The Early StuartsThe Early Stuarts James I.James I. Charles I.Charles I.

The English RevolutionThe English Revolution Long ParliamentLong Parliament

Civil WarCivil War Oliver CromwellOliver Cromwell

The Cromwellian The Cromwellian RegimeRegime

The RestorationThe Restoration Charles II.Charles II. James II.James II. William of OrangeWilliam of Orange

The last of the The last of the StuartsStuarts

The Union with The Union with ScotlandScotland

1707 Act of Union1707 Act of Union

The English Parliament often clashed with King The English Parliament often clashed with King James I of England, the first Stuart king and the James I of England, the first Stuart king and the monarch who united the thrones of England and monarch who united the thrones of England and

Scotland. James I believed strongly in the divine right Scotland. James I believed strongly in the divine right of kings, as he declared in this speech before of kings, as he declared in this speech before

Parliament in 1609.Parliament in 1609.

James I: "Kings Are Justly Called Gods„James I: "Kings Are Justly Called Gods„

James I (of England) (1566-James I (of England) (1566-1625), king of England (1603-1625), king of England (1603-25) and, as James VI, king of 25) and, as James VI, king of Scotland (1567-1625).Scotland (1567-1625).

Born on June 19, 1566, in Born on June 19, 1566, in Edinburgh Castle, Scotland, Edinburgh Castle, Scotland, James was the only son of James was the only son of Mary, Queen of Scots, and Mary, Queen of Scots, and her second husband, Lord her second husband, Lord Darnley. When Mary was Darnley. When Mary was forced to abdicate in 1567, he forced to abdicate in 1567, he was proclaimed king of was proclaimed king of Scotland. The country was at Scotland. The country was at that time divided that time divided domestically by conflict domestically by conflict between the Protestants and between the Protestants and the Roman Catholics, and in the Roman Catholics, and in foreign affairs by those foreign affairs by those favouring an alliance with favouring an alliance with France and those supporting France and those supporting England. In 1582 James was England. In 1582 James was kidnapped by a group of kidnapped by a group of Protestant nobles headed by Protestant nobles headed by William Ruthven, earl of William Ruthven, earl of Gowrie, and was held virtual Gowrie, and was held virtual prisoner until he escaped the prisoner until he escaped the next year.next year.

In 1586, by the Treaty of In 1586, by the Treaty of Berwick, James formed an Berwick, James formed an alliance with his cousin, alliance with his cousin, Queen Elizabeth I of England, Queen Elizabeth I of England, and the following year, after and the following year, after the execution of his mother, the execution of his mother, he succeeded in reducing the he succeeded in reducing the power of the great Roman power of the great Roman Catholic nobles.Catholic nobles.

His marriage to Anne of His marriage to Anne of Denmark in 1589 brought him Denmark in 1589 brought him for a time into close for a time into close relationship with the relationship with the Protestants. Protestants.

After the Gowrie conspiracy After the Gowrie conspiracy of 1600, James repressed the of 1600, James repressed the Protestants as strongly as he Protestants as strongly as he had the Catholics. He had the Catholics. He replaced the feudal power of replaced the feudal power of the nobility with a strong the nobility with a strong central government, and central government, and maintaining the divine right maintaining the divine right of kings, he enforced the of kings, he enforced the superiority of the state over superiority of the state over the church.the church.

In 1603 Queen Elizabeth died In 1603 Queen Elizabeth died childless, and James succeeded childless, and James succeeded her as James I, the first Stuart her as James I, the first Stuart king of England. In 1604 he king of England. In 1604 he ended England's war with Spain, ended England's war with Spain, but his tactless attitude toward but his tactless attitude toward Parliament, based on his belief in Parliament, based on his belief in divine right, led to prolonged divine right, led to prolonged conflict with that body. conflict with that body.

His severity toward Roman His severity toward Roman Catholics, however, led to the Catholics, however, led to the abortive abortive Gunpowder Plot in Gunpowder Plot in 16051605..

It was It was conspiracy to kill James I, conspiracy to kill James I, king of England, as well as the king of England, as well as the Lords and the Commons at the Lords and the Commons at the opening of Parliament on opening of Parliament on November 5, 1605. The plot was November 5, 1605. The plot was formed by a group of prominent formed by a group of prominent Roman Catholics in retaliation Roman Catholics in retaliation against the oppressive anti-against the oppressive anti-Catholic laws being applied by Catholic laws being applied by James I. The originator of the James I. The originator of the scheme was Robert Catesby, a scheme was Robert Catesby, a country gentleman of country gentleman of Warwickshire. The conspirators Warwickshire. The conspirators discovered a vault directly discovered a vault directly beneath the House of Lords. They beneath the House of Lords. They rented this cellar and stored in it rented this cellar and stored in it 36 barrels of gunpowder.36 barrels of gunpowder.

