The Catholic Church undergoes reform and launches Crusades against Muslims

Church Reform and the Crusades

Spiritual RevivalStarting in 900s, monasteries help bring about

a spiritual revivalReformers help restore and expand Church

power

The Age of Faith

The Age of Faith (continued…)Problems in the Church

Some church officials marry even though the Church objects

Some officials practice simony – selling religious offices

Kings use lay investiture to appoint bishops

Reformers believe only the Church should appoint bishops

The Age of FaithReform and Church

OrganizationStarting in the 1100s,

popes reorganize the Church like a kingdom

Pope’s advisors make Church laws; diplomats travel throughout Europe

Church collects tithes; use money to care for sick, poor

The Age of FaithNew Religious

OrdersDominican and

Franciscan orders form

Friars in these orders vow poverty; travel and preach to the poor

Some new orders for women are founded

Cathedrals – Cities of GodEarly Cathedrals

Between 800-1100, churches are built in the Romanesque style

Style includes thick walls and pillars, small windows, round arches

Cathedrals – Cities of GodA new Style of Church

ArchitectureGothic style evolves

around 1100; term from Germanic tribe, Goths

Gothic style has large, tall windows for more light; pointed arches

Churches have stained glass windows, many sculptures

About 500 Gothic churches are built from 1170 to 1270

The Beginning of the CrusadesIn 1093, the Byzantine emperor asks for help

fighting the TurksPope Urban II issues a call for a Crusade – a

“holy war”

The Crusades

The Crusades

Goals of the CrusadesPope wants to reclaim Jerusalem and reunite

ChristianityKings use the Crusades to send away knights

who cause troubleYounger sons hope to earn land or win glory by

fightingLater, merchants join Crusades to try to gain

wealth through trade

The Crusades

The First and Second CrusadesPope promises Crusaders who die a place in

heavenFirst Crusade

Three armies gather in Constantinople in 1097Crusaders capture Jerusalem in 1099Captured lands along the coast divided into four

Crusader statesMuslims take back Edessa in 1144; Second

Crusade fails to retake itIn 1187 Saladin – Muslim leader and Kurdish

warrior – retakes Jerusalem

The Crusades

The Third CrusadeThird Crusade led by three powerful kingsOne is Richard the Lion-Hearted – King of

EnglandMother was Eleanor of Aquitaine, wealthiest women in

Europe and former queen of both England and France….

Phillip II of France abandons Crusade after arguing with Richard

Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor, drowns during the journey

In 1192 Richard and Saladin make peace after many battles

Saladin keeps Jerusalem but allows Christian pilgrims to enter the city

The Crusades

The Crusading Spirit DwindlesLater Crusades

Fourth Crusade: Crusaders loot Constantinople in 1204

Two other Crusades strike Egypt, but fail to weaken Muslims

The Children’s CrusadeIn 1212 thousands of

children die or are enslaved in failed crusade

The Crusading Spirit DwindlesA Spanish Crusade

Most of Spain controlled by Moors, Muslim people

Christians fight Reconquista – drive Muslims from Spain, 1100 to 1492

Spain has Inquisition – court to suppress heresy; expels non-Christians

The Crusades Change LifeCrusades show power of the Church in

convincing thousands to fightWomen who stay home manage the estate and

business affairsMerchants expand trade, bring back many

goods from Southwest AsiaFailure of later crusades weaken popes and

nobles, strengthen kingsCrusades create lasting bitterness between

Christians and Muslims

The Effects of the Crusades