LIFE AT THE TURN OF THE 20TH

CENTURY

THE EMERGENCE OF MODERN AMERICA

SCIENCE AND URBAN LIFE I. Technology and City Life A. 1890, 58 cities have 50,000 people; 1900, 4 of 10 people in cities (Why? Industrial Jobs) B. In response to urbanization, technological advances began to meet communication, transportation, and space demands Artist Annie Bandez

SKYSCRAPERS C. Skyscrapers emerged after two critical inventions: elevators & internal steel skeletons that bear weight 1. Louis Sullivan (early leader in architecture) designs Wainwright Building D. Skyscrapers solve urban problem of limited, expensive space 1. Daniel Burnham (Chicago architect) designs Flatiron Building Flatiron Building NY- 1902

Another view of Burnham’s Flatiron Building

Louis Sullivan’s Wainwright Building– St. Louis, MO.

Skyscrapers

Fuller Building Com– World’s fist skyscraper. Empire State Building

World’s tallest Building 40 yrs

Constructing the Empire State Building- 1931

ELECTRIC TRANSIT E. Electric Transit (solved problems of transit from suburbs into cities; enabled cities to annex suburbs) 1. By 1900, electric streetcars (trolleys) run from suburbs to downtown 2. 1888 Richmond, VA., first to electrify its urban transit.

•  Trolleys

Mass Transit

“EL’S” AND SUBWAYS

3. Some cities moved their streetcars above street level, creating elevated or “el” trains 4. Other cities built subways moving their rail lines underground

•  Elevated Trains

Mass Transit

•  Subways

Mass Transit

F. Engineering and Urban Planning 1. Steel-cable suspension bridges

link city sections (brought cities sections closer)

a) Brooklyn Bridge connect Brooklyn to Manhattan

2. Frederick Law Olmstead spearheads movement for planned urban parks (crowded cities inspire urban planning)

a) 1857, developer of Central Park •  Provide a natural setting in the

city

Central Park is an oasis among

Manhattan’s skyscrapers

•  Bridges

Mass Transit

CITY PLANNING: CHICAGO 4. City Planning 5. Chicago’s population growth results in unregulated expansion a. Daniel Burnham draws plan for city with parks along Lake Michigan

The Statue of the Republic overlooks the World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893 (World Fair)

II. NEW TECHNOLOGIES A. Revolution in Printing B. By 1890, U.S. literacy rate almost 90% C. Growing demand for newspapers, magazines, books •  Mills produce cheap paper

from wood pulp •  Printing on both sides of

paper at the same time

D. AIRPLANES == Orville, Wilbur Wright flew first airplane 1. first successful flight Dec. 1903 E. By 1920, first transcontinental air mail established

Actual photo of Wright Brother’s

first flight 12/17/03

F. PHOTOGRAPHY EXPLOSION ==George Eastman (inventor of camera) develops light-weight equipment, studio processing G. In 1888, Eastman introduced his Kodak Camera, easy to operate 1. helps create field of photojournalism

1888 Kodak

SECTION 2: EXPANDING PUBLIC EDUCATION

I. EXPANDING PUBLIC EDUCATION A.1865–1895, states pass laws requiring school attendance for children ages 8-14 three months a year B. Kindergartens —originally childcare for working women—become popular 1. the number of kindergartens expanded from 200 in 1880 to 3,000 in 1900 C. 1880, 62% white children, 34% African American children in elementary school

D. The Growth of High Schools

1. HIGH SCHOOL ENROLLMENT SOARS 2. Industrial economy demands technical, managerial skills 3. Taught science, history civics, home economics 4. 1900, more than half a million students in high school 5. Expanding education changes American society

Elroy High School Photo 1906

E.RACIAL DISCRIMINATION 1. African Americans were mostly excluded from secondary education 2. In 1890 less than 1% attended high school -1910 only 3% 3. Most attend private schools that get no government support

African American school in the south about 1920

F.EDUCATION FOR IMMIGRANTS 1. Immigrants encouraged to attend school, be Americanized (Americanization Movement= prepare immigrants of the United States for full participation in citizenship) 2. Many public school systems have readings from Bible (taught three Rs) 3. Adults attend night school learn English

Americanization

•  The process of becoming knowledgeable about American culture.