In the final arrangement, Fawkes In the final arrangement, Fawkes was to set fire to the gunpowder in was to set fire to the gunpowder in the cellar on November 5 and then the cellar on November 5 and then flee to Flanders. Through a letter of flee to Flanders. Through a letter of warning written to a peer, the plot warning written to a peer, the plot was exposed. Fawkes was arrested was exposed. Fawkes was arrested and exand examined under torture on the amined under torture on the rackrack.. He He revealed the names of his revealed the names of his associates, nearly all of whom were associates, nearly all of whom were killed on being taken or were hanged killed on being taken or were hanged along with Fawkes on January 31, along with Fawkes on January 31, 1606. 1606.

JJames tried unsuccessfully to ames tried unsuccessfully to advance the causeadvance the cause of religious peace of religious peace in Europe, giving his daughter in Europe, giving his daughter Elizabeth in marriage to Frederick V, Elizabeth in marriage to Frederick V, the leader of the German the leader of the German Protestants.Protestants.

He also sought to end the conflict by He also sought to end the conflict by attempting to arrange a marriage attempting to arrange a marriage between his son, Charles, and the between his son, Charles, and the infanta of Spain, then the principal infanta of Spain, then the principal Catholic power. When he was Catholic power. When he was rerejectedjected, he formed an alliance with , he formed an alliance with France and declared war on Spain.France and declared war on Spain.

James I died in Hertfordshire on James I died in Hertfordshire on March 27, 1625, and was succeeded March 27, 1625, and was succeeded to the throne by his son, Charles I.to the throne by his son, Charles I.

Charles I (of England) Charles I (of England) (1600-1649), (1600-1649), Charles was born Charles was born ththe second son of James I, e second son of James I, and and became heir apparent when became heir apparent when

his elder brother, Henry, died, and was made Prince of Wales in 1616. In his elder brother, Henry, died, and was made Prince of Wales in 1616. In 1625 Charles succeeded to the throne and married Henrietta Maria,1625 Charles succeeded to the throne and married Henrietta Maria,the the French princess.French princess. Charles believed in the divine right of kings and in the Charles believed in the divine right of kings and in the authority of the Church of England. These beliefs soon brought him into authority of the Church of England. These beliefs soon brought him into conflict with Parliament and ultimately led to civil war. conflict with Parliament and ultimately led to civil war.

He came under the influence of his close friend George Villiers, 1st duke of He came under the influence of his close friend George Villiers, 1st duke of Buckingham, whom he appointed his chief minister in defiance of public Buckingham, whom he appointed his chief minister in defiance of public opinion and whose war schemes in Spain and France endedopinion and whose war schemes in Spain and France ended unsuccessfully. unsuccessfully. Charles convoked and dissolved three Parliaments in four years because they Charles convoked and dissolved three Parliaments in four years because they refused to comply with refused to comply with his his demanddemandss (( pay paymantsmants for military expenditures and for military expenditures and imprisoning those who did not payimprisoning those who did not pay)). When the third Parliament met in 1628, . When the third Parliament met in 1628, it presented the it presented the Petition of RightPetition of Right, a statement demanding that Charles , a statement demanding that Charles make certain reforms in exchange for war funds. Charles was forced to make certain reforms in exchange for war funds. Charles was forced to accept the petition.accept the petition.

However, in 1629, Charles dismissed Parliament and had several However, in 1629, Charles dismissed Parliament and had several parliamentary leaders imprisoned. Charles governed without a Parliament for parliamentary leaders imprisoned. Charles governed without a Parliament for the next 11 years. During this time forced loans, and other extraordinary the next 11 years. During this time forced loans, and other extraordinary financial measures were sanctioned to meet governmental expenses.financial measures were sanctioned to meet governmental expenses.

