tudor and stuarts in mind-maps

7/27/2019 Tudor and Stuarts in Mind-Maps

1/23

Different from Dad

Well educated. Spoke

Spanish, French, Lan and

Italian. Good at maths.

6.2 inches tall

Handsome

Good at sports such as

jousng, archery, wrestling

and tennis.

A good musician. Played the

lute and harpsichord, sang

well and composed music.

Catholic Lazy

Selfish

Ruthless

Extravagant

Different from Dad


2/23

Introducon

Rise to Power

Wolsey &

Finance

Wolsey &

Law

Wolsey &

the Church

Wolsey &

Foreign Policy

Wolseys Fall Humble beginnings - the son of a

Ipswich butcher.

Rose to become Lord Chancellor

(1515) and then Archbishop of

York. He was given the tle alter

rex, the other King.

Lucky: He was at the right

place at the right me. E.g.,

execuon of Empsom &

Dudley and rerement of

Foxe & Warham.

Unscrupulous: He would change his

principles if he saw it would please

Henry.

Schmoozer / Charmer: He made the

most of his opportunies. Got Henry

to make decisions for him while he

lavished him with gis.

Wolsey re-established the Court of

Star Chamber & Court of Chancery

which allowed cases to be heard

inexpensively with out the interfer

ence from the nobility.

Benevolences - Nobles were forced

to give gis of money to secure their

estates and posions.

Amicable Grant - An aempt to raise a

nonparliament tax for a planned inva

sion of France in 1525. The threat of

open revolt led Wolsey to abandon

this!

Subsidy - a tax an individual had to

pay based on an assessment of

their wealth.

Hardworking: E.g. went to

Flanders and back in 3 days on

a diplomac mission for Henry.

Talented: A great organiser

and intellectual. E.g. his

organisa

on of Henry VIIIsFrench Campaign & geng

his first degree at 15.

Wolsey

A great deal of money

was needed to finance

Henry VIIIs lavish

court and ambions.Papal Legate -He was appoint

ed the Popes representave

in England in 1518 and became

determined to correct abuses

in the English Church. (He

closed down 30 of the most

corrupt monasteries.)

Court of Requests - this was

also re-established and

allowed cases of the poor to

be heard free of charge.

Wolsey & Enclosures - He held en

quiries into the process of enclosure

to determine whether they had been

done illegally in 1517, 1518 and 1526.

Cricisms - Wolsey held

more than one posion -

Pluralism. Sold church posi

ons for money - Simony.

Did not visit areas as much

as he should - Absentee.

1518 Peace Treaty - Wolsey organised

a meeng with Henry and the other 3

main powers in Europe. A peace treaty

was signed and Henry agreed to marryhis daughter Mary to Louis, the son of

Francis I of France.

Wolsey was unpopular with the nobility and the people as he was very rich, arrogant

and powerful. The main reason why he fell from power was due to his failure to secure

Henry VIIIs annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. When it was discovered

he had wrien to the Pope begging him to not allow Henry to marry Anne, his fate was

sealed. He died before he could be executed in 1530.

1526-28 Charles had become too power

ful as he had defeated the French army

in Northern Italy in 1524. England

joined with the French against Charles

but failed to stop him taking Rome in

1527. This was to haunt Wolsey later.

1520 Field of the Cloth of Gold - Wolsey

organised this meeng between Henry

VIII and Francis I. Both Kings used the

event to show their wealth. It was sup

posed to be a display of friendship but

both were wary of each other.

1519 - The Holy Roman

Emperor died and Charles I

of Spain was elected to rule

his Empire. Both Henry and

Francis I had wanted this

posion and f elt threatened.

Wolseys aim was to raise the

profile of England in Europe while

trying to avoid expensive wars.

At the me the 3 most important

powers were: France, Spain &

the Holy Roman Empire.

1512 - 13 Wolsey organ

ised successful campaign

against the French.

1521-25 - Despite their treaty with France

Henry allied with Charles I against France.

However, when the English invaded

France, they were forced to retreat,

twice. Wolsey was disappointed that

Charles did not help him become Pope.


3/23

The Protestant

Reformaon

1. Luthers Demands

2. What should a good Chrisan believe?

3. The Popes Response

4. The Reformaon in England

No Indulgences(An indul

gence was a piece of paper,

bought from the Church,

forgiving the person of sin.)

People should be able to

read the Bible in their own

language and not only in

Lan. Very few Middle Age

people would have been

able to read Lan!

The Pope should not have so

much authority. People

should be guided by the

teachings of the Bible andnot what the Pope told

them to do.

The Church should not be so

wealthy.

A good Chrisan should have

faith in God and follow only

his teachings. The Church

should be available to all

people: rich and poor.

Prior to 1534 - Under Henry VIII, England was Catholic.

Henry even wrote a book cricising Luther and had been

given the tle of Fidei Defensor (Defender of the Faith).

Break from Rome - In 1534, Henry made himself head of

the Church of England so he could annul his marriage with

Catherine of Aragon.

Dissoluon of the Monasteries - Henry closed down many

monasteries, taking their land and money for himself.

Under Elizabeth - The Protestant Reformaon was com

pleted in England under Elizabeth.

Under Edward - England became Protestant.

Papal Bull - This was a warning from the Pope to Luther

that he would be excommunicated if he did not stop all hiscricisms of the Catholic Church.

Edict of Worms 1521 - An edict from the Pope that only he

could say what the Bible meant, not Luther. Luthers

wrings were banned!


4/23

Why did Henry VIII breakwith the Roman Catholic

Church?

Political ReasonsHenry needed a son to make his position as King stronger. If Henrymade himself Head of the Church,there would be no limiting factor(Church) to his power and he wouldbe able to give himself a divorce fromCatherine.

