the creation of nation-states
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The Creation of Nation-States. Big Changes in 19th Century Europe. Mid - Late 1800s Big Ideas. 1848 revolts collapsed >> Conservative ↑↑ Crimean War ends Concert of Europe & spurs instability and change Italian unification by war & diplomacy German unification by war, led by OVB - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
The Creation of Nation-States
Big Changes in 19th Century Europe
Mid - Late 1800s Big Ideas
• 1848 revolts collapsed >> Conservative ↑↑• Crimean War ends Concert of Europe &
spurs instability and change• Italian unification by war & diplomacy• German unification by war, led by OVB• Changes in Austria, France & Russia• Victorian Age of GB: Disraeli & Gladstone• Ireland ??
Ottoman Empire at its “MAX”
Crimean War (1853 – 56)• Root Causes
– R expansion v. GB trade– Holy Places Q = F v. R
• Realities– R occupies OE lands– OE / GB / F vs. R– Bloody, Poorly fought
• Outcomes– Ends Concert of Europe– R loses land & prestige / Black Sea – Political Instability
Crimea >> Ottoman Empire Reforms• Hatti-I Sharif >> Tanzimat (reform) Era
– More Legal Equality• Hatti-i Hϋmayun
– Euro ideas in OE– Equal rights / duty– Power struggles
• Balkan Wars 1870s– Lost Land >> modernization– Rise of Young Turks 1908
• ↑↑ Secularization divides / weakens OE
Italian Unification… in phases• Romantic Republicans
– Ineffective secret societies 1830s-40s• Carbonari (N) = Middle Class• No peasant support
– Giuseppe Mazzini = Young Italy• Poor, Republican, anti-RCC• Guerilla Warfare >> fear!
• Moderates seek Papal Leadership 1848– Pope Pius IX … failed Roman Republic
• Leadership vacuum… now what?
Italian UnificationMachiavellian Style
• Camillo Cavour ($)– PM Piedmont– Economic Nationalism
• Piedmont v. Austria– Supports F / GB in
Crimea– Def. Austria = Land
• Sardinia-Piedmont controls N. Italy… next?
Italian Unification… final phases • Giuseppe Garibaldi
– Red Shirts… rebels!– Sicily >> Naples
• Unification– Sicily + Naples + P-S = Italy!– King Victor Emmanuel II
• Venice + Rome… join • Realities… Transformismo = corruption
– N =$$, modern, industry– S = poor, backward, rural
The German “Problem” 1850s• Who is to rule the
German speaking peoples?
• “Kleindeutsch” v. “Grossdeutsch” solutions
• Prussia? Austria?
Austria
Prussia
GermanConfed.
German Unification• 1848 unification attempts by liberals failed• Zollverein = trade union G together $$• Otto von Bismarck = Prussian Chancellor
– Conservative– Unify by eliminating Austrian influence– Provoked WAR to unify: “Kleindeutsch”
• Danish War: A+P v D >> Schleswig- Holstein• Austro-Prussian War >> Treaty of Prague• Annexes northern kingdoms• Franco-Prussian War… Pr + southern
German States v F >> Alsace • Germany! OVB 1st Chancellor of 2nd Reich
Germany Created 1871!
Changes in France… again!• Empire >>
Liberal Republic• Paris Commune…
1871 riots– Some liberals want
Paris to separate– Occupied by Prussia
1871 - 73– New National
Assembly >> 3rd Republic 1873
Controversy in France
• Dreyfus Affair– Alfred Dreyfus accused
as a traitor – Corrupt trial >> guilty!
• Rising Anti-semitism • Public outrage over
corruption = division!– Emile Zola “J’Accuse”– T. Herzl + Zionism
Hapsburg Austria 1800s
Changes in Habsburg Austria
• Multi-ethnic Austrian Empire • Magyars (Hungarians) seek
recognition & power • Emperor tries to change…
Magyars reject changes…• Austrian defeats >> concessions
lead to dual kingdom (A – H) • Other minorities (Czech, Slovaks,
etc.) want change, rejected by A • ↑↑ Discontent inside the empire
Changes in Russia• Russia behind, no industrialism…
Crimean War = exposed, lost prestige abroad & at home >> “Autocratic absolutism…”
• Alexander II >> reformer… Emancipation of serfs 1861… new courts, limited freedoms + ∆s in military…assassinated
• Alexander III >> oppressive, autocratic… secret police, limited freedom of press…
Changes in Great Britain• Parliamentary Monarchy…
liberal or conservative?• Queen Victoria… Victorian
England… Etiquette, Empire• Reforms… 2nd Reform Act =
increase suffrage• Benjamin Disraeli…
conservative• William Gladstone… liberal• Irish Question… home rule?