the calculating brainpeople.stu.ca/~raywilliams/ed psych ii 2015/the calculating brain.pdf ·...
TRANSCRIPT
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The Calculating BrainAshton Hare
&
Cole Hyland
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Outline: ● Piaget’s stages of development
● Gelman & Gallistel
● Approximate number system
○ Elementary activity
○ Secondary activity
● Constructing exact numbers
● BODY BREAK
● Triple code organization
● Prefrontal Cortex
○ Activity
● Dyscalculia
● Acalculia
● Strengthen your brain
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Piaget
● Mathematical knowledge and
development
● Stages of development
● Inability to understand arithmetic
● Number conservation
● Misleading
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Gelman & Gallistel
● Overturned Piaget’s theory
● Preschoolers have intuition
to arithmetic
● Experiment:
○ Magic show
● Measured results through
surprise
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Approximate Number System
● Intraparietal Sulcus
● Activated when number task is
performed
● The degree of activation depends
on the degree of difficulty
● Number sense 15% accuracy
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FAST EYES
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How many snowmen were there?
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How many hearts were there?
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How many happy faces were there?
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Were there more pigs or horses?
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Were there more suns or clouds?
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Were there more stars or dogs?
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http://www.momonix.com/calc/?typedfield=10
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Approximate Number System
● Research in Monkeys
● Individual neurons prefer a
number
● Neurons fire more when they are
closer to the number they prefer
● Hundreds of thousands of neurons
● Numbers encoded through the
neurons that are firing at a given
time
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Constructing Exact Numbers
● Between 2 and a half and
four
○ Counting abilities
● Serial manner
● 1 is associated with 1
object
● Not fully understood
● Age 5
○ Understand a word
applies to a set
○ Continues to apply
○ Ceases to apply
● Vercal knowledge lags
● Once understood, see
numbers as discrete
entities
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Triple Code Organization● Intraparietal sulcus does not act
alone
● Chain of cortical areas
● Three
○ Left hemisphere verbal code
○ Quantity code
○ Arabic code
● Different forms, different starting
points
● Adults unconscious
● Children less efficient
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Prefrontal Cortex● Non routine strategies
● Can’t perform several effortful tasks
● Become expert
○ prefrontal cortex activity
decreases
○ replaced by automatic brain
systems
■ back of the head
● Before automation
○ prefrontal cortex absorbed by
calculation
● Important goal of education
○ free child’s mind by creating
fluency and automaticity
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Dyscalculia
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/misunderstoodminds/experiences/mathexp3a.html
● Referred to as “number blindness”
● Many complex skills involved in
math…
○ Relationship between
numerals and words
○ Mental math skills
○ “Missing operand” questions
○ Questions relating to real life
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Through Your Child’s Eyes
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Acalculia ● Impairment in mathematical
abilities
○ due to brain damage
● Intraparietal sulcus play a
fundamental role
● Damaged due to lesions
● Difficulties with number
processing
● Can prevent calculation
● Trouble distinguishing values
● Related to developmental
dyscalculia
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Lumosity
● Brain training games
● Memory
● Problem solving
● Speed
● Attention
● Research confirms effectiveness
● Few hours a day
https://www.lumosity.com/app/v4/games
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References ● Sousa, D. A. (Ed.) (2010). Mind, brain, &
education: Neuroscience implications for the
classroom. Bloomington, IN: Solution Tree
Press.
● Rickard, T. C., et. al. (1999). The calculating
brain: An fMRI study. Neuropsychologia, 38
(2000), 325-335. http://timrickard.
com/Papers/Rickard-etal2000.pdf
● https://www.flickr.
com/photos/60584345@N08/5519724905