•  The number of public schools began to increase and help immigrant children make the transition.

II. EXPANDING HIGHER ED A. Changes in Universities B. By turn of century, 2.3% of youth attend college C. 1880–1920, college enrollment more than quadruples D. Research universities emerge, offer new curriculum E. Professional law, medical schools established

AFRICAN AMERICAN UNIVERSITIES FORMED

F. Higher Education for African Americans G. Not enough African American college graduates to meet needs of communities H. Booker T. Washington — (educator) racism will end if African Americans get labor skills 1. Founded and headed Tuskegee University I. W. E. B. Du Bois, first African American to get Harvard doctorate 1. disagrees with Washington 2. Founds Niagara Movement to encourage African Americans to seek liberal arts study 3. believes well-educated future leaders needed W.E.B. Dubois

Booker T. Washington •  African American

leader who established a school for African Americans in Alabama.

•  Tuskegee Institute

Tuskegee Institute, 1916

W. E. B. Du Bois •  African-American who

challenged the ideas of Booker T. Washington

•  Believed African Americans should demand their rights and try to make economic progress.

•  Voice of the future.

SECTION 3: SEGREGATION AND DISCRIMINATION

I. African Americans Fight Legal Discrimination A. By the turn of the 20th century, Southern States had legal discrimination B. Discrimination included voting restrictions, Jim Crow laws, Supreme Court set-backs, and physical violence

Sharecroppers •  Landless farmers. •  Kept only a fraction of

the crops grown. •  Many left farming and

bought homesteads or moved to cities.

•  Tenant Farmers

VOTING RESTRICTIONS C. For 10 years after Reconstruction, Southern African Americans can vote D. By 1900, all Southern states restrict voting, deny equality 1. Some limit vote to those who can read; officials give literacy tests 2. Some have poll tax that must be paid annually to vote 3. Some add grandfather clause to constitution to let poor whites vote a. can vote if self, father, grandfather voted before 1867

E. Disenfranchisement

Denying a group the right to vote. !  Poll Taxes-Voters had to pay to vote !  Literacy Test-Reading Exam !  Grandfather Clause-grandfather voted in the previous election

JIM CROW LAWS I. Jim Crow Laws Typo here fix!!! 1.1870s, 1880s, Supreme Court allows poll tax, grandfather clause 2. Racial segregation laws separate races in private, public places 3. Segregation laws called Jim Crow laws

F. Segregation

Separation of the races. •  By the late 1800s, African Americans

and whites began to have separate public facilities.

•  Jim Crow Laws enforced segregation.

PLESSY v. FERGUSON G. 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson —segregation legal in public places 1. Allows “separate but equal” doctrine if provide equal service

II. Opposing Discrimination A. Moderate reformers, like Booker T. Washington, get white support • called for African Americans to “pull themselves up from their own bootstraps” B. W. E. B. Du Bois, Ida B. Wells think problems too urgent to postpone- suffrage important C. Born a slave, Ida B. Wells becomes teacher, newspaper editor 1. campaigns for racial justice -stop lynching

Ida B. Wells

•  African-American woman who protested racial violence.

VIOLENCE • Executions designed to intimidate blacks from voting.

• African Americans who do not follow etiquette are punished, lynched intimidate • more than 1,400 killed 1882–1892

MAJOR AREAS OF LYNCHING

DISCRIMINATION IN THE NORTH

D. Many African Americans migrate North for better paying jobs, social equality E. Are forced into segregated neighborhoods (de facto segregation) F. Rejected by labor unions; hired last, fired first by employers G. Competition between African Americans , working-class whites sometimes violent

III. DISCRIMINATION IN THE WEST A. Mexicans major force in Southwest agricultural industries B. Some Southwest Mexicans, African Americans forced into debt peonage: • system of slavery to work off debt to employer 1. 1911, Supreme Court declares unconstitutional C. Opposition to Chinese immigration leads to Chinese Exclusion Act

Anti-Asian Cartoon

SECTION 4: DAWN OF A MASS CULTURE

I. American Leisure Many middle class Americans enjoy amusement parks, bicycling, tennis and spectator sports A. American leisure was developing into a multi-million dollar industry

Leisure Activities

•  Working-class families began to be able to afford amusement parks, baseball games, boxing matches, golf, bands, vacations.