In 1637 Charles's attempt to impose the Anglican liturgy in Scotland led to In 1637 Charles's attempt to impose the Anglican liturgy in Scotland led to rioting by Presbyterian Scots. Charles was unable to quell the revolt, and in rioting by Presbyterian Scots. Charles was unable to quell the revolt, and in 1640 he convoked the so-called 1640 he convoked the so-called Short ParliamentShort Parliament to raise an army and to raise an army and necessary funds. This body, which sat for one month (April-May), refused his necessary funds. This body, which sat for one month (April-May), refused his demands, drew up a statement of public grievances, and insisted on peace demands, drew up a statement of public grievances, and insisted on peace with Scotland. Obtaining money by irregular means, Charles advanced with Scotland. Obtaining money by irregular means, Charles advanced against the Scots, who crossed the border, routed his army at Newburn, and against the Scots, who crossed the border, routed his army at Newburn, and soon afterward occupied Newcastle and Durham.soon afterward occupied Newcastle and Durham.

His money exhausted, the king was compelled to call his fifth His money exhausted, the king was compelled to call his fifth Parliament, Parliament, the Long Parliamentthe Long Parliament,, in 1640. In 1641 Charles in 1640. In 1641 Charles agreed that this Parliament would not be dissolved without its agreed that this Parliament would not be dissolved without its own permission. The king also agreed to more religious liberties own permission. The king also agreed to more religious liberties for the Scotsfor the Scots and to and to submit to the demands of the Scottish submit to the demands of the Scottish Parliament.Parliament.

While still in Scotland, the king received word of a rebellion in While still in Scotland, the king received word of a rebellion in Ireland in which thousands of English colonists were massacred. Ireland in which thousands of English colonists were massacred. When he returned to London in November, he tried to have When he returned to London in November, he tried to have Parliament raise an army, under his control, to put down the Irish Parliament raise an army, under his control, to put down the Irish revolt. Parliament, fearing that the army would be used against revolt. Parliament, fearing that the army would be used against itself, refused, and issued itself, refused, and issued the Grand Remonstrancethe Grand Remonstrance, a list of , a list of reform demands, including the right of Parliament to approve the reform demands, including the right of Parliament to approve the king's ministers. Charles appeared in the House of Commons with king's ministers. Charles appeared in the House of Commons with an armed force. The country was aroused, and the king fled with an armed force. The country was aroused, and the king fled with his family from London.his family from London.

Both sides then raised armies. The Both sides then raised armies. The supporters of Parliament were called supporters of Parliament were called RoundheadsRoundheads, and those of the king, , and those of the king, CavaliersCavaliers. The first civil war of the . The first civil war of the English Revolution, now inevitable, English Revolution, now inevitable, began at Edgehill on began at Edgehill on October 23, October 23, 16421642. The Cavaliers were initially . The Cavaliers were initially successful, but after a series of successful, but after a series of reverses Charles gave himself up to reverses Charles gave himself up to the Scottish army on May 5, 1646. the Scottish army on May 5, 1646. Having refused to accept Having refused to accept Presbyterianism, he was delivered in Presbyterianism, he was delivered in June 1647 to the English Parliament. June 1647 to the English Parliament. Later he escaped to the Isle of Wight Later he escaped to the Isle of Wight but was imprisoned there. By this but was imprisoned there. By this time a serious division had occurred time a serious division had occurred between Parliament and its army. between Parliament and its army. The army's leader, The army's leader, Oliver CromwellOliver Cromwell and his supporters, the and his supporters, the Independents, compelled Parliament Independents, compelled Parliament to pass an act of treason against to pass an act of treason against further negotiation with the king.further negotiation with the king.

Eventually, the moderate Eventually, the moderate Parliamentarians were Parliamentarians were forcibly ejected by the forcibly ejected by the Independents, and the Independents, and the remaining legislators, who remaining legislators, who formed the so-called formed the so-called Rump Rump ParliamentParliament, appointed a , appointed a court to try the king. On court to try the king. On January 20, January 20, 16491649, the trial , the trial began in Westminster Hall. began in Westminster Hall. Charles denied the legality of Charles denied the legality of the court and refused to the court and refused to plead. On January 27 he was plead. On January 27 he was sentenced to death as a sentenced to death as a tyrant, murderer, and enemy tyrant, murderer, and enemy of the nation. Scotland of the nation. Scotland protested, the royal family protested, the royal family entreated, and France and the entreated, and France and the Netherlands interceded, in Netherlands interceded, in vain. Charles was beheaded at vain. Charles was beheaded at Whitehall, London. Whitehall, London. Subsequently Subsequently Oliver Oliver CromwellCromwell became became chairman chairman of the council of stateof the council of state, a , a parliamentary agency that parliamentary agency that governed England as a governed England as a republicrepublic until the restoration until the restoration of the monarchy in 1660.of the monarchy in 1660.