Religious ReasonsDid Henry make himself Head of theChurch in England because he believedwhat Protestants said about the CatholicChurch.?

What does the evidence show? (Look atthe changes that Henry made to theChurch in England - if he made radicalchanges it would suggest that he agreedwith the criticisms of the Church byProtestants.)

Economic ReasonsHenry needed money - his wars withFrance and his extravagant lifestyle haddrained the monetary resources his fa-ther had built up. Also due to his chang-es to the Church, Henry feared rebellionat home and possible invasion fromFrance and Spain.

By making himself Head of the Church,Henry could obtain money which wouldhave previously gone to the CatholicChurch.

Catherine of AragonBy 1527, Henry decided he needed a new wife as Catherine was tooold to have any more children and only one of her children - a girl(Mary) - had survived. His quest for a male heir became known asHenrys Great Matter.

Henry had also fallen in love with 19 year old Anne Boleyn. She re-fused to become the Kings mistress but insisted on becoming theKings wife. Some believed this was the real reason why Henry want-ed to rid himself of Catherine.

Wolsey was sent to Rome to ask Clement VII to declare that Pope

Julius II had been wrong to grant a dispensation from Gods law forHenry to marry his brother's window.

Henry was asking the Pope to grant him an annulment i.e. a declara-tion that the marriage was null and void - it was not legal and there-fore Henry had been living in sin with Catherine.

The Pope could not grant this annulment, even though he would haveliked to, as he could not admit a Pope could make mistakes (Doctrineof Papal Infallibility) and since 1527 he had been a prisoner of KingCharles of Spain and did not want to offend him. (Charles was thenephew of Catherine.)

In 1529, the Pope decided to send Cardinal Campeggio to presideover a court to debate the issue. The court failed to reach a decision.

Henry blamed Wolsey for the his failure to get an annulment. He wascharged with treason, but died in 1530 before he could be brought totrial.

Thomas Cranmer was appointed as Archbishop of Canterbury byHenry and he secretly married Henry and Anne in Jan. 1533. He alsoannulled the marriage to Catherine. The Pope excommunicated Hen-ry and Cranmer as a consequence.

Dissolution of MonasteriesThe Church owned 1/4 of the land in England.

In 1535, Cromwell appointed Commissioners

(officials) to investigate smaller monasteriesfor malpractice. Henry used the reports fromthe officials, in 1536, to order the closingdown of a number of smaller monasteries.(First Act of Dissolution) He sold the land tohis followers after having stripped the monas-teries bare of anything of value i.e. stainedglass windows, statues, gold decorations andeven the lead off the roofs.

Henry was persuaded by Cromwell that thedissolving of the monasteries would not be anunpopular move as:

some monks lived unholy lives, were idle, corrupt

did not fulfil the tasks for which they hadbeen so valuable in the Middle Ages suchas the copying of books, sheltering travellers and the teaching and caring for thesick.

In 1539 the Second Act of Dissolution, whichdealt with larger monasteries, was passed.

Protestant ReformationThis reform movement believed that the Catho-lic Church was led by greedy priests and wascorrupt. Luther believed that people shouldntlisten to the Pope but should interpret what theBible said for their themselves. See mind-mapon the Protestant Reformation for details.


5/23

Stopped the English Churchmaking payments to the Pope.

Act of Six Articles 1539 How did Henry VIIIbring about the

break with the RomanCatholic Church?

Motivated by the need to annul his mar-riage to Catherine and his need for mon-ey, Henry VIII used Parliament to pass a

number of laws which led to the breakwith Rome. Henrys motives were therefore political and financial rather than

doctrinal. However, these changes,started a process in England, called by

Historians as the English Reformation orthe Henrician Reformation. The EnglishReformation would continue after Hen-

rys death and bring changes to how reli-gion was practised in England in ways

which were very doctrinal in nature.

Act in Restraints ofAnnates 1532

The Statute in Restraintsof Appeals 1533

Declared that England wasrule by a king who had wholeand entire authority within it.Any excommunications fromRome of English people wasinvalid and the English wereforbidden from appealing tothe Pope.

Act of Succession 1534

Declared that Henrys mar-riage to Catherine was invalidand that Princess Mary wastherefore illegitimate. Thethrone would pass to the chil-

dren of Henry and Anne Bo-leyn.

Act of Supremacy 1534

Declared that Henry was thehead of the English Church, notthe Pope.

The Treason Act 1534

Any one who argued againstHenrys position as head ofthe English Church wouldface a charge of treason.Two victims of this law were

John Fisher, the Bishop ofRochester and Thomas More.Both were executed in 1535.

This allowed Henry to take thefirst years earning from allbishoprics and church offices.Thereafter he would take one-tenth of any further earnings.

The First Fruits andTenths Act 1534

Act of 10 Articles 1536

This act was motivated by Cromwell and soughtto make the English Church more Protestant.

Only 3 sacraments were recognised: bap-tism, penance and the Eucharist. The Bible

was translated into English and priests were

allowed to marry.

The other sacraments of confirmation, ordi-nation, marriage and the last rites were no

longer regarded as holy sacraments. Pil-grimages and the display of relics were also

banned.

Cromwell had gone too far and in 1539,Henry, who remained a Catholic at heart,made some changes to the Ten Articleswhich reintroduced many Catholic be-liefs.

The idea of transubstantiation wasconfirmed. The people could nowonly take bread at the Communion,not wine, and were encouraged toconfess their sins. Priests wereagain banned from marrying.

Henry produced the Kings Bible,which prohibited many kinds of peo-ple from reading the new EnglishBible.