Popular Culture

•  Changed greatly in the late 1800s.

•  People were able to spend money on entertainment and recreation.

AMUSEMENT PARKS B. Cities begin setting aside green space for recreation C. Amusement parks built on outskirts with picnic grounds, rides

Coney Island was America’s most famous amusement park in the late 19th century

Coney Island

•  Large amusement park in New York built in 1880.

Coney Island

Vaudeville

•  Shows that featured musical acts with animals, acrobats and dancers.

•  Extremely popular in the late 1880s.

BICYCLING & TENNIS D. Early bicycles dangerous; at first, bicycling is male-only sport E. Safety bicycle increases popularity of sport F. Tennis imported from Britain; becomes popular

On the right is the “safety bike” – much easier and safer to ride

SPECTATOR SPORTS G. Americans become avid fans of spectator sports H. By turn of century, boxing, baseball become profitable businesses I. National League forms 1876; American League forms 1900 1. Discrimination leads to Negro National, Negro American Leagues

1897 Baseball team picture Kansas State University

Baseball

1896 Baltimore Orioles

Moses Walker Early African- American baseball player

Football

1902 Michigan football game Walter Camp

Boxing

Jack Dempsey

II. The Spread of Mass Culture A. Newspapers use sensational headlines, stories to capture readers B. Joseph Pulitzer buys New York World, pioneers popular innovations C. William Randolph Hearst —NY, San Francisco papers exaggerate stories D. Both use Yellow Journalism

Hearst (above) and Pulitzer initiated

what was known as “Yellow

Journalism”

1. Characteristics of Yellow Journalism included huge, sensational, exaggerated headlines

Is Yellow Journalism still used today?

Some contend that Hearst and Pulitzer’s Yellow Journalism was responsible for the Spanish-American War in 1898

PROMOTING FINE ARTS E. Promoting Fine Arts F. Artists like Thomas

Eakins promote realism—portray life as it is

G. Ashcan School paints urban life, working people

H. European abstract art introduced; many find difficult to understand

This portrait was done by Robert Henri, who led the Ashcan School

POPULAR FICTION I. By 1900, thousands of free circulating libraries in country J. Most people like dime novels —glorified adventure tales of the West K. Some want more serious, realistic portrayal of ordinary people, life L. Novelist, humorist Samuel Langhorne Clemens, or Mark Twain: 1. rejects high culture yet writes American classics M. Galleries, libraries try to raise cultural standards

Mark Twain (Samuel Clemens) Life on the

Mississippi (1883) The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884)

III. GROWING CONSUMERISM •  Urban Shopping •  1890, first shopping

center opens in Cleveland — glass-topped arcade

•  Retail shopping districts form near public transportation

THE DEPARTMENT STORE A. 1865, Marshall Field opens first U.S. department store in Chicago • stresses personal service •  Field’s motto was “Give the lady what she wants”

Marshall Fields has been around for almost 150 years

CHAIN STORES B. Chain stores offer same merchandise under same owners for less •  buy in quantity, limit personal service •  In the 1870s, F.W. Woolworth offered items at a low price, found “the consumer would purchase it on the spur of the moment” • By 1911, the Woolworth chain had 596 stores and sold $1,000,000 per week

ADVERTISING C. Advertising explosion: --Methods Used by Corporations to Sell Products 1. Advertising in periodicals, billboards, sides of buildings 2. Ads appeared in newspapers, magazines and on billboards

•  Advertising •  Chain Stores •  Department Stores •  Mail Order Catalogs

Methods Used by Corporations to Sell Products

CATALOGS AND RFD D. Montgomery Ward, Sears Roebuck catalogs bring goods to small towns 1. By 1910, 10 million Americans shopped by mail E. Rural free delivery (RFD) —post office delivers direct to every home