovascular (Circulatory) SystemBlood flow in arteries

Blood flow in veins

Cardiovascular (Circulatory) SystemArteries have branchesArteries from the artery

Veins have tributaries Veins drain into veins

maxillary artery

Some arteries divided into part by distinct muscles!

Lymphatic systema network of lymphatic vesselsThese vessels take the excess tissue fluid lymphfrom the body's intercellular fluid compartmentreturns it to the bloodstream.

supply oxygen to the blood

eliminate carbon dioxide from it.

Respiratory System

air passages & lungs

Respiratory System

Upper respiratory tractNose-Pharynx-Larynx

Lower respiratory tractRespiratory organs of the thorax

The lower respiratory tract fills most of the thorax.

superior thoracic aperture superiorly

inferior thoracic aperture inferiorly.

Superior thoracic aperture open, allowing continuity with the neck

Inferior thoracic aperture closed by the diaphragm.

THORAXirregularly shaped cylinder

important muscle for respiration forms a section between thorax and abdomen.

DIAPHRAGM

Digestive (Alimentary) System

bounded superiorly xiphoid process third-most inferior part- of the sternum costal margins

posteriorly vertebral column

inferiorly upper parts of the pelvic bones

Abdomen Abdominal wall

34filter blood produce, transport, store, & intermittently excrete urine (liquid waste)Urinary (Excretory) System

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, & urethra

Urinary (Excretory) System

The ureters descend down to the pelvis exiting from the kidneys on each side.

They enter the pelvic cavity, and continue their journey to the bladder.

Pelvis (L.basin)

part of the trunk inferoposterior to the abdomen

area of transition between the trunk & lower limbs

Pelvic cavity inferior most part of the abdominopelvic cavity.

Abdominopelvic cavity

extends superiorly into the thoracic cage inferiorly into the pelvisits superior and inferior parts are relatively protected.

Perforating wounds in either the thorax or the pelvis may therefore involve the abdominopelvic cavity and its contents.

Pelvic cavity

bounded posteriorly by coccyx and inferiormost sacrumsuperior part of the sacrum formes a roof over the posterior half of the cavity.

Pelvic cavity

Anteroinferior wallBodies of the pubic bones +pubic symphysis uniting them

Posterosuperior wall & ceilingSacrum & Cocyx

Pelvic cavity

Terminal parts of the uretersUrinary bladderRectumPelvic genital organsBlood vesselsLymphatics Nerves +an overflow of abdominal visceracontains

Reproductive (Genital) System

The reproductive tracts are located in the pelvic cavity. between the pelvic inlet superiorly and the pelvic diaphragm inferiorlycontains terminal parts of the urinary and digestive systemsinternal genital organsassociated vascular structuresnerves supplying both the pelvis and lower limbs.

Hormonesinfluence metabolism & other processesmenstrual cyclepregnancyparturition (giving birth)

Endocrine System

discrete ductless endocrine glands isolated and clustered cells of the gut and blood vessel walls

specialized nerve endings.

specialized structures secreting hormones

NERVOUS SYSTEM

NERVOUS SYSTEMC.N.S.CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM brain + spinal cord

2. P.N.S.PERIPHEREAL NERVOUS SYSTEMconsists of nerve fibers and cell bodies outside the CNS.conduct impulses to or away from the CNS.organized into nerves that connect the CNS with peripheral structures

Nerve cell Neuron structural & functional units of the nervous system

Neuroglia- cells supporting neurons

Neurons are specialized for rapid communication.Neuron has:Axon carries information Dendirites in communication with the surrounding neurons

A collection of neurons for doing the same function(s)In the CNS Nucleus (pl., nuclei)

In the PNS Ganglion (pl., ganglia)

A nerve fiber TWO TYPESefferent fibersgoes down from the brain or leaves out from the spinal cord to the peripherycarrying information to accomplish a behavior/actionafferent fiberscarries information from periphery or from spinal cord to the brain

Arc reflex

Transmit sensations from the body to the CNS.Exteroceptive sensations from skin pain, temperature, touch, & pressure or painProprioceptive sensations from muscles, tendons, and jointsSomatic & Visceral FibersSomatic fibers

General sensory fibersgeneral somatic afferent [GSA] fibers

Somatic motor fibers general somatic efferent [GSE] fibers transmit impulses to skeletal (voluntary) muscles.

Somatic & Visceral FibersSomatic fibers

Visceral fibersVisceral sensory fibers general visceral afferent [GVA] fiberstransmit pain or subconscious visceral reflex sensations e.g. information concerning distension, blood gas, and blood pressure levels

from hollow organs and blood vessels to CNS

Visceral fibersVisceral motor fibers general visceral efferent [GVE] fibersTransmit impulses to smooth muscles & glandular tissues.

presynaptic & postsynapti fibers conduct impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle or glands.

presynaptic fiberspostsynaptic fibers

somatic motor system innervates only skeletal muscleSomatic Nervous Systemsomatic parts of the CNS & PNS provides sensory & motor innervation to all parts of the body (G. soma) except viscera in the body cavities, smooth muscle, and glands

transmits sensations of touch, pain, temperature, and position from sensory receptors

Autonomic Nervous Systemvisceral nervous system or visceral motor systemmotor fibers that stimulate smooth (involuntary) muscle

modified cardiac muscle

glandular (secretory) cells

Autonomic Nervous System

LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM

cORONAL SectIon of the spInal cord

cORONAL SectIon of the spInal cord

cORONAL SectIon of the spInal cord

In a spinal nerve you will find:Motor fibers

Sensory fibers

Autonomic nervous system fibers

CRANIAL NERVES Like spinal nerves, cranial nerves bundles of sensory or motor fibers innervate muscles or glandscarry impulses from sensory receptorsor a combination of motor and sensory fibers.

CRANIAL NERVES12 pairs part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) pass through foramina or fissures in the cranial cavity.

CRANIAL NERVESAll nerves except one, the accessory nerve [XI], originate from the brain.

There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves, which are numbered I-XII, from rostral to caudal .

Their names reflect their general distribution or function.

CRANIAL NERVEScarry one or more of the five main functional components.

Motor (efferent) fibers 2. Sensory (afferent) fibers 3. Fibers transmitting general sensation e.g., touch, pressure, heat, cold, etc.

4. Fibers conveying sensation from the viscera 5. Fibers transmitting unique sensationse.g., taste, smell

Motor (efferent) fibers 1. Motor fibers to voluntary (striated) musclesinclude somatic motor (general somatic efferent) axons

Facial nerve (CN VII)

Motor (efferent) fibers include visceral motor (general visceral efferent) axons constitute cranial outflow of parasympathetic system.

2. Motor fibers innervating involuntary muscles or glands

Motor (efferent) fibers Presynaptic (preganglionic) fibers emerge from the brain synapse outside the central nervous system (CNS) @ a parasympathetic ganglion.

Postsynaptic (postganglionic) fibers innervate smooth muscles & glands. e.g.sphincter pupillae & lacrimal gland

2. Motor fibers innervating involuntary muscles or glands

CRANIAL NERVESSensory (afferent) fibers 3. Fibers transmitting general sensation e.g., touch, pressure, heat, cold, etc. from the skin and mucous membranes. Include somatic sensory (general somatic afferent) fibers.

Skin is the largest organ of the body.

It consists of the epidermis and the dermis.Integumentary system

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