the epibionts on caretta caretta shells on bald head island, nc

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The Epibionts on Caretta caretta Shells on Bald Head Island, NC Brenna Gormally 2013 Sea Turtle Intern

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Page 1: The Epibionts on Caretta caretta Shells on Bald Head Island, NC

The  Epibionts  on    Caretta  caretta  Shells  on  Bald  

Head  Island,  NC  

Brenna  Gormally  2013  Sea  Turtle  Intern  

Page 2: The Epibionts on Caretta caretta Shells on Bald Head Island, NC

Introduction  •  Loggerhead  sea  turtles  are  known  for  having  a  wide  variety  of  @lora  and  fauna  that  live  on  their  carapaces  (Pfaller  et  al.  2008)  

•  Epibiont—any  organism  that  lives  on  the  surface  of  another  host    •  Typically  neutralistic  or  commensalistic  relationship  

Epibionts  on  the  surface  of  a  grey  whale.    Photo  from  http://

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epibiont   Epibionts  on  a  loggerhead  sea  turtle.  Photo  courtesy  of  Jared  

Chrisp  

Page 3: The Epibionts on Caretta caretta Shells on Bald Head Island, NC

Background  &  My  Initial  Ideas  •  Many  surveys  on  other  Southeastern  US  beaches  •  1998  &  2004—Frick  et  al  focused  on  Georgia  •  2008—Pfaller  et  al  focused  on  Florida  

•  No  survey  has  ever  been  completed  on  Bald  Head  Island  

Epibionts  on  a  loggerhead  sea  turtle.    Photo  courtesy  of  Jared  

Chrisp  

Page 4: The Epibionts on Caretta caretta Shells on Bald Head Island, NC

Additional  Background  •  Caine  1986—extremely  in@luential  paper  for  loggerhead  epibionts  •  General  survey  of  epibionts  along                                                                                    latitudinal  gradients  in  SC  and  FL  

•  Determined  two  different  populations  of                                                                                of  epibionts  •  Northern  and  southern  populations                                                                                separated  between  Flagler  Beach  and                                                                                            Cape  Canaveral  National  Seashore  

•  Two  populations  of  epibionts  implies  two  populations  of  sea  turtles  

Map  from  Caine  (1986)  

Page 5: The Epibionts on Caretta caretta Shells on Bald Head Island, NC

Warming  Oceans  •  Oceans  have  signi@icantly  warmed  since  Caine  completed  his  survey  

•  Sea  surface  temperatures  have  been  higher  in  the  past  3  decades  than  at  any  other  time  

•  Large  spike  from  1970-­‐present  

Sea  surface  temperatures.    Graph  from  EPA’s  Climate  Change  Indicators  (NOAA,  2012)    

Page 6: The Epibionts on Caretta caretta Shells on Bald Head Island, NC

Hypothesis  and  Prediction  •  Hypothesis:  Warming  sea  surface  temperatures  have  impacted  the  locations  of  populations  of  epibionts  that  rely  on  loggerhead  sea  turtles  for  transportation  

•  Prediction:  Both  the  ‘northern’  and  ‘southern’  populations  of  epibionts  as  described  by  Caine  in  1986  have  migrated  farther  north  in  response  to  warming  sea  surface  temperatures  

Page 7: The Epibionts on Caretta caretta Shells on Bald Head Island, NC

Materials  and  Methods  •  Followed  the  same  protocol  as  Caine  in  1986  •  10x10cm  quadrat    •  Simple  knife  •  Vials  @illed  with  70%  ethanol  

Page 8: The Epibionts on Caretta caretta Shells on Bald Head Island, NC

Initial  Observations  •  Huge  numbers  of  these  small  shrimp-­‐like  invertebrates  

 

Page 9: The Epibionts on Caretta caretta Shells on Bald Head Island, NC

Caprella  andreae  •  Identi@ied  this  species  as  Caprella  andreae,  a  type  of  skeleton  shrimp  

