CARGO WORK The Care, Handling and Carriage

of Cargoes

Including

The Management of Marine Cargo Transportation

CAPTAIN L. G. TAYLOR (EXTRA MASTER), M.N.

h r m r r l y 'Tmieitry and Education Oficer, Briri~h Trnnspvrt Docks Board

Formerly on ihr S t o f q f the Sir John ('ay.? Nautical Collrfe, London

In Association With CAPTAIN L. D. CONWAY (MASTER MARINER).

B.Sc.,M.B.I.M.

GLASGOW BROWN, SON & FERGUSON, LTD., NAUTICAL PUBLISHERS

4-10 DARNLEY STREET

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION l'he place of the Cargo Officer. Trade Pattrms. The Business of Shipping.. . a k t on Cargo handling and control. Types of Cargo caveraee. Sizes of Carao Vesscls. The inlermodal influence.. . market

Page ix

- . reactions. Modern dcvclopments and tcchniqurs in cargo handling. Specialized knowledgereqoircmenls.

SECTION 1. The Principles of Cargo Work A. Cargo Officer du t i e~ and responsibilities. Slowage Principles. Safety of

Ship and Cargo. Thc cargo stow positioning. Check Lists. Routinc procedures in Cargo Handling. Cleaning and preparation of Holds and Spaces. Spar Cciling provisions. Dunnaging. Distributinll and sepilralion of cargoes. Broken Stowage. Cargo damage.. . types of causes and proleclion of. Strain and Stress on Cargo a1 Sea.

B. Modern dwelopmcnts in Cargo Handling. Mechanical handling. 'Trade Pallerns effect. Containerizatioll develupmmt. Ship design in relalion to cargo carriage. Gcncral arrangements plans. . . their informativc aspecl.

SECTION 2. Ship Cargo Working Gear 29 A. Principles ofrequirernents.

Loading and discharging methods. Flcxibilily of derrick arrangements. Instability of Cargo Gear . . precautionary methods. Cargo Handling betwcen ship and quay. . . coordination. Docks Regulations. Kigging of Derricks. Statutory Rules. . . inspectiun and testing of cargo gear. British lnstitulion Standards recommcndationr. Use ofcsrgo slinging melhods.

H. Modern Practice. Ship design re cargo provision. Cargo Access equipment in ships. . .types 64 of . . . applications to different forms ofcargoes. Design considerations in Access Equipment. Types of Hatch Coverings. Heavy Lifts and specializes ships. Heavy Lifts in conventional ships. The Stuelcken Mast and Derrick. Semi-submersible ships. Craneage in ports and on ships. Mastcr and Slave arrangemenls. Velle derrick arrangements. Load Stabilization. Deck cranes in gencral. Geilrless Vcssels. Forest Products. . . the t rade . . . types of ships and carriagc arrangements. Handling melhods. Ncwsprinl . . . methods ofcarriage and lifting. Precautions in handling.. . damage aspects. Use of Fork Lift Trucks. . . applications to newsprint and paper load transporlation. Stowage ofpaper reels. Sccuring and lashings provisions for Cargo Safety. Range of Sccuring Systems.. . types of systems.

SECIION 3. Cargo on Passage.. . Ventilation 13 Ventilation and Sweat.. . generalizations. Air Circulation to Ventilaliun. Ventilation with specific cargoes.. . coal, grain, Rice, Sugar. Moisture content of Air. Sweat.. . trades involved.. .procedures to counteract sweal. Types of Sweat.. . cargoes prone. Dew Point. Hold Rules for Ventilation. Moisture migration. Modern Ventilulion procedures. Air Conditioning Systems. Thc shipboard environment. Air conditioning equipmenl.

vii

... vm CARGO WORK

SECTION 4. Specific Cargo Types Different forms of cargoes.. . their care and attention. Methods of Loading and Dischargeing. Conformity to Legislation and Control recommendations. Codcs of Practice. A. Bulk Cargoes, p. 157.. .general, including conventional carriage. Roll on/Roll offcarriage, 'intermediate loads', iron and steel, solid hallast, mineral products. B. Coal Gargoes, p. l 6 8 C. Dangerous Cargoes, p. 172. D. Forest Produ~.ts and Timber, p. 184. E. Grain Cargoes, p. 194. F. Liquids in Bulk, p. 199. G. Ores and similar derivities, p. 207. H. Refrigerated Cargoes, p. 216.1. Unitized Cargoes, p. 252. 1. Miscellaneous and Conventional Cargoes, p. 270. K. Petroleum Carriage. . .including L.N.G. Liquid Natural Gas, p. 313.