Key

Politically motivated laws

Economically motivated laws

Religiously motivated laws


6/23

Causes of thePilgrimage of

GracePolitical

Exclusion of the

North from

Government

See Faction discussion.

Faction struggle -

Aragonese vs Boleyn

Aragonese were a group unitedagainst their opposition to

Henrys plans to end his marriagewith Catherine of Aragon and

the power of men like Cromwell,

Cramner & Riche. (These men

should not be advising the Kingas they were not of Nobleblood). They felt that these men

were responsible for thereligious policies and that the

north had very little say in the

running of the country.

The Boleyn faction was centredaround insuring that Anne would

become the Kings next wife.

Restoration of Mary

Economic

Statute of Uses

The gentry had escaped paying duty

when the heir succeeded bydistributing their land amongst

trustees. This act had preventedthis process and was making the

gentry pay their feudal dues.

Enclosures

This was the enclosing of land by

fences, which had been previouslyused for arable farming.

This had recently been introducedin the north west - although it is

true it did not affect all areas.

Entry fines

This was the payment of a tax to the

landowner when a tenant died andthe property was taken over by their

heir. Landowners were increasingthese and taking advantage.

Poor Economic situation in

the North

The harvest of 1535 had beendisastrous and 1536 was not looking

much better.

Religious

Dissolution of the Monasteries

Many monks and some clergy, feared for

their livelihoods.

Many people would have been angry at theirloss of worship and would also have missed

the other functions that monasteries

fulfilled.

The monasteries also play a pivotal role inthe economy of the north. See Economic

Causes

Dislike of religious

changes

Abolition of Holy Days.

New taxes on baptism, burials

& marriages which peoplecould not afford and would

prevent their salvation.

Church Closures

There were rumours that thesewould also be closed. This would

mean a long walk to another church,not to mention the loss of church

valuables which they had contributed

to.

Subsidy

Many people were still very unhappyabout the 1534 subsidy. This tax

had traditionally only been collected

during wartime but was now beenlevied during peace time.

There were also rumours of new

taxes on sheep and cattle.

FactionA like-minded group whoworked together to advance acause.

Cromwells

Policies

He was resented as hewas of humble birth

and was becoming fartoo powerful. He had

been responsible for

the religious policies

carried out againstthe Church and themonasteries.


7/23

The rising began at Louth,

due to 3 government

commissions which were at

work. They were assessing:

the closure of smaller

monasteries, the collecting

of the 1534 subsidy and the

state of the clergy.

The force of 10 000

disperse when they heard

that a force under the

Duke of Suffolk was

approaching.

Robert Aske has become

chief captain of an army of

30 000 men. They make

their headquarters in York.

New of the Lincolnshire

rising reached the ears of

Robert Aske, a Yorkshire

lawyer. He dispatches

letters across the countrycalling on men to maintain

the Holy Church.

The pilgrims' move down

to Pontefract, where Lord

Darcy hands over

Pontefract Castle. The

force is well led by Aske

with strong discipline.

Aske meets with the Duke

of Norfolk who has a force

of 8000 under his

command. A truce is

signed. Henry agrees to

pardon all but ten

ringleaders, if the force

disperse.

Aske presents the rebels

demands to Norfolk. (24

Articles) Henry agrees to

general pardon, a prolonged

truce and the promise of aparliament to discuss the

grievances of the rebels.

The rebels reluctantly

disperse after the

Lancaster Herald read the

King's pardon.

The start of the Cumberland

rising. Sir Francis Bigod,

believes rightly, that Henry

VIII is insincere and tries

to capture Hull and

Scarborough.

At the battle of Carlisle,

Bigods force were defeated,

bringing to an end the

Cumberland rising. Henry used

this uprising not only to

execute Bigod but Aske, Lord

Darcy and members of the

Percy family.

Events of thePilgrimage of

Grace

LincolnshireRebellion

Pilgrimageof Grace

CumberlandRebellion

4/10/1536

10/10/1536

21/10/153627/10/1536

4/12/1536

8/12/1536

1/10/1536 11/10/1536 16/1/1537 10/2/1537


8/23

Significanceof the

Pilgrimage ofGrace

Goal of the Pilgrimage

of Grace - Negotiate

for a better functioning

government order.

The size of the force was an

achievement in its own right

The organisation skills and planning ofthe rebels to raise such a formidable

force (40 000) was an impressive

achievement in its own right. Not to

mention that only one person was

killed during the whole rebellion.

Religious Successes

The Bishops Book of 1537restored many of the traditional

Catholic practices. The four

sacraments which had not been

mentioned in the Ten Articles of

1536 were recognised.

A letter from Henry to Cranmer

was also shown to pilgrim

leadership which called for aattack on radical preaching and

clerical marriages.

It is possible to argue that the

Pilgrimage of Grace has played a

role in postponing religious

revolution in England until the

reign of Edward VI.

Economic Success

As a consequence of the Pilgrimage

of Grace the collection of the (1534)

subsidy was stopped and thegovernment also suspended the new

act for the regulation of the cloth

industry.

They also announced that the

collection of extra taxes and the

demolition of parish churches were

rumours.

Political Success

There is a strong argument which

could be made that the

Pilgrimage of Grace weakened

Cromwells position and

contributed to his downfall by

1540.

Many of Cromwells policies had

been modified and the religious

changes he supported had been

abandoned.

Agrarian Success

In Westmorland and Cumberland

the entry fines were resolved in

favour of the commons. These

entry fines were fixed so thatthey could no longer be

arbitrary.


9/23

Thomas

Cromwell

In 1520 he became the legal secretary for

Cardinal Wolsey.

In 1523 he became a member of parliament.

