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Page 1: The French Revolution. The Enlightenment- an 18 th century intellectual movement based on the principles of reason and common sense that challenged the

The French Revolution

Page 2: The French Revolution. The Enlightenment- an 18 th century intellectual movement based on the principles of reason and common sense that challenged the

• The Enlightenment- an 18th century intellectual movement based on the principles of reason and common sense that challenged the prevailing attitudes of religion and tradition.

Page 3: The French Revolution. The Enlightenment- an 18 th century intellectual movement based on the principles of reason and common sense that challenged the

Important ideas…

• Contractual government

• The General Will

• Limited royal power

• Checks and balances

• Social equality

• Humanitarianism

Page 4: The French Revolution. The Enlightenment- an 18 th century intellectual movement based on the principles of reason and common sense that challenged the

Failure of the Enlightenment

• The use of pure reason did not take into account some inescapable elements of human behavior such as:

• Emotions

• Desires

• Passions

• Appetites

• Willpower

Page 5: The French Revolution. The Enlightenment- an 18 th century intellectual movement based on the principles of reason and common sense that challenged the

25 years of Chaos

• The French Revolution 1789-1799

• The Age of Napoleon 1799-1815

Page 6: The French Revolution. The Enlightenment- an 18 th century intellectual movement based on the principles of reason and common sense that challenged the
Page 7: The French Revolution. The Enlightenment- an 18 th century intellectual movement based on the principles of reason and common sense that challenged the

A turning point in Western Civilization

• after the revolution had run its course... Europe was not the same place…

• the stage was set for the modern political, social and economic systems that is the western world today...

• However, France seemed the least likely for such dramatic changes.

Page 8: The French Revolution. The Enlightenment- an 18 th century intellectual movement based on the principles of reason and common sense that challenged the

Underlying causes of the Revolution:

• The legacy of the Middle Ages

• The inequalities of the Old Regime --privileges of the 1st & 2nd Estates

• the corruption & inefficiency of government and justice

• The English & American Revolutions

• The Enlightenment writers

Page 9: The French Revolution. The Enlightenment- an 18 th century intellectual movement based on the principles of reason and common sense that challenged the
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--------------------------------------------------

1st Estate The Clergy

2nd Estate The Nobility

3rd Estate Everyone else! bourgeoisie

artisans

peasants and urban poor

The Old Regime

Page 15: The French Revolution. The Enlightenment- an 18 th century intellectual movement based on the principles of reason and common sense that challenged the

The First Estate- 1% population; 15% land

• The Upper Clergy / The Lower Clergy

• Paid no taxes- made a “free gift”

• Collected tithes from peasants

• Monopoly of religion-“The Sunday pulpit”

• Operated the French school system

• Censored books and plays

• Provided relief for the poor

• Kept birth, marriage and death records

Page 16: The French Revolution. The Enlightenment- an 18 th century intellectual movement based on the principles of reason and common sense that challenged the

The Second Estate 2% - 30%

• The Aristocracy or nobility, were exempt from taxes;

• Nobles of the Sword & Nobles of the Robe

• Collected feudal dues (banalities);

• Held highest positions in government, church & army;

• Liberals and Conservatives

Page 17: The French Revolution. The Enlightenment- an 18 th century intellectual movement based on the principles of reason and common sense that challenged the

Third Estate 97% - 55%

• Bourgeoisie – educated and industrious, many paid taxes but had no voice in government and were denied top positions despite their talent.

• Artisans

• Peasants –paid the bulk of the taxes

• Day laborers gardeners, handymen, deliverymen, thieves, beggars

• Estimate census: 21,000,000 people

Page 18: The French Revolution. The Enlightenment- an 18 th century intellectual movement based on the principles of reason and common sense that challenged the
Page 19: The French Revolution. The Enlightenment- an 18 th century intellectual movement based on the principles of reason and common sense that challenged the
Page 20: The French Revolution. The Enlightenment- an 18 th century intellectual movement based on the principles of reason and common sense that challenged the

Inherited debt…

Page 21: The French Revolution. The Enlightenment- an 18 th century intellectual movement based on the principles of reason and common sense that challenged the

