Cold War in the Making

HI 168: Lecture 11Dr. Howard Chiang

OVERVIEW

- Rise of Cold War in East Asia: 1945-46:- Beginnings- Turning Point: Truman’s Decision- In Perspective

- The CCP’s “Lean-to-One-Side Decision”

- Treaty of Peace & Friendship (1950)- Korean War (1950-53)

BEGINNINGS

- Mao’s initial false belief in the Soviet Union (USSR)

- Yalta Conference (agreement between US and USSR) – Feb 1945

- Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Mutual Assistance (1945)

- Chiang-Stalin compromise USSR pressured Chinese Communists to enter negotiations with the GMD

Feb 1945, Yalta Conference: W. Churchill, F. D. Roosevelt, & J. Stalin

TURNING POINT

- USSR still supported China’s “cause of progressive democracy”

- American-GMD military actions provoked further anxiety among USSR leaders

- USSR began to break the Sino-Soviet treaty

- Truman’s decision on Dec. 15- USSR responded by assisting the CCP

IN PERSPECTIVE

- 1944-1946: transition in Chinese history

- CCP’s march from Yan’an to the world:- domestic reasons- international reasons – CCP-Moscow vs. GMD-Washington

- China’s political development not only the product of international rivalry, but also helped shape Cold War international relations

LEAN-TO-ONE-SIDE POLICY

- In 1949: CCP and Moscow wanted to strengthen their relationship

- “Division of Labor”: - Moscow: world revolution- China: revolution in the East

- CCP’s anti-American policy:- Moscow influences- reasons internal to Chinese history

TREATY OF PEACE & FRIENDSHIP

- Initially Moscow had serious reservations- Mao dispatched a delegation to Moscow

- headed by Liu Shaoqi in summer 1949- December 16, 1949: Mao met Stalin

- USSR reluctant to return Northeast China- USSR not sure how to evaluate Mao’s status

- January 2, 1950: Mao sent a telegram home- February 14, 1950: Treaty of Friendship, Alliance, and Assistance signed by Zhou Enlai and Andrei Vyshinsky- USSR lend China US $300 million loan

TREATY OF PEACE & FRIENDSHIP

KOREAN WAR (1950-53)

- 1894-5: China vs. Japan- 1950-3: US vs. USSR

- The 38th Parallel- Syngman Rhee in the South- Kim Il-sung in the North

- Chinese and Korean Communist Parties- close but not without problems- sizeable population of ethnic Koreans in Northeast China

Syngman RheeKim Il-sung

KOREAN WAR (1950-53)

- August 20, 1950: China’s interest in Korea- September 1, 1950: United Nations counter-

offensive in Inchon- Chinese People’s Liberation Army ->

Chinese People’s Volunteer Army (CPV)- “War to Resist America and Aid Korea”- led by Peng Dehuai

- Armistice agreement signed on July 27, 1953

- Mao’s sun died at the age of 28- China was excluded from the United Nations

and the international community for 20 years

Zhou EnlaiPeng Dehuai

KOREAN WAR (1950-53)

KOREAN WAR (1950-53)

Delegates sign the Korean Armistice Agreement in P’anmunjŏm

KOREAN WAR (1950-53)

The Demilitarized Zone compared to the earlier 38th parallel de facto border

Site of negotiations, 1951