Slide 1

The Electric Golf CartProgress EnergyGroup 5:Nick PapernoPatrick TaylorDavid YeungAndrew Bridges

IntroductionIndustries are becoming more focused on saving nonrenewable resourcesThere are two main ways of accomplishing this:Use nonrenewable resources in a more efficient mannerFocus on using renewable resourcesOur project focuses on applying these principles to an electric golf cart

Objectives & GoalsAllows Driver to change modes of operation from DisplayDisplays Current Speed, Current Battery Charge, Current Mode of Operation, and Distance travelledCan be charged by Solar Power from Solar Panels attached to the roofMust implement a power control and saving system on an electric golf cartMust have a power efficiency modeMust have a high performance modeSpecifications and RequirementsMust have 6, 6V flooded lead acid batteriesWill go into a power saving mode at 15% charge remainingThe HUD must display the charge remaining within a 3% accuracyThe HUD must display the range remaining within a 0.5 mile accuracyThe HUD must display the power usage of all components in the vehicle to a 3% accuracy

Project Block Diagram

Primary System Block Diagram

Speed ControllerT, ASecondary Block Diagram

Golf CartBattery considerationLi-ionLight weight, high energy density, consistent discharge voltageHigh costNiCdModerate energy density, consistent discharge voltageLower cell voltage per cellLead AcidLow cost, most battery found in golf cartsLower energy efficiency, high weight

Energy Density vs. Power density

Cell voltage vs. Discharge

Peukerts Equation:

Battery TypeApproximate Peukert NumberCost Per BatteryCost To Change6V AGM1.08$329$19746V gel cell1.12$269$16146V wet Cell1.2$159$0Battery ComparisonResister vs. PWM speed control

PWM speed controllers are programmable and can support regenerative breaking.PWM controllers considered.

Altrax 8434Programmable via RS232Integrated anodized heat sinkFully encapsulated epoxy fillOperating temperature -25C to 75CAutomatic shutdown at 95CAdjustable via Controller Pro software allowsArmature current limitThrottle acceleration

PWM controllers considered cont.

TPM400Regenerative breakingFully programmable with the Navitas PC Probit programming packageResistive or voltage throttle inputBattery over-discharge protectionCurrent limitingThermal limitingSpeed controller ComparisonTypeVariable current controlVoltage and current monitoringProgrammableRegenerative breakingCostAlltrax 8434YesYesYesNo$387TPM 400yesyesYesYes$695Implementing Speed controller

Testing the golf cart

Problems encounteredWhen donated the golf cart did not run (Fixed)Right rear breaks were locked (Fixed)

Solar PanelSolar Panel SystemNeeds to be able to charge 36 V battery bank.Will be attached to the roof of the golf cartMust be able to endure Elements and Floridian Humidity

Solar Panel System must have a kill-switch systemMust try to optimize chargeSystem must not drain the batteriesTemperature Coefficient is -0.5 %/C and is for 80F or 27C

Solar Panel Setup

Will have 2 Polycrystalline Solar Panels connected in seriesWill use a single Pulse Width Modulation Charge ControllerSystem will be connected in parallel to the Battery BankWill have User on and off switch

Solar PanelTwo GEPV-185 MCB-001Connected in SeriesRelativity cheap for the amount of Voltage and WattageManufacturerGeneral ElectricModel NumberGEPV-185 MCB-001Cell TypePolycrystallinePower Rating185 WOpen Circuit Voltage32.2 VShort Circuit Current7.8 AVoltage at Pmax25.6 VCurrent at P max7.2 AEfficiency12.70%Power Tolerance-5.00% ~ 5.00%Max. Series Fuse15 AVmax1000 VDimensions (HxWxD)38.6"x58.5"x1.4"Weight39 lbsPrice$342.25 Additional NotesWeight18.1 lb (8.2 kg)Weight (Wind) Bearing Potential50 lbs/ft^2 (125 mph)Hailstone Impact Resistance1" @ 50 mph (25 mm @ 80 kph)Solar Panel

Solar Power Charge ControllerWill use Pulse Width Modulation (PWD) charge controllerCheaper priceHigh EfficiencySwitches off power to the batteries when batteries are fullPrevents power being drained from the batteriesSolar Power Charge ControllerOne Morningstar TS-60High EfficiencyModerate PriceData Logging with Display Screen

ManufacturerMorningstarModel NumberTS-60TypePWDMax Battery Current60 ANominal System Voltage12 - 48 VPeak Efficiency99%Max Solar Voltage125 VSelf-Consumption (Controller)