SECTION 5. Ship and Quay (Shore) Handling Facilities 319 The economics ofcargo carriage. Transportation cost factors. Services required. Safe packing and marking of cargo loads. Stowing aspects. Types ofvessels involved in economic considerations . . .container systems, Roll on/Roll offsystems, Multi-purpose considerations. The general trader. Specialized systems. Bulk vessels. Lash vessels. Shore installations. Sea going dredgers. Traffic developments . . . ships involvement. Container stowage and carriage. Ports cargo handling equipment.. . mechanical appliances.. . types and applications. The organization of a Par t . . . liaison functions. Ports Associations. PortsjShips cargo handling traffic. Berths and Berthing. Effecl of Trade Patterns on Ports Organization.

SECTION 6. The Management of Marine Cargo Transportation 375 General outline. The basic practical clcments of "Why.. . How.. . When and Where" in management practice. The practice of Organization and Administration. Ports Liaison procedures. Ship requirements in maritime management. Cargoes control. The intermodal aspect. Reception, delivery and checking ofcargo. Commercial practice.. . carriage of goods. Documentation in marine cargo transportation. Cargo Planning and Monitoring.. . stowage plans, space capacities. Cargo measurement. Mate's Log Book. Port Speed.. essential features. Stowagefactors. On hoard distribution of cargo. Modern appruach . . . computcrizatian and Loadmasters. Stability.. . practical applications to cargo stowage and carriage, p. 408. Practical cargo stability. Heavy Weight working.. . Critical Moment. Load Stress in large vessels. Cargo calculations. Load Line regulations. Cargo and Safety. Code of Safe Working Practices for Merchant Seamcn. International applications tu safety with cargo handling. Department of Transport Shipping Notices. Cargo handling claims.. .cargo officer involveinent.

Questions on Cargo Handling

The Principles of and Background to Cargo Handling. (Guidelines and Checklists)

Cargo Handling Terms. A Glossary

Index

List of Diagrams

List of Illustrations Codes of Practice

Acknowledgements

INDEX c In rhcuscofthisindcx trtlmt~on is drawn to pi l~c l 461 8 "l'rinciplcs ofand Background 10

Cargo Ilandhey" and pages 469 79 'C'srgo Handling Termr-A Gloassry'. Botll of these inclul~ons airpporl tlie avcrall inden by reraon of !heir spccific detail .

A Accepting Cargo . . . . 8 Access-To and From Ship

DocksRcgulafions . 35 . . . . Access Equip~llent 65-469

Administration-Carp Manage- men1 . . 375.377.37 8.379

'How . Whenand ~ h c r c ' ~ a c 1 u r s 380.38 3.384

. . . . Agencies-Transport 1 Air Condilioni~rg S y s t e m s 148-154

Equipment . . . . 152 Air Cooling Rzfiigeration i i 8 . 219.

220.225.230.234.240.245. 250 Angles oiRrpose . . . .213.214. 469

. . . . Annealing-Lifting Gear 42 Application of Slinga Lo Cargo

Handling . . . . . . 63 Association of Port F.mpluyers . . 19 Asymmetrical 1.osding . . . 469 Automatic Reading Gauges

(Tankers) . 288 Automobiles-Carriage ol . . 278 Auto Carriers-Specialized . . 280 Avcragc-Insurance . . X. 469

B Back Pressure-Oil Csrriagc . . 300

. . . . . . Bagged Cargo I I . . . . . . Bale Space 396. 397

Ballast Solid-Csrriagc of . . l65 BM = liV Fundamental Stability

. . . . . . Formula 416 Bilreboal Charler . . . xii Harge Cargo Carriers . . rv. 374 Bananas-Modern Carriage Sys-

tems . . . . . . 235 Barrels-Sluwage of . . 275-277.468 Hending Strrasrr . I9 Berthing Syalems . . . . . . 368 Blue Book-Dangerous Cilrguch

175.438 Boat Note . . . . . . . . 391 Boil Off L.N.G. Carriers . . 317 Booking List . . . . . . 390 Break Bulk Bcrths . . . . . . 369

. . . . Breca-Bag Handling 337 Bag Loading . . . . . . 338

Briliah Standards Institution . . 58-63 Broken Stowage . . . .

. . . . . Bulk Carriers lntcrmediate . . .