Aer the death of Wolsey, Cromwell earned the

confidence of Henry by passing a number of laws

which legalised Henrys divorce from Catherine of

Aragon. As a consequence, in 1533, Cromwell was

made Lord Chancellor. Be tween 1533 & 1540, Crom

well was given many tles, including: Master of the

Rolls in 1534, Vicar-General in 1536 and Lord Great

Chamberlain in 1539.

Rise to

Power

In 1540, Cromwell persuaded Henry VIII toagree to marry Anne of Cleves, in the hoping of

securing the support of the Protestant north German

princes against the Catholic Holy Roman Emperor. (Both

Cromwell & Henry feared an invasion of England by

France and Spain to restore the Popes authority, espe

cially as both countries had made peace with each other

in 1539.) When Henry met Anne he was unimpressed,

calling her a fat Flanders mare. He had to go through

with the marriage, but quickly found a way to get a di

vorce.

Led by the Dukes of Suffolk and Norfolk, the nobility;

who hated Cromwell, turned on him and made it knownto Henry that Cromwell had hidden reports of what

Anne looked like. As a result, Henry was convinced to

put Cromwell on trial, where he was found guilty of

treason and was executed in 1540. This arguably was

Cromwells greatest failure.

Fall

Thomas Cromwell was born in

Putney in about 1485. His father

was believed to have been a blacksmith and

brewer (Some sources believe he was a cloth-

worker).

He spent much of his adulthood in Europe as a

soldier, accountant and merchant.

In 1512 he returned to England and studied law.

He was influenced by the wrings of Marn

Luther and was therefore a Protestant by faith.

Early Life

As a Protestant reformer, Cromwell was mo

vated by his wish to reduce papal power in England.

He was responsible for managing the English Reformaon, by pass

ing a series of laws. The most important of these were: the Act of

Annates (1532), the Restraint of Appeals to Rome (1533) and the Act

of Supremacy (1534). Through these laws, Henry became the

supreme head of the new Church in England.

Between 1536 and 1540, Cromwell supervised the Dissoluon of the

Monasteries. Through this monasc wealth was recorded in the

Valor Ecclesiascus (church valuaon) and cases of corrupon and

abuse were reported to Cromwell. As a result of this, about 650

monasteries were closed down. I t is therefore not surprising that

Cromwell is somemes referred to as Malleus monachorum (the

Hammer of the Monks).

The Dissoluon of the monasteries made Henry VIII an extra 140

000 per year and was arguably Cromwells greatest achievement.

Achievements

The Dissoluon of the Monasteries was

Cromwells greatest achievement as it had so

many far reaching effects:

It showed Cromwells administrave brilliance.

It brought important social & economic changes i.e.

the greatest transfer of land since the Norman

conquest.

The Tudor Gentry benefited, acquiring land and

construcng new houses.

Cromwells monasc policy increased the polical

power and influence of the Crown and helped Hen

ry VIII to establish his royal supremacy over the

Church.

Greatest

SuccessComwells persuasion of Henry to marry Anne of

Cleves was his greatest failure as it led to his

downfall and execuon. Factors needed to be discussed:

Why Cromwell wanted the marriage of Henry to

Anne.

Details on how he tricked Henry into the marriage

by geng the court painter, Hans Holbein, to paint

a portrait making her more beauful than she was.

Why Henry listened to Cromwells enemies, who

told Henry that the real reason why Cromwell want

ed the alliance was to fulfil his aim of making Eng

land a Protestant country.

A brief look at Cromwell's fate.

Greatest

Failure


10/23

KettsRebellion:

Causes

The main aim of Kett and his rebels wasto highlight grievances at local govern-

ment level. In fact the rebels saw centralgovernment as an ally, who they be-

lieved would come to their aid.

The main causes were economic in na-ture.

Economic

Somersets

Policies

Religious

Concerns

BadGovernment

Article 3 No lord of themanor shall common uponcommons.This referredto the practice of landlordsgrazing their stock on thelands of their tenants byclaiming their traditionalgrazing rights of four-

course.Article 16 All bondmanshould be free.This re-ferred to restrictions stillplaced on some tenants asa legacy of ancient feudalpractice.

Land prices and rents shouldrevert to the levels used in thereign of Henry VII

The Norfolk articles picked out thegentry and local government offi-cials in their county for the mostvehement attacks. Ketts tacticsseemed to be to appeal to centralGovernment over the heads of thelocal gentry.

Article 1: Opposed any fur-ther enclosures.

Religious concerns were notaimed at the growth of Protestant-ism but rather the shortcomings ofministers.

E.g. Articles 8, 15 and 20: focuseson the quality of clergy, askingthat priests should reside in their

parish, serve the the whole com-munity and not act as chaplains tothe wealthy and be able to teachand preach poor children their

catechism.

Article 22: a reduction inthe proportion of tithestaken.

It was believed that Somerset(Good Duke) was sympathetic to thecommoners plight.

Why?

He had given support to a group ofmen who campaigned against theexploitation of the poor.

He appointed John Hales to lead acommission into enclosures.

He created a special tax on sheepwith a higher rate for flocks on en-closed land.


11/23

The Ketts Rebellion started in Wy-mondham when an angry crowd toredown the fences of a local lawyercome landowner, John Flowerdew. Hewas unpopular as he was in disputewith people over the local abbey hehad bought and was pulling down.Flowerdew bribed the men to attackthe hedges of a local tanner and land-owner, Robert Kett. Kett welcomedtheir action and become their leader.Supported by farmers and yeoman,Kett organised a march on Norwich.

