The Founding of China’s Republic

HI 168: Lecture 5Dr. Howard Chiang

Kang Youwei

Liang Qichao

Social & Polical Reform: 1900-1910

Education:- Hanlin academicians studied Western learning- October 1901 – national school system at each

territorial level of government administration: county, prefecture, province, and capital

- Run alongside traditional examinations- Abandoned eight-legged essay- 1905:

- end of civil service exam system (August 1905)- Russo-Japanese War – Russia defeat- Sun Yat-sen’s Revolutionary Alliance (tongmenghui)- December: Ministry of Education – revolutionized the education system – curriculum and social impact

Yuan Shikai

Social & Political Reform: 1900-1910

Military:- Army of the Green Standard was disbanded- 1901 traditional military exam system abolished- Baoding Military Academy founded by Yuan Shikai

after the Boxer uprising -> Northern (Beiyang) Army

Government:- abolished Yunnan, Hupei, and Guangdong

governors- Foreign Ministry (1901); Ministry of Trade (1903),

and Ministries of Police and Education (1905)- Constitutionalism based on Japanese model

- mission to England, France, Germany, US, & Japan

Beiyang Army

Social & Political Reform: 1900-1910

Government:- Constitutionalism

- critics demanded that the government move faster- August 1908: government announced 1916 for the promulgation of the constitution & 1917 parliament

- ‘Principles of Constitutionalism’:- ‘(1) The emperor of the Great Qing dynasty shall reign over and govern the great Qing empire with his majesty’s unbroken line of succession for ages eternal. (2) The emperor shall be sacred and involable’- Qing emperor more powerful than Jap emperor

- 1910: constitution in 1912 and parliament in 1913

Empress Dowager Cixi- died Nov 15 1908

Prince Chun, Puyi (R), & Pujie (L)

Anti-Manchu Revolutionary Movement

- Nationalism- boycott of American goods in May 1905- Tatsu maru incident of 1908

- Reformists (Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao, etc.)vs.Revolutionaries (Sun Yat-sen) – radical action

- 1894 Revive China Society- 1905 Tongmenghui (Chinese Revolutionary Alliance)

- 1895-1911: 11 revolts total (final one in 1911)- Sun:

1. raising money in overseas Chinese communities2. Three Principles of the People (sanming zhuyi): nationalism, democracy, and socialism

Sun Yat-sen- Sanming zhuyi

Modern

5 Color (1912-1928)

1911 Revolution (Wuchang Mutiny)

- Wuchang on Yangzi River- 1 of the 3 cities (Hankou & Hanyang) making up modern Wuhan city in Hubei

- Literary Association (Wenxueshe)- Great River News newspaper

- Society for Mutual Progress (Gongjinhui)- Sep 1911: New Army at Wuchang- Oct 9 bombing in Russian concessions of Hankou- Oct 10: revolutionaries of 8th Division attacked their

officers- Yuan Shikai turned down Qing until Nov. 1- Dec: revolutionaries offered Yuan presidency if he

could bring about abdication of the Qing emperor

Pu Yi

Yuan Shikaivs.Sun Yat-sen- Guomindang(GMD or KMT)

Song Jiaoren

Second Revolution

- Yuan Shikai’s Dictatorship- ‘Great Loan’- June 1913 – dismissed provincial governors who had supported GMD

- ‘Second Revolution’- Anhu, Jiangsu, Guangdong, and Hunan immediately declared war on Yuan- ended by September 1 -> Sun fled to Japan and adopted the modern flag (official national flag 1928)

- August 1915: Yuan declared himself as emperor- National Protection Army

- June 6 1916: Yuan died