Hulk Cargoes-General . . Codes of Practice . . Categories . . . .

C . . . . Calibration of l anks 299

Conccpt of i lni t i~ed Cargoes . . 265 Cargo Acccss Equipmcl~t . . 65.75. 469

. . . . Design Considerations 68-71

. . . . Direct Pull Covcrs bh . . . . . . . . Elevator~ 67. 68

Folding Covers . . 66 . . . . Lih and Roll Covcrs 66 . . . . Pigfy Back Covers 74

. . . . . . Ponloon Covers 74 Ramps . . . . . . . . 67 Rolling Covcra . . . . . . 73 Roll Stowing Covers . 66 Side Doors . . . . . . 67 Side Loaders . . . . . . 74 Sliding'Twrcn Dzck Covers . . 67 lypes of Equipment . . 66.67. 70

Cargo and Safety . . . . 425.431 . . . . Cargo Calculstions 424

Cargo Carriage-Ship Dcsign 27-28 Cargo Spaccs Mcas~~rcmcnt . . 425 Csrgo Cnrriagc-Economics of 323-334

. . . . . . Containers 326 Control . . . . . . . . 383

. . . . Canvcnrional 1.oad.i 325 Co~~ventional Vcssel Types . . 327

. . . . Dangerous Goods 326 . . . . . . GeneiillTraders 331

L.A.S.H. Vessels . . . 334 Multi-Purpose Systems . . 330

. . . . . Pallet Shins 327 ~ ~~~~~~ r ~

. . . . . . See Bee Vessel5 334

. . . .

Cargo Ducumenls . . . 3911 Bill ofLadins . 391. 392 Contract olCariiaee . . 392 Contrilcl ofSale . . . . 396 Ceilificatra olOrigin . . . 396 Consignrncnt Norcs . 3')6 Dangerous Goods l.nt . 393 Documctlr of Titlc . . . 392 Docks Duc Hill . . . . . . 396 tnport 1.icenccs . . . . . . 396 Haeue Kulcs . . . . . . 392

Mates' Receipt . . Way bill . . . . Warehouse Charge Wharfage Charge

Cargo-Damage to Crushing . . . . Fork Lift Trucks

Sea Strisscs and Slrains . . 19-20 CargoGcar-Instability of . . 33

S&tv Factor% . . . . 425 Stresses on Gear . . . 54-63 Ship Working Strcsses . . . . 2 4 ~ 3 2

Cargo Handling-Basic Elcrncnts 376 Gloisarv uflerrns . . 469-479

ShiplQuay Prokdurcs . . . . 34-38 Sling Applications . 63-64

Careo Handline Claims-iShio

slice Notes . . . 448-453 Witncss of Fact . . . 452 Witncrs of Opinion . . . 452

Csrao Movement Modern De-

m r n t of . . . . . . . .383. 386 The 'Huw, Whcn and Whcre'

Concept . 380-385 Careo TyD~s-SDecifici . . 154.156

W'orki%g ~r i ik ip les . . . I CargoOfficcr i)uties . . . 1-4 Cargo Plans . 394.395 Cargo Space Cooling-Rcfrigcl-a-

rion . . 242-243 Cargospccd Equipment . . . . 75. 96 Vcllc Cranc . . . . . . . . 96-98 Cargo Vessels-Claasza . . nv. xvi Chains and Lifling Gear Use 01 42-48 Cheese . . . . . . . 227

X" . 347 Stability Considcrstions . R.S.R.A.

(British Ship Rcsearch As- imintion Classitication Roles)

349-350 Slacking Hcights . I.S.O. Recum-

mendations . . . . . . 348 Stouagc of Container. . . 322 Sluffing and Stripping 262. 3%. 354 Syternr of Handling 26 . 326. 327. 328 Traffic Asvccts-Containers

327.328. 346 I'ank Containers .Types 350 Tzrminnla-Containers 2 4 . ' ~ ~ . 328

Handling . 3 2 . 369 Llnitired Guudi-Containers 252. 345

PAGh

Craneage Systelns . . 44,323, 360-363 Deck Types in ticncral . . . . 100 Master and Slave Typcs . . c15, 9<1 Stothert and Pitt . . . . 99 Transporlcr 358-363