Aid to the American colonists…

Page 22: The French Revolution. The Enlightenment- an 18 th century intellectual movement based on the principles of reason and common sense that challenged the

Life at Versailles Palace…

Page 23: The French Revolution. The Enlightenment- an 18 th century intellectual movement based on the principles of reason and common sense that challenged the

Pensions and gifts…

Page 24: The French Revolution. The Enlightenment- an 18 th century intellectual movement based on the principles of reason and common sense that challenged the

A limited tax base…

Page 25: The French Revolution. The Enlightenment- an 18 th century intellectual movement based on the principles of reason and common sense that challenged the

Marie Antoinette…

Page 26: The French Revolution. The Enlightenment- an 18 th century intellectual movement based on the principles of reason and common sense that challenged the

The fiscal crisis of Louis XVI: 1786 – 3 billion livres in debt

Louis’ plan to deal with the debt problem: Assembly of Notables

• “ask” for permission to initiate a tax based on land ownership…

• The response by the aristocracy…(their hidden agenda)

• Louis had to call a meeting of the Estates-General

Page 27: The French Revolution. The Enlightenment- an 18 th century intellectual movement based on the principles of reason and common sense that challenged the

The Estates-General…

• Voting by Estates…

Page 28: The French Revolution. The Enlightenment- an 18 th century intellectual movement based on the principles of reason and common sense that challenged the

The Tennis Court Oath, June 20, 1789 Louis ordered all three estates to meet together

Page 29: The French Revolution. The Enlightenment- an 18 th century intellectual movement based on the principles of reason and common sense that challenged the

The Liberal Agenda...

• limit the despotic, inefficient monarchy

• institute a written constitution

• guarantee the rights of all citizens

• establish a national Parlement

• reform the administrative & judicial systems

• reform the tax and financial system

• Insure a free, uncensored press

• standardize weights & measures

Page 30: The French Revolution. The Enlightenment- an 18 th century intellectual movement based on the principles of reason and common sense that challenged the

• Louis changed his mind…decided to disrupt the assembly and sidetrack its goals

• 18,000 troops called to Paris and Versailles

• Jacques Necker dismissed

• Backlash in Paris…

Page 31: The French Revolution. The Enlightenment- an 18 th century intellectual movement based on the principles of reason and common sense that challenged the

7 prisoners, 30 Swiss Guard….no gunpowder!

Page 32: The French Revolution. The Enlightenment- an 18 th century intellectual movement based on the principles of reason and common sense that challenged the

“The Great Fear” ...July 20th - August 4th

• delegates at the Assembly resumed their longwinded and inconclusive debates…

• a rumor was started- nobles were paying gangs of brigands to steal & destroy the crops of peasants.

• violent insurrections against landlords- burning their castles and destroying all records of feudal obligations…(peasants in the countryside sent the delegates at the Assembly an unmistakable message…)

Page 33: The French Revolution. The Enlightenment- an 18 th century intellectual movement based on the principles of reason and common sense that challenged the
Page 34: The French Revolution. The Enlightenment- an 18 th century intellectual movement based on the principles of reason and common sense that challenged the

The Declaration of Rights of Man

Page 35: The French Revolution. The Enlightenment- an 18 th century intellectual movement based on the principles of reason and common sense that challenged the

Reforms of the National Assembly

• a statement on human rights• abolition of special privileges• The Constitution of 1791

– Constitutional Monarchy– Unicameral legislature

• 83 departments replaced provinces • Reforms to aid business

- standardized weights and measures- The metric system introduced- tolls were eliminated

• subordination of the church to the state

Page 36: The French Revolution. The Enlightenment- an 18 th century intellectual movement based on the principles of reason and common sense that challenged the

Three factors leading to the violent phase of the Revolution

• 1) the counterrevolution– devout Catholics – royalists

• 2) threat of foreign invasion

• 3) the sans-culottes

Page 37: The French Revolution. The Enlightenment- an 18 th century intellectual movement based on the principles of reason and common sense that challenged the
Page