THE COUNTER-REFORMATION

Chapter 15 Section 4

Key Terms

Counter-Reformation Jesuits Ignatius of Loyola Council of Trent Charles Borromeo Francis of Sales Teresa of Avila

Reforming the Catholic Church

Protestants not the only ones dissatisfied

Catholics also upset

Counter-Reformation- series of reform in the Catholic Church

Early Reformers

Girolamo Savonarola- monk preached fiery sermons against the church in the 1400’s

Called on church to melt down its gold and silver to buy bread for the poor

Early Reformers

Convinced people to burn jewelry and trinkets

“The bonfire of the vanities”

First allowed by the pope

Pope Alexander excommunicated Savonarola

1498 executed in Florence

Jesuits

Jesuits- society of Jesus, religious order to reform the church

Ignatius of Loyola founded Jesuits in 1534 Nobleman, soldier While recovering

from an injury read books on saints

Became a soldier of God

Jesuits

Father general- ran it like a military institution Emphasized obedience

to the church Concentrated on

education to combat the Protestants

Established missions, school, and universities

Effective organization, gained ground on Protestants

Council of Trent

Paul Pope III in 1545 called the council

Need to redefine the doctrines of the church

Examined criticisms by the Protestants and Catholics

Clarified Catholic teachings on certain points

Council of Trent

Reforms addressed the corruption of the clergy

Training of priests Financial abuses Indulgences were

abolished Rejected Protestant’s

emphasis on self-discipline and individual faith

Council of Trent

Church could help believers achieve salvation

Using mystery and magnificent ceremonies to inspire faith

Consistent with the belief of millions

Majority of Europeans remain Catholic

Council of Trent

No compromise between Catholics and Protestants

Bold action boost to Catholicism in Poland

Other parts of Europe return to the Church

Catholics felt renewed energy

Council of Trent

By 1700 Jesuits operated 699 colleges in Italy, Germany, and other places

Future leaders educated in Jesuit schools

Order had an influence over public affairs

Worked in India, China, and Japan

Reforming Catholics

Charles Borromeo Archbishop of Milan Decisive steps to

implement reform Build new schools to

educate priests Francis of Sales

Founded a religious order for women

Returned Calvinists to the church through missionary work

Women and the Church

Women took on more roles

Before Renaissance they lived in secluded convents

1543-Italian nun Angela Merici began Saint Ursula Company for teaching girls

Women and the Church

Jane of Chantal formed an order to teach girls to become teachers

Schools throughout Europe

Work denounced by anti-Jesuits and the Church as dangerous

Women and the Church

Teresa of Avila Age 20 ran away to a

convent Thought rules were too

lax Followed her own strict

rules fasting, sleeping, and prayer

Reformed the Carmelite order

Had visions of Christ Her faith inspired many

to stay in the Church

The Inquisition

Roman Inquisition in 1542 to fight Reformation

Popes increased the Inquisition’s powers

Accused Protestants of witchcraft and breaking the law

Spanish monarchs set up a tougher one in 1478

The Inquisition

Used it to convert Jews, Muslims and later Protestants

Index of Forbidden Books- to stamp put rebellion People not to read

books on the list Lose their souls Torture and

execution damaged the Church’s image

Changes in Religion

Renewed zeal spread Catholic faith to other continents

North America- and elsewhere softened the harsh colonial rule

Protestants broke away from the Catholic Church and formed many factions

Changes in Religion

Discord and rifts between Protestants

Luther and followers denounced Anabaptists and Zwingli’s followers

John Calvin disapproved of some of Luther’s ideas

Luther’s these opened the door to religious freedom

Persecution and Hysteria

Luther and Catholics viewed Jews as heretics

Spain forced conversion or they had to leave

Jews resettled in eastern and southern Europe

Some areas they were forced to live in certain areas

Called a ghetto

Persecution and Hysteria

Ghettos were walled and their gates closed at night

People feared witches roamed the land Fears increased during

hard times Witches were rounded up

and tried 1580-1660 thousands

tried and executed as witches

Mostly women and the poor

Political Effects

Rising sense of nationalism

Protestant Reformation encouraged formation of independent states and nations

Rulers and merchants wanted less church involvement

Political power separated from churches

Italian Wars

Italy bounced between two powers

Sack of Rome by Spaniards and Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1527

Italian wars ended in 1559

Expanded the Italian Renaissance

Italian Wars

Artist from Italy fled north bringing new techniques

Troops returned carrying new ideas

Conflicts among Germans

Unhappy with high taxes, lack of power, new ideas

Peasants unhappy Reformation

preachers were backing idea of freedom

1524 tens of thousands German peasants stormed monasteries

Conflict among Germans

Martin Luther accused of the unrest denounced it

Luther’s refusal to back peasants prevented the Reformation from spilling into a social revolution

Holy Roman Emperor Charles V wanted to turn back Protestantism

Conflict among Germans

1546 war against Luther’s German princes

Peace of Augsburg signed in 1555 Had religious

compromise Allowed each prince

to pick their religion Subjects had no say

in the choices

Conflict between Religions

France the Huguenots, Protestant minority fought the Catholics

Fighting ended when their leader became Catholic

Conversion led to political stability

1598 Edict of Nantes granted religious freedom to Protestants