Crilical ~ o r n e n t - ~ e a v y w e i g h t s 80.418

Curves uf Displilcenlent . . . . 428 Tons per inch . . . . . . 428

Cryogenic Temperature (L.N.G. Carriage) . . . . . . 315

E t c o ~ ~ o m i c s of C:argo Carriage 323-336

Analysis of Services . . . . 324 Conventional Cargo . . 326-327 Container services . . . . 327 L.A.S.H. Vessels . . . . . . 334

Flash Point . . . . . . . . 299 rlcxihlc Hoses-'lankers kittings 305 Freight . . . . . . xi, 388~389 F.O.B. Chartering Contracts . . 389 Folding Cavcrs-Acccsr Equip-

INDEX

J . . . . . . . . Jib Cranes 361

. . . . . . Jib Luffing Cranes 361 Junior Cargo Officer-Duties . . 3

K 'Karrilift' Handling . . 356. 359

L Labelling-Dangerous Goods 181. 182

. . . . Lane Stowage-Vehicles 132 . . . . . . L.A.S.H. Vessels 334

Lashing to Cargo-Generalities 123.124.126.127 . . .

Newsprint . . . . 444 . . . . Timber on Deck 186. 189

. . . . Latex-Carriageof 204 Liaison Functions-ShipsIPorts

366.380-384 Liking-Containers . . . . 253 Liquids-Bulk Cargoes

nv.4.71. 155. 199 Liquified Natural Gas (L.N.G.) 31 3. 468

. . . . . . Properties of 313 Salety Aspects . . . . . . 318 Ship Tranaporlation . . 314-318

Liauified Natural Gas-Svecific Aspects

BoilOff . . . . . . . 317 . . . . Codes ofPractice 313 . . . . Free Standing Tanks 314

Frec Surface-Stahilitv . . 319

. . ~i t rogen- l~ .cof . . . 315 Spillage . . . . 319

. . . . Tanks Construction 314 Inaulalion . . . 314. 316

Load Lines . . . . 429-431 Load Masters . . 408. 424 Load Slrcssca on ~ h G s . . . 409

Largc Vessels . . . . 421 Load on Top (L.O.T.) Tankers 286 . 288 Laadinr Procedures-~Tankrrs 302-304 ~oadini/l>ixharging Op.ralions

Tankers . . . 308-312 Loading-Prc-planning Cunven-

tiollai Procedures . 402 Micro-Computeriratiun . . 404

Log Hook-Mate'b . . . 8. 398 Laneitudinal Deformalion.. Access

Fittings . . . . 72 . . . . . . Low FlashOil 299

Low Loaders . . . . . . 359

M Management of Marine Cargo

Transportation . . 375.388

PACE

Cargo Accesa Equipment 65.73. 467 . . . . Cargoes Cuntrol 383

Cargoes Planning and Monilor- ing . . . . . . . . 402

I>istrihution . . . . 402 . . . . . . Hold Capacities 397

Intermodal Aspect . . . . 385 . . . . Mate's Log Book 8. 398

Receipt . . . . . . . . 391 . . . . Management in Ports 367

Merchant Seamen Safety Code 379.431.43 6.439

Modern Approach-Computer- ization . . . 404-408

Organization and Administra- tion . . . . 375.377. 378

'Why. How. ~ h c n . Whcrc' Canccpt . . . . 376.38 3.385

. . . . . . Ports Liaison 380 Port Speed . . . . . . 399 Pra~.licillities . . . . 380 Recention . Dclivcrv and Chcck- . .

ing . . . . . . . . 386 Stowage Faclurs . . 400 Stowage Plans . . . 3941395. 403

. . . . Unitized Cargoes 387 Management-Commercial Prac-

tices . . 388 Cargo Docume~&tion' 390.394, 396

. . . . . . Chartering 389 . . . . . . . . Freight 389

Machinery-Lifting (Statutory . . . . . . . . Roles) 41-43

Maintenancc Fork Lift Trucks 355 Manifest 391

Marking ' ~ a n g k o u s doods'i81-182 Mechanical Handling Appliances-

Ports . . . . 351-364 Mcrchant Shins-Cilreo Access

tquipmeni . . . . 65.73. 467 Mcthane-L.N.G. Vessela 313 . 318 McthodsofSlinging (International

. . . . Labour Office Guide) 442 M.1.D.A.S.-Maritime Industrial

Modern Trends cargo Gear . . 29. 64 Modern Venlilation Procedures 145

. . . . Container Approach 348 . . . . . . Equipment 152

Shipboard Environment . . 146 . . . . Moisture Contcnt of Air 139

Moisrurc Migration (Sweal) . . 143

INDEX