8 - 9 July

Ketts

Rebellion:Events

27 August

23 - 26 August

30 July - 1 August

The town was taken back by a govern-ment force under the command of Wil-liam Parr, Marquis of Northampton, on

the 30 of July. He offered a full pardonto those who would disperse. This wasrejected by the vast majority of therebels. The rebels then launched acounter attack on the city and managedto retake the city. Northampton wasforced to flee in disarray. The risinghad now become a full scale rebellion.

21 - 22 July

The favourable response from the gov-ernment did not come. On the 21 July the

government offered a pardon to all thosewho disperse. It also promises to reducethe price of wool by a third and to appointcommissioners to reform abuses. Kett en-courages his supporters to reject the offeras they had committed no crime. An at-tempt was made to arrest Kett, but thisfailed. It was now apparent that the momentfor a negotiated settlement was over. By 22July, the rebels had taken Norwich. Thiswas the first real act of aggression by the

rebels.

The rebels arrived in Norwich on

the 10thof July and by the 12 of Julyhad set up camp on MouseholdHeath. (It was called the Great

Camp.) It is estimated that Kett nowhad approximately 16 000 men withhim. A list of grievances were drawnup (the Norfolk Articles) and sent asa petition to Somerset. It seems thatat this point, Kett expected a favour-

able response from Somerset.

On the 23rdof August, a government forceunder the command of John Dudley, Earl ofWarwick, arrived. At this point the rebelswere trapped. Warwick offered to pardonall the rebels except Kett but when Kettagreed to negotiate on this basis, he washeld back by his own men. The chance ofa peaceful settlement was now over. War-wicks army was bolstered by the arrival of

1000 foreign troops on the 26thof August.

On the 27thof August, Kett, possiblybecause his supply lines had be cut offby Warwick, made the fatal decision toengage Warwicks army in open battle.Ketts rebels were no match for thewell trained soldiers and were massa-cred. It has been estimated that 3000rebels died at the Battle of Dussindale.

10 - 12 July


12/23

KettsRebellion: Why

did it fail?

KettsRebellion: What

were theConsequences?

There was no attempt at co-oper-ation or synchronisation betweenthe isolated uprisings. If the Corn-well and Devon forces had joined

with Ketts rebels, they wouldhave posed more of a threat.

At a basic level it failed becauseKett took the fatal decision to en-gage Warwicks army in open bat-tle. It would have been moreprudent to accept Warwicks offerof a pardon for all accept Kett - inKetts defence he was prepared toaccept this but was held back byhis own men. Once the rebels hadleft Mousehold Heath, they stoodno chance against the highlytrained soldiers under Warwicks

command.

At a much deeper level it failedbecause the rebellion became polit-ical. Somersets enemies saw it asa chance to get rid of him. WhileKett thought that the Good Dukewould be sympathetic (see Somer-sets Policies on page 1), for politi-cal reasons, Somerset could not

show sympathy.

Somerset was forced to resignand his position was taken overby Northumberland.

Somersets support for the anti-enclosure measures had earnedhim a reputation as a friend of thecommons. Many leading Noblesblamed Somerset for the rebel-lions as they argued that his sym-pathetic reputation hadencouraged the rebellions.

His failure to crush the rebellionsquickly sealed his fate.

Over 3000 rebels lost their lives.Both Robert and William Kett werehanged - Robert from Norfolk Cas-tle and William from the spire ofWymondham Abbey.

Northumberlands successful sup-pression of the Ketts Rebellionadded to his own political credibilityand he was able to use this to takeover from Somerset.

The military demands of sup-pressing the uprisings led to a

turning point in England foreignpolicy strategy. Somerset had toscale down his policy of garrison-ing the border with Scotland andalso deal with the French whotook advantage of Englands inter-nal turmoil to attack Boulogne inthe Summer of 1549. Northum-berland went on to bring both con-flicts with Scotland and France to

an end in 1551.


13/23

The Power of Parliament prior

to Elizabeth

1. Norman Council

The Norman Kings could not rule Eng

land on their own. The King would call

the council to discuss problems facing

the country.

2. Magna Carta 1215

King John forced by Barons to sign this

charter. It defined the rights and du

es of all people in England. Its main

purpose was to make John respect the

rights of landlords.

3. Henry III & De Monort

De Monort and other Barons rebelled

against high taxes by Henry. De

Monort organised the elecon of 2

knights and 2 rich men from each char

tered town to discuss issues like taxes.

4. King Edward Is Government

King Edward I accepted the need to

get the consent of the realm. In

1295 he called the model parliament -representaves of the counes and

towns - to meet in Westminster to

discuss the running of the country.

Edward I is regarded as the co-founder

of Parliament along with de Monort.

5. Parliament under the Tudors prior

to Elizabeth

Parliament grew stronger under the

Tudors. Henry VIII called for money

for his wars against France and Scotland. He also used parliament to pass

the laws he needed to make his b reak

with Rome legal. In general the Tu

dors got what they wanted: Henry VIII

got his reformaon; Edward Vis Par

liament passed an-Catholic laws and

Mary got her Catholic laws through.

Elizabeth &

Parliament

Introducon

All in all, Elizabeths relaons with Parliament

were posive. In a 45 year reign it only met 35

months! In general Elizabeth conceded that Parlia

ment should have the right to discuss issues of state,

but resented its interference in maers of religion,

the succession and foreign affairs.

Negaves

Parliament which was dominated by

Protestants who were very concerned over

who would succeed Elizabeth when she died.

They tried to put pressure on her to marry or

announce who would succeed her. Elizabeth

refused to discuss this with Parliament. In fact

she only announced her successor on her

death bed in 1603.

