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The Contemporary World 1970- Present

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o Leonid Brezhnev replaces Nikita Kkruschrev o Brezhnev Doctrine: The Soviet Unions right to intervene if Communism was threatened in another communist state o Brezhnev relaxed authoritarian rule and allowed more access to Western styles of music, dress, and art o Dissidents: those who spoke out against the regime, were still punished

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Dtente-relaxation of tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States 1979-Soviet Union invades Afghanistan to preserve a pro- Soviet regime was viewed by the USA as expansion USA pulls out of the 1980 Olympics under the presidency of Jimmy Carter in response Ronald Reagan becomes president and begins a military build up, new arms race, and provides military aid to Afghan rebels

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Page 5-6 in review book List the important geographic features of North America Northern Asia Example North America Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Mountain ranges on Western side

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Policies of Perestroika and Glasnost end Cold War Perestroika: restructuring of government and economy Glasnost: openness to end censorship Makes agreement with the USA to slow down the arms race Stopped giving military support to communist governments in Eastern Europe Nationalists movements begin and calls for independence come from the Soviet Republics (ex. Georgia, Latvia, and Lithuania) Conservative leaders did not want to see the Soviet Union fall and attempt to stop Gorbachev by arresting him and seizing his power Boris Yeltsin helps resist these forces and Soviet Republics move for complete independence By 1991 Soviet Union ceased to exist

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Takes over when Gorbachev resigns Introduced free market economy (not an easy transition) Used brutal force against the Chechnyans (for wanting to become independent)

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Former KGB officer (Committee for State Security) Challenging conversion of command economy to market economy Growing economy (oil and gas) 2002 nuclear arms reduction agreement with the USA Ongoing turmoil in Chechnya Chechen Rebels and terrorists Chechen leader killed by Russian army in 2006 Refusal to negotiate with Chechen rebels

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REASONS FOR REVOLUTION RESULTS OF REVOLUTIONS Country Name

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REASONS FOR REVOLUTIONRESULTS OF REVOLUTION Lech Walsea and the Solidarity movement Due to economic hardships Movement of workers for political change Free elections in 1989 Joined NATO in 1999 Joined European Union in 2004

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REASONS FOR REVOLUTIONRESULTS OF REVOLUTION Reform movement of 1968 crushed by Soviets Prague Spring Mass demonstrations take place in 1988 and 1989 after fall of the SU Largest of the demonstrations in Prague Communist government crushed Vaclav Havel (a writer) becomes new president Ethnic conflicts between Czechs and Slovaks agree to peaceful split of the country (Czech Republic and Slovakia) Czech Republic remains stable and prosperous Slovakia deals with economic turmoil

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REASONS FOR REVOLUTIONRESULTS OF REVOLUTION Sharp drop in living standards Food shortages and rationing Secret police murdered thousands of peaceful protestors Dictator (Nicolae Ceausescu) arrested and executed (1986) Now beginning to show economic growth

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REASONS FOR REVOLUTIONRESULTS OF REVOLUTION Harsh rule of communist leader Berlin Wall: had separated family members and friends for decades Berlin Wall opened in 1989 Free elections in 1990

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REASONS FOR REVOLUTIONRESULTS OF REVOLUTION Made up of six republics in 1918 Led by Slobodan Milosevic Ethnic tensions (Serbs, Croats, Muslims) International community ignores a lot of what widespread destruction of cities and human life Serb attack of Bosnia (ethnic cleansing of Bosnian Muslims) NATO involvement to try to keep peace (criticized for not quick enough) 1998 war over Kosovo Ethnic Albanians form the KLA (Kosovo Liberation Army) Serb forces massacre the KLA USA And NATO involvement UN involvement a failure Slobodan Milosevic tried for his crimes against humanity (dies before trial) Yugoslavia ceased to exist in 2004 All six republics independent states

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The European Economic Community (EEC) or European Community (EC) The Treaty on European Union turned the EC in the European Union (EU) in January of 1994 Goals Increasing communication and cooperation Improve the economic prosperity of Europe Establish a common currency Get the nations of Eastern Europe to join (added 10 in 2004) Benefit Member nations through the reduction of tariffs Increased interdependence

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Problems uniting Eastern and Western Germany Western Germans had to pay higher taxes to finance the rebuilding of Eastern Germany Unemployment rose in Eastern Germany because of the transition into market economy Internal conflict Attacks from Nazi ideologists Attacks from foreigners who immigrated to Germany because of relaxed immigration laws

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Thatcherism Margaret Thatcher Great Britain's first female Prime Minister Limit social welfare Focused on privatization Restrict union power End inflation Replace local property tax with a flat tax rate (every adult would pay this) Resigned when anti-tax riots broke out

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NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) Canada, Mexico, and the United States Make trade easier and more profitable Growth of interdependence Stimulate economic growth for participating countries Increase economic cooperation between member nations

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28:4 Important Western Events

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Olympic Games Munich 72 Palestinian terrorist group seize 11 Israeli athletes as hostages All 11 were killed Increase Israeli/Palestinian tension Moscow 80 USA boycott Los Angeles 84 USSR withdrawal https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G 7-WvfWXn7U&list=PLYOF4- DyEpXITbYMIw4n40PRPe3KZmLyJ

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Northern Ireland Ireland partitioned in 1921 Northern Ireland: Protestant, under British control (violence against Catholics) Republic of Ireland; Catholic, independent Bloody Sunday 1972 British fire on a crowd of civilians Catholic Irish Republican Army use violence and terror (against British) to unite Northern Ireland with the Republic Peace talks in the 90s, however conflict still continues