•  Not  a  lot  of  information  on  this  species  •  Attach  themselves  to  moving  objects  (buoys,  plants,  wood,  sea  turtles)  (Sezgin  et  al.,  2008)  

•  Generally  distributed  in  the  Atlantic  and  Paci@ic  Oceans  and  Mediterranean  Sea  (Sezgin  et  al.,  2008)  

Photo  from  Sezgin  et  al.  (2008)    

Page 10: The Epibionts on Caretta caretta Shells on Bald Head Island, NC

Indicator  Species  •  3  species  speci@ic  to  the  northern  assemblage  and  8  speci@ic  to  the  southern  assemblage  

•  C.  andreae  occurred  on  97%  of  northern  turtles  and  96%  of  southern  turtles  (Caine,  1986)  •  Cannot  use  this  species  to  determine  if  populations  have  migrated  

Caine’s  indicator  species.    From  Caine  (1986).  

Page 11: The Epibionts on Caretta caretta Shells on Bald Head Island, NC

Future  Studies  •  Plan  to  continue  this  study    •  Patrick  has  put  me  in  contact  with  a  invertebrate  zoologist,  Sherry  Lee,  who  has  offered  to  identify  my  samples  

Page 12: The Epibionts on Caretta caretta Shells on Bald Head Island, NC

Acknowledgements    I  would  like  to  thank  Jaymie  Reneker  for  helping  me  

plan  out  my  project  and  Patrick  Amico  for  providing  me  with  all  the  necessary  the  materials  as  well  as  for  putting  me  in  contact  with  the  invertebrate  zoologist.    Additionally  I’d  like  to  thank  Mr.  Eric  Lazo-­‐Wasem  from  the  Yale  Peabody  Museum  of  Natural  History  for  helping  identify  C.  andreae  and  Dr.  Edsel  Caine  for  speaking  with  me  about  his  paper.  Finally,  I’d  like  to  thank  all  the  Sea  Turtle  Interns  for  helping  with  the  collection  of  my  samples.  

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References  •  Caine,  E.A.  (1986).  Carapace  Epibionts  of  Nesting  Loggerhead  Sea  Turtles:  Atlantic  Coast  of  U.S.A.  Journal  of  Experimental  Marine  Biology  and  Ecology.  1,  15-­‐26.  

•  Frick,  M.G.,  Williams,  K.L.,  Robinson,  M.  (1998).  Epibionts  Associated  with  Nesting  Loggerhead  Sea  Turtles  (Caretta  caretta)  in  Georgia,  USA.  Herpetological  Review.  29,  211-­‐214.  

•  Frick,  M.G.,  Williams,  K.L.,  Markesteyn,  E.J.,  Pfaller,  J.B.,  Frick,  R.E.  (2004).  New  Records  and  Observations  of  Epibionts  from  Loggerhead  Sea  Turtles.  Southeastern  Naturalist.  3,  613-­‐620.  

•  Pfaller,  J.B.,  Frick,  M.G.,  Reich,  K.J.,  Williams,  K.L.,  Bjorndal,  K.A.  (2008).  Carapace  Epibionts  of  loggerhead  turtles  (Caretta  caretta)  nesting  at  Canaveral  National  Seashore,  Florida.  Journal  of  Natural  History.  13-­‐14,  1095-­‐1102.  

•  Sezgin,  M.,  Ates,  A.S.,  Katagan,  T.,  Bakir,  K.,  Yalçin  Özdilek,  S.  (2009).  Notes  on  amphipods  Caprella  andreae  Mayer,  1890  and  Podocerus  chelonophilus  (Chevreux  &  Guerne,  1888)  collected  from  the  loggerhead  sea  turtle,  Caretta  caretta,  off  the  Mediterranean  and  the  Aegean  coasts  of  Turkey.  Tubitak.  33,  433-­‐437.  

•  NOAA  (National  Oceanic  and  Atmospheric  Administration).  2012.  Extended  reconstructed  sea  surface  temperature  (ERSST.v3b).  National  Climatic  Data  Center.  Accessed  April  2012.  

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QUESTIONS?