The problem of settling the government on a permanent basis was never solved. The problem of settling the government on a permanent basis was never solved. The new Council of State had to depend on the force of the army and the Rump The new Council of State had to depend on the force of the army and the Rump Parliament. Cromwell was the dominant individual. From 1649 to 1651 he Parliament. Cromwell was the dominant individual. From 1649 to 1651 he subdued Ireland and Scotland and brought them into the Commonwealth. In 1653 subdued Ireland and Scotland and brought them into the Commonwealth. In 1653 he dissolved the Rumphe dissolved the Rump.I.In December 1653 accepted the Instrument of n December 1653 accepted the Instrument of Government, England's only attempt at a written constitution. The protectorate, Government, England's only attempt at a written constitution. The protectorate, which it created, was governed by a House of Commons and Cromwell as which it created, was governed by a House of Commons and Cromwell as Lord Lord ProtectorProtector. Parliament challenged the restrictions of the Instrument and then . Parliament challenged the restrictions of the Instrument and then proposed the so-called Humble Petition and Advice to amend it. Cromwell proposed the so-called Humble Petition and Advice to amend it. Cromwell accepted a second house of Parliament and the right to name his successor, but accepted a second house of Parliament and the right to name his successor, but refused the title of king.refused the title of king.

After a Royalist uprising in 1655, Cromwell divided England into 11 military After a Royalist uprising in 1655, Cromwell divided England into 11 military districts commanded by major generals. This, more than anything except the districts commanded by major generals. This, more than anything except the killing of Charles, turned people against Cromwell and taught them to hate killing of Charles, turned people against Cromwell and taught them to hate Puritans and standing armies.Puritans and standing armies.

Cromwell pursued an active foreign policy. The Navigation Act of 1651 provoked Cromwell pursued an active foreign policy. The Navigation Act of 1651 provoked the Dutch War of 1652 to 1654, from which England gained some success. the Dutch War of 1652 to 1654, from which England gained some success. Jamaica was taken from Spain in 1655. Allied with France, England in 1658 won Jamaica was taken from Spain in 1655. Allied with France, England in 1658 won the Battle of the Dunes and took Dunkerque in France. Not since Elizabeth's reign the Battle of the Dunes and took Dunkerque in France. Not since Elizabeth's reign had English ships and arms been so successful and so respected.had English ships and arms been so successful and so respected.

The protectorate collapsed after Cromwell died in September 1658, and his son, The protectorate collapsed after Cromwell died in September 1658, and his son, Richard, was unable to gain the respect of the army. In the ensuing confusion, Richard, was unable to gain the respect of the army. In the ensuing confusion, General George Monck, the commander in Scotland, marched to London, recalled General George Monck, the commander in Scotland, marched to London, recalled the Long Parliament, and set in motion the return of the dead king's eldest son the Long Parliament, and set in motion the return of the dead king's eldest son from exile.from exile.

James II soon lost the goodwill he James II soon lost the goodwill he had inherited. He was too harsh had inherited. He was too harsh in his suppression of a revolt by in his suppression of a revolt by James Scott, Duke of Monmouth James Scott, Duke of Monmouth (an illegitimate son of Charles), (an illegitimate son of Charles), in 1685; he created a standing in 1685; he created a standing army; and he put Roman army; and he put Roman Catholics in the government, Catholics in the government, army, and university. In 1688 his army, and university. In 1688 his Declaration of Indulgence, Declaration of Indulgence, allowing Dissenters and Catholics allowing Dissenters and Catholics to worship freely, and the birth of to worship freely, and the birth of a son, which set up a Roman a son, which set up a Roman Catholic succession, prompted Catholic succession, prompted James's opponents to invite James's opponents to invite William of Orange, a Protestant William of Orange, a Protestant and stadtholder of the and stadtholder of the Netherlands and husband of the Netherlands and husband of the king's elder daughter, Mary, to king's elder daughter, Mary, to come to safeguard Mary's come to safeguard Mary's inheritance. When William inheritance. When William landed, James fled, his army landed, James fled, his army having deserted to Williamhaving deserted to William..

