Trendler’s PHYSO 2A Fall 2008

The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicholaes Tulp, oil on canvas by Rembrandt van Rijn (1632)

Lecture 1- Slide 1

Introduction

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Unit One: Foundations Pages

1 Major Themes of A&P 24

Atlas A General Orientation 7

2 The Chemistry of Life 33

3 Cellular Form & Function 33

4 Genetics & Cellular Function 25

Total 122

Unit Two: Surviving Pages

5 Histology 31

6 The Integumentary System 22

7 Bone Tissue 25

8 The Skeletal System 45

Total 123

Unit Three: Moving Pages

9 Joints 28

10 The Muscular System 63

Atlas B Surface Anatomy 1

11 Muscular Tissue 32

12 Nervous Tissue 36

Total 160

Unit Four: Being Pages

13 The LNS & Somatic Reflexes

28

14 The Brain & Cranial Nerves

46

15 The ANS & Visceral Reflexes

18

16 Sense Organs 46

Total 138Total: 16 Chapters 538 Pages

Teri’s Top Ten Topics of Chapter 1

10 History

9 Imaging

8 Properties of life

7 Terminology

6 Organization

5 Fields of Science

4 Scientific Method

3 Form & Function

2 Evolution

1 Homeostasis

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History

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History

Universe

matter & energy Living things

increasingly complex

Dead white guys

Us

The future

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Beginnings of Medicine

Physicians in Mesopotamia and Egypt

3000 years ago used herbal drugs, salts and physical therapy

Greek physician Hippocrates

established a code of ethics urged physicians to seek causes of

disease1-6

Beginnings of Medicine 2

Aristotle

called causes for disease physiologi complex structures are built from simpler

parts

Galen (physician to the Roman gladiators)

saw science as a method of discovery did animal dissections since use of cadavers

banned wrote book advising followers to trust their

own observation

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Birth of Modern Medicine

Middle Ages little advancement medicine was taught as dogma with no new

ideas Avicenna from Muslim world

supported free inquiry over dogma wrote The Canon of Medicine, used in medical

schools until 16th century Vesalius (1543)

published accurate gross anatomy atlas Harvey (1628)

realized blood flow out from heart and back in

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Birth of Modern Medicine 2

Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)

invented a simple microscope (200x) to look at fabrics

Hooke (1665) and Zeiss (1860)

developed and improved compound microscope described plant cell walls in 1665

Schleiden and Schwann (1839)

concluded that all organisms were composed of cells

1st tenet of cell theory1-9

Living in a Revolution

Early pioneers were important

established scientific way of thinking replaced superstition with natural laws

Modern biomedical science

technological enhancement diagnostic ability and life-support

strategies Genetic Revolution

human genome is finished gene therapy is being used to treat disease

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Imaging

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Early Medical Illustrations

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Medical ImagingJust a form of technology

1-13 Sonag

raph

y

Mic

rosc

opy

Props of Life

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Properties of Life

Only if they…Are these alive?

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Characteristics of Life

Organization

Cellular composition

Excretion

Metabolism and excretion

Responsiveness and movement

Homeostasis

Development

Reproduction

Evolution 1-16

Terms

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Anatomical Terminology

Medical terms from Greek and Latin roots

Naming confusion during the Renaissance

same structures with different names structures named after people (eponyms)

Search for uniform international terminology

1895 Nomina Anatomica (NA) rejected all eponyms each structure = unique Latin name

Terminologia Anatomica was codified in 1998

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Analyzing Medical Terms

Terminology based on word elements

lexicon (Appendix C) Scientific terms

one root (stem) with core meaning combining vowels join roots prefix modifies core meaning suffix modifies core meaning Acronyms

first few letters of series of words

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Useful Tables in Textbook

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Organization

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Hierarchy of complexity

organism is composed of organ systems

organ systems composed of organs

organs composed of tissues

tissues composed of cells

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Hierarchy of Complexity 2

Cells contain organelles

Organelles composed of molecules

Molecules composed of atoms

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Fields of Science????

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Scientific Meth

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Scientific Method

Bacon (1561-1626) and Descartes (1596-1650)

new habits of scientific thought

England and France

academies of science --still exist today

Science

produces reliable, objective and testable information about nature

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Inductive Method Philosopher Francis Bacon

observations, generalizations and predictions

anatomy

Proof in science

reliable observations

tested repeatedly

not falsified by any credible observation

In science, all truth is tentative

“proof beyond a reasonable doubt”

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Hypothetico-Deductive Method

Physiological knowledge

Test your hypothesis (answer) to a specific question

Good hypothesis

consistent with what is already known

testable and falsifiable with evidence

Hypotheses are written as If-Then statements

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Proper Experimental Design

Sample size

sufficient to prevent chance event Control group and treatment group

identical treatment except for the variable being tested

Prevention of psychosomatic effects

use of placebo in control group

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Proper Experimental Design 2