Elizabeth could on occasion be ruthless to any

MP who stepped out of line. E.g. Peter Went

worth was sent to the tower for suggesng

that there should be freedom of speech in

Parliament and that it should make the laws in

the country.

Powers of Monarchy in 16th Century

They could call Parliament when they

wanted and send MPs home.

They could win friends by giving people

jobs and giving people places in court.

An effecve Monarch was sll able to

run the country.

A Monarch who was good at dealing

with people tacully and firmly was sll

very powerful.

Posives

In general Elizabeth had a good relaonship with

Parliament. Most MPs respected her or were too

gentlemanly to quarrel with a women.

Both Parliament and Elizabeth agreed that their

primary objecve was to maintain the Protestant

religion in England and defend the country.

Elizabeth was also skilled in giving in on minor

Issues on which she did not have strong views.


14/23

The Elizabethan

Selement

Problem!

When Elizabeth inherited the thrown England

was a religiously divided county. Some of her

subjects were ardent Roman Catholics, others

were ardent Protestants. Elizabeths soluon

was to establish a religious selement that

was as inclusive as possible.

The Act of Supremacy 1559

Made Elizabeth Supreme Governor of the Church

of England as apposed to Supreme Head. It was

hoped this subtle change in tle would appease

Catholics who would sll see the Pope as in

charge of the Catholic Church worldwide.

The Act of Uniformity 1559

This introduced a new Book of Common Prayer which

was based on Cranmers one, but with subtle differ

ences. Priests were to wear vestments, but toned

down. People had to aend church on Sundays and

Holy Days and were fined if they did not. Catholic ser

vices, while not allowed to be held in churches or any

where else public, could be held in peoples houses.

The difficult issue of transubstanaon was leto inter

pretaon. It could be viewed as meaning:

that the bread and wine had become the body and

blood of Christ, or

this happened only for true believers, or

that Christ was simply being commemorated.

39 Arcles

These were based on Cranmers 42 Arcles of

1553. They were agreed on in 1563 and passed

by Parliament in 1571.

Key points:

Some Catholic beliefs abolished e.g. Tran

substanaon.

Some support for Protestant beliefs - e.g.

clerical marriage.

As a result of the arcles, Elizabeth's

Church of England was moderately

Protestant.

Opposion

Puritans - Radical Protestants who wanted to purify the Church

They, in 1571 tried to push to make the Book of Common Prayer more radical.

When this did not work they published their own alternave Prayer book.

By the end of Elizabeths reign the Puritan problem had not gone away!

Catholics

There were a number of Catholic plots against Elizabeth, mostly focussed on geng Mary,

Queen of Scots on the English throne. Sir Francis Walsingham was appointed by Elizabeth to

be the head of her security service. He proved to be an inspired choice.

Based on 2 pillars


15/23

WAR

Elizabeth encouraged her sailors to

rob Spanish ships full of treasures

from the New World. This angered

Philip for obvious reasons. Elizabeth

went as far as knighng one of them,

Francis Drake, for being so successful

at robbing from the Spanish.

England was Protestant and Spain

was Catholic. Philip was angry at the

Elizabethan Religious Selement.

(You should know what this was.)

A successful invasion of England

would get rid of a rival to Spain's su

premacy in the New World. English

pirates, supported by Elizabeth,

were already causing Philip to lose a

great deal of money.

England and Spain oen fought

France together, but there was a civil

war in France, and so the common

enemy was not a threat.

Philip was angry, that in 1587, Eliza

beth had allowed the execuon of

Mary, Queen of Scots. Not only was

she a legimate monarch, but she

was also catholic!

Elizabeth had helped the Protestant

Dutch rebels against Catholic Spanishrule. In 1585 she sent English troops

to support the Dutch in their fight

against Spain.

Elizabeth chose not to marry Philip

(who had been married to her sister

Mary) when she came to the throne.

This hurt Philips pride.


16/23

The story of the Armada is explained below.

The Spanish Armada, 1588

A 12 July 1588 B 29 July C

G H I

D 5 August E 7 August F

J

Important places

Calais

London

Plymouth

Corunna

Route of the Armada, July to September 1588

Key

A

B C D

E F

G

H

I

J

29 - 4 August

After seeing the Armada,English ships chase Spanishships up the Channel.

The Spanish Armada sets sail. English see the Armada.

Armada anchors off Calaisto await word from Parma.

English send burningfire-ships and the Span-

ish panic.

As the Spanish sailed offfrom Calais and were attacked

the soldiers waiting in theNetherlands were abandoned.

8 August

English ships attack theSpanish near Gravelines.

August

The Armada tries to sail backto Spain by going north around

Scotland.

August

Fierce storms off Scotland andthe west coast of Ireland

wreck many Spanish ships.

September

Only 66 of the Spanish shipsmake it back to Spain.


17/23

Elizabeths popularity was at a all-me

high. The defeat of the Armada was her

finest hour. Elizabeth could claim to be

mistress of the Seven Seas and her own

people!

The Armada failure was a humiliaon

for the Spanish and nearly destroyed

their naonal treasury.

The failure of the Armada was a victory

for Protestansm in England and also on

the European connent. E.g. the Neth

erlands. If the Armada had successfully

invaded England they could have con

centrated all their vast resources on

conquering Europe.

The failure of the Armada changed

naval warfare from the seize and grap

ple taccs used since Roman mes, to

water-bourne duels. Faster, more

manoeuvrable ships with large cannons,

were now the order of the day.


18/23

Religion

Successful

Greater tolerance be

tween Catholics and

Protestants made thecountry more stable.

Fewer people died for

their religion as a result of

the selement.

Unsuccessful

Extreme Catholics and ex

treme Protestants

(Puritans) connued tocause trouble.