William was given temporary William was given temporary control of the government. control of the government. Parliament in 1689 gave him and Parliament in 1689 gave him and Mary the crown jointly, provided Mary the crown jointly, provided that they affirm the Bill of Rights that they affirm the Bill of Rights listing and condemning the abuses listing and condemning the abuses of James. of James. A Toleration ActA Toleration Act gave gave freedom of worship to Protestant freedom of worship to Protestant dissenters. This revolution was dissenters. This revolution was called called the Glorious Revolutionthe Glorious Revolution because, unlike that of 1640 to because, unlike that of 1640 to 1660, it was bloodless and 1660, it was bloodless and successful: Parliament was successful: Parliament was sovereign and England sovereign and England prosperous. It was a victory of prosperous. It was a victory of Whig principles and Tory Whig principles and Tory pragmatism. pragmatism.

Those who would not swear Those who would not swear allegiance to the new monarchs allegiance to the new monarchs were called nonjurors or Jacobiteswere called nonjurors or Jacobites—Jacobus being Latin for James. —Jacobus being Latin for James. The Jacobites were most numerous The Jacobites were most numerous among the Roman Catholics in the among the Roman Catholics in the Scottish Highlands and in Ireland. Scottish Highlands and in Ireland.

Before James II's younger daughter, Before James II's younger daughter, Anne, came to the throne in 1702, Anne, came to the throne in 1702, her many children had all died. To her many children had all died. To prevent a return of the Roman prevent a return of the Roman Catholic Stuarts, Parliament in 1701 Catholic Stuarts, Parliament in 1701 passed the passed the Act ofAct of SettlementSettlement, , providing that the throne should go providing that the throne should go next to the Protestant Electress next to the Protestant Electress Sophia of Hannover, the Sophia of Hannover, the granddaughter of James I, and to granddaughter of James I, and to her descendants. her descendants.

Scotland, angry at its exclusion from Scotland, angry at its exclusion from trade with the English Empire, trade with the English Empire, hesitated to duplicate the act, as it hesitated to duplicate the act, as it had the Bill of Rights in 1689. The had the Bill of Rights in 1689. The only solution was to combine the only solution was to combine the two kingdoms, which was done by two kingdoms, which was done by the Act ofthe Act of Union of 1707Union of 1707, creating , creating the the kingdom of Great Britain.kingdom of Great Britain.

Act of Union, name of several statutes Act of Union, name of several statutes that accomplished that accomplished ::

the joining of England with Wales (1536), the joining of England with Wales (1536), England and Wales with Scotland (1707), England and Wales with Scotland (1707), Great Britain with Ireland (1800), Great Britain with Ireland (1800), British provinces of Upper Canada and British provinces of Upper Canada and

Lower Canada (1840) in North America.Lower Canada (1840) in North America.

Anne (1665-1714), queen of Great Britain and Ireland Anne (1665-1714), queen of Great Britain and Ireland (1702-14), the last British sovereign of the house of Stuart. (1702-14), the last British sovereign of the house of Stuart. Born in London on February 6, 1665, she was the second Born in London on February 6, 1665, she was the second daughter of King James II. Her mother was James's first daughter of King James II. Her mother was James's first wife, Anne Hyde. In 1683 she was married to Prince wife, Anne Hyde. In 1683 she was married to Prince George of Denmark. Although her father converted to George of Denmark. Although her father converted to Roman Catholicism in 1672, Anne remained ProtestantRoman Catholicism in 1672, Anne remained Protestant.. Becoming queen on WilliamBecoming queen on William Orange Orange's death in 1702, Anne 's death in 1702, Anne restored to favor John Churchill, who had been disgraced restored to favor John Churchill, who had been disgraced by her predecessor, making him duke of Marlborough and by her predecessor, making him duke of Marlborough and captain-general of the army. Marlborough won a series of captain-general of the army. Marlborough won a series of victories over the French in the War of the Spanish victories over the French in the War of the Spanish Succession (1701-14, known in America as Queen Anne's Succession (1701-14, known in America as Queen Anne's War), and he and his wife, Sarah, had great influence over War), and he and his wife, Sarah, had great influence over the queen in the early years of her reign.the queen in the early years of her reign.

. During Queen Anne's reign the kingdoms of England and . During Queen Anne's reign the kingdoms of England and Scotland were united (1707). She died in London on Scotland were united (1707). She died in London on August 1, 1714, and, having no surviving children, was August 1, 1714, and, having no surviving children, was succeeded by her German cousin, George, elector of succeeded by her German cousin, George, elector of Hannover, as King George I of Great Britain and IrelandHannover, as King George I of Great Britain and Ireland..