Experimenter bias

prevented with double-blind study

Statistical testing

difference between control and test subjects was not random variation

due to the variable being tested

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Peer Review

Critical evaluation by other experts in the field

done prior to funding or publication

done by using verification and repeatability of results

Ensures honesty, objectivity and quality in science

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Form & Fxn

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Anatomy - The Study of Form

Observation of surface structure

Cadaver dissection

cutting and separation of organs to study their relationships

Comparative anatomy

study of more than one species to analyze evolutionary trends

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Anatomy - The Study of Form 2

Physical examination

palpation, auscultation, percussion

Gross anatomy

visible with naked eye

Histology

examination of cells with microscope

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Physiology - The Study of Function

Study of bodily functions

using methods of experimental science

Comparative physiology

study of different species

Basis for the development of new drugs and medical procedures

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Anatomical Variation

No 2 humans are exactly alike

variable number of organs

variation in organ locations (situs inversus, dextrocardia, situs perversus)

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Physiological Variation

Sex, age, diet, weight, physical activity

Typical values

reference man 22 years old, 154 lbs, light physical activity

consumes 2800 kcal/day

reference woman same as man except 128 lbs and 2000

kcal/day

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Evil-ution

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Facts, Laws and Theories

Scientific fact

information independently verified

Law of nature

description of the way matter and energy behave results from inductive reasoning and repeated

observations written as verbal statements or mathematical

formulae

Theory

summary of conclusions drawn from observable facts it provides explanations and predictions1-39

Human Origins and Adaptations

Charles Darwin (1809-1882)

On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859)

The Descent of Man (1871) Theory of natural selection

how species originate and change through time changed view of “our origin, our nature and our

place in the universe” increases understanding of form and function

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Evolution, Selection, and Adaptation

Evolution

change in genetic composition of population development of bacterial resistance to antibiotics

Adaptations

individuals with hereditary advantages

produce more offspring under given selection pressures (harsh climate, predators)

inheritable characteristics genetic change in the population (evolution)

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Animal Relations

Closest relative = chimpanzee

difference of only 1.6% in DNA structure

chimpanzees and gorillas differ by 2.3%

Study of evolutionary relationships

chose animals for biomedical research (the animal model)

rats and mice used extensively due to issues involved with using chimpanzees

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Primate Adaptations Earliest primates

squirrel-sized, arboreal, insect-eating mammals due to safety, food supply and lack of competition

Adaptations for aboreal life style

mobile shoulders opposable thumbs manipulate small objects forward-facing eyes (stereoscopic vision)

depth perception for leaping and catching prey color vision

distinguish ripe fruit larger brains and good memory

remember food sources1-43

Walking Upright

African forest became grassland

millions of years ago

Bipedalism

standing and walking on 2 legs spot predators, carry food or infants

Adaptations for bipedalism

skeletal and muscular modifications

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Walking Upright 2

Australopithecus

gave rise Homo habilis (2.5mya) taller, larger brain volume, speech, tool-

making

Homo habilis

gave rise to Homo erectus (1.1mya)

Homo erectus

gave rise to Homo sapiens (.6 to .2mya?)

Diseases and imperfections from our evolutionary past

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Primate Phylogeny

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Homeo-stasis

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Homeostasis

Claude Bernard (1813-78)

stable internal conditions regardless of external conditions

Homeostasis

Walter Cannon (1871-1945) coined the term

fluctuates within limited range around a set point

Loss causes illness or death

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Negative Feedback Loop

Body senses a change and activates mechanisms to reverse it

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Negative Feedback, Set Point

Room temperature does not stay at set point of 68 degrees -- it only averages 68 degrees 1-50

Human Thermoregulation

Brain senses change in blood temperature

if overheating, vessels dilate in the skin and sweating begins

if too cold, vasoconstriction in the skin and shivering begins1-51

Control of Blood Pressure

Circulatory stretch receptors

detect a rise in BP

Cardiac center in brainstem

sends out nerve signals

Heart slowed and BP lowered

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Structure of Feedback Loop

Receptor = senses change

Integrator = control center that responds

Effector = structures that restore homeostasis

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Positive Feedback Loops

Self-amplifying change

leads to change in the same direction Normal way of producing rapid changes

occurs with childbirth, blood clotting, protein digestion, and generation of nerve signals

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Life-Threatening Fever

Temperature > 108 degrees F

increases metabolic rate

body produces heat even faster

Cycle continues to reinforce itself

Becomes fatal at 113 degrees F

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Review

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Review of Major Themes

Cell theory

activity of cells determine structure and function

Homeostasis

maintaining stable internal conditions Evolution

our body evolved by natural selection Hierarchy of structure

levels of complexity Unity of form and function

physiology is inseparable from anatomy1-57

The end!

Clap now!

Any questions?

What comes next….

General Info, Handouts (Syllabus & Schedule)

Start Lab Activities 1-4, because all through 6 must be done by Monday

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