Catholic countries, such as

France and Spain, sll

posed a threat.

Mary Queen of Scots

Successful

All aempts to free Mary

during her 19 year impris

onment failed. In 1587, Elizabeth had

Mary tried and executed

for plong against her.

Unsuccessful

Elizabeth's reluctance to ex

ecute Mary, encouraged

ploers and angered parliament.

Marys execuon was a key

cause of the was with Catho

lic Spain.

Spain

Successful

Elizabeths forces

defeated the Arma

da and removed the

Spanish threat.

English sailors suc

cessfully aacked

Spanish shipping in

the New World.

Unsuccessful

Bad weather played

a bigger part in the

Armadas failure

than the English did.

The Armadas Com

mander, the Duke

of Medina Sidonia

was a poor leader.

Elizabeth I: Was her rule aGolden Age?

Poverty

Successful

The Poor Law stand

ardized the treat

ment of the poor.

The Poor Law made

parishes responsible

for helping their de

serving poor.

Unsuccessful

The problem of pov

erty did not disap

pear - there were

sll large numbers

of poor people.

The Poor Law did

nothing to tackle

the causes of pov

erty and unemploy

ment.

Marriage & Succession

Successful

Elizabeth eventually

named a successor -

James I.

Elizabeth declared

she was married to

the English people.

Elizabeth was a

strong ruler who

chose not to marry.

Unsuccessful

Elizabeth ignored

parliament who

wanted her to mar

ry.

Elizabeth had no

children to be her

heir.


19/23

Grew up as a lonely child bit of a wimp! Mother was

murdered by his cousin.

Married Anne of Denmark loveless marriage.

Quesons over his sexuality.

Seen as ill mannered, boring, pedanc, peace-loving.

Intelligent: wrote many books including religious vol

umes.

Very extravagant and generous.

Lazy

Image & Court Life

James VI of Scotland.

Became King following Elizabeths death in 1603.

Mother was Mary, Queen of Scots.

Claim to the throne

Government

James used the Privy Council.

Facons persisted especially following James use of

patronage to promote Scots.

Parliament Relaonship Poor

Why?

Finances Jamess extravagance and lack of financial

sense.

Buckingham, the Kings favourite, was very unpopular.

He sold offices & monopolies.

Parliament worried about possible marriage of Jamess

son to a Catholic Spanish princess.

James's opposion to war with Spain in 1624.

James's doctrine of the Divine Right of Kings

Jamess view that certain maers such as religion &

foreign policy should not be discussed with Parliament.

Government & Parliament

Ireland effecvely a conquered kingdom: English in

control of whole Ireland in 1605. History of troubles,

rebellions.

Large Catholic majority with extreme Protestant /

Presbyterian influences in Ulster.

James answer was to set up plantaons in Ulster.

Scotland

Scotland was an independent Kingdom.

James was King of Scotland and King of England.

Tradional differences remained e.g. hatred of Eng

lish arrogance. Fuelled by promoon of Scots to key

tles.

Jamess aempts to unite the two, failed.

Ireland & Scotland

James saw himself as a peacemaker.

In 1604 he made peace with Spain.

In 1608 James joined with other protestant countries

to form the protestant Union.

In 1612, James married his daughter to a leading

Protestant prince.

He tried to marry his son Charles to the daughter of the

King of Spain.

Foreign Policy

Some Puritans wanted a more Protestant / Calvinist

church. The Millenary Peon demanded the remov

al of bishops and more radical alteraons to the Book

of Common Prayer.

At a Church conference at Hampton Court in 1604,

James refused to dismiss the bishops.

Catholics hoped for tolerance, which they got. e.g.

recusancy fines (fines on Catholics who did not aend

Protestant services) were abolished .

This tolerance did not last long which led to Gunpow

der plot.

Religion

James I


20/23

The Gunpowder

Plot

Why was therea Plot?

Who were the

Ploers?

What

Happened?

1. Catholics had suffered perse

cuon since Henry VIII.

2. Protestants hoped James I would

not persecute them as his mother

was Mary Queen of Scots, who had

been Catholic.

3. At first James had nor fined

Catholics for not aending

Protestant Services.

4. In April 1604 James suggested

further an-Catholic laws. A

group of Catholics now hatched a

plot to kill James and replace himwith a Catholic monarch.

Thomas Bates: Catesbys servant.

Did menial work that nobles were unable to

do without arousing suspicion.

Robert Wintour: Married into

strongly Catholic family. Inially re

fused to join conspiracy, but later sup

plied money, weapons and horses to

help the rebellion following assassina

on.

John Wright: Came from strong Catho

lic family their family had been impris

oned for 14 years for their beliefs. John

oen harboured Catholic rebels in hishouse.

Guy Fawkes: Devout Catholic. Alt

hough English, he had fought in the Span

ish army., where he earned a reputaon as

a formidable soldier. Responsible for

placing & igning the gunpowder.

Thomas Percy: Married to Wrights

sister. Recruited early by Catesby himself.

He rented the cellar below parliament

where the gunpowder was placed.

Thomas Wintour: Was a close friend

of Catesby, his cousin. He recruited Guy

Fawkes to become involved.

Christopher Wright: Imprisoned with

Catesby in 1596. Went to school with Guy

Fawkes. Some believe he betrayed fellow

ploers.

Robert Catesby : Was the ploers

dashing and charismac leader. His

family had a history of helping Catholicrebels. He had played a minor role in

an earlier rebellion against Elizabeth I,

but had escaped a charge of treason.

Feb 1604: Robert Catesby, Thomas Win

tour and John Wright hatch the plot. Win

ter goes to Flanders to enlist the help of

Guy Fawkes. Thomas Percy also joins the

conspiracy.

May 1604: Percy rents a house next to

Parliament and a tunnel is begun. Robert

Wintour, Christopher Wright, Robert

Keyes, John Grant and Thomas Bates are

brought in on the plot.

March 1605: Progress on the tunnel is too

slow. Percy rents a cellar under Parlia

ment instead. Fawkes begins to fill the

cellar with gunpowder, posing as John

Johnson. Rookwood, Tresham and Digby

are recruited to help fund the plot.

Oct 1605: Just 10 days before the opening

of Parliament, one of the conspirators

sends a leer to Lord Monteagle, warning

him not to aend the opening of Parlia

ment. Monteagle gives the leer to Rob

ert Cecil.

Nov 1605 to Jan 1606: Aer torture, Guy

Fawkes reveals others involved. These

ploers were caught at a house in

Staffordshire. Catesby and 3 others die

fighng. By January, all the remaining

ploers have been captured.

Nov 4th 1605: Cecil has the cellars under

Parliament searched. Guy Fawkes is dis

covered along with 36 barrels of gunpow

der, hidden under a pile of firewood.

"Remember,remember the 5th

of November,gunpowder,treason and

plot."


21/23

The Gunpowder

Plot

What was the fate

of the ploers?

All the ploers were put on trial, except

Tresham who died in the Tower of London

with a mystery illness, and were found guilty

of high treason. There fate was to be hung,

drawn and quartered. This entailed the fol

lowing:

Being hung unl half-dead.

Having ones bowls removed while sll

alive.

The bodies were then cut into four pieces

and their heads displayed on London

Bridge.

Was there a

Conspiracy?

The Gunpowder

The sale of gunpowder was ghtly

controlled. Only the government

could sell it, and their records for the

1605 went missing.

Did the government allow the

plo

ers to get the gunpowder sothey could be framed?

The Cellar

Several of the ploers had been im

prisoned before because of suspi

cions that they had ploed against

the monarch. Others came from

outspokenly Catholic families.

Why were these men allowed torent cellars under Parliament?

Praccal Problems

The ploers had 36 barrels of gun

powder in the cellar, yet on one

spoed them bringing it in! Did the

government turn a blind eye so the

ploers could be caught re-handed?

The gunpowder is recorded as being

decayed - did the government give

them bad gunpowder just in case?

The ploer could have got the gun

powder from the Black Market. Also

Guy Fawkes was a soldier, he would

have had contacts from whom he

could have got it from.

Thomas Percy had important friends

in court who could have helped himrent the cellar.

The ploers could have brought the

gunpowder to the cellar in small

amounts over a long period ofme.

Although some of the gun powder

was bad, they had a lot of it. Even if

over half of it had not exploded, they

sll would have destroyed the build

ing.Arguments to

counter the

Conspiracy


22/23

What was theGlorious Revolution?

The Glorious Revolution(1688)refers to period in English history

where James II was replaced byhis daughter Mary and her husband,

William of Orange.

Why did the GloriousRevolution happen?

James ignored Parliament and sus-

pended the laws which stopped Cath-olics being members of the

government or officers in the army.

James II took the throne in 1685. He wasCatholic! He was accepted as he had no male

heir - so people did not believe they would

have a Catholic king for long.

He sacked any judges who said that he did nothave the right to do this. He also sacked any

local magistrates who opposed Catholics beinginvolved in local government. Most magistrates

were Protestant and also Tories (Royalists) whohad supported James II coronation. He there-

fore lost their support.

Most of the nobles and gentry

were Anglicans. They disliked bothCatholics and non-conformists.

E.g. 1661 - Parliament passed a law

(Test and Corporation Act)Stopped Catholics and non-Con-

formists from becoming MPs,judges or offices in the army.

James wanted all people to be treated equal-

ly, despite their faith. He believed that

once the laws against Catholics were re-moved, England would become Catholic again!

5

1

3

4

2

The Road to

Revolution!

Why wereCatholics

mistrusted?

Popish Plot1678

Bloody Mary1555

Spanish Armada1588

Gunpowder Plot1605

The Fire of London1666

Titus Oates

claimed that therewas a Catholic plot

to kill Charles II.

James II

William and Mary

l d PIn November


23/23

In 1673, James II married a 16 year old Cath-

olic called Mary of Modena.

In June 1688, after several miscarriages, she

gave birth to a healthy little boy called James.

With both his parents being Catholic, Jameswould grow up to be another Catholic king.

The

Crisis The chain ofevents

In June 1688,James II has a

son.

7 leading Protestantspledge their support to

William if he invades.

In November,

1688, Williamlands with an

army at Torbay.

As Williams army

nears London, James

retreats and his armybegins to desert.

In December,1688, James

loses his nerveand flees to

Europe.

James is declared tohave vacated the

throne and his baby sonis declared illegitimate.

Mary and Williamare jointly of-

fered the throne.

William and Mary are

crowned King and

Queen in February

Parliament had offered the throne to Wil-liam and Mary provided they accept the

Declaration of Rights. Later called the Billof Rights.

The powers of the King and the powers of

Parliament were clearly defined. The

country was also defined as being firmly

Protestant.

The Bill of Rights

The monarch had to be Protestant

Only Protestants can vote or be

Mps.

The monarch cannot suspend laws

The monarch cannot tax people with-out Parliaments agreement.

Parliament will pay for the cost ofrunning the government.

Control over the army is to be

shared.

Protestants started a rumour that Jamess new

born son was not his and had actually been

smuggled into the palace in a warming pan as

part of a Catholic plot to stop the next mon-

arch being Protestant.

tudor and stuarts in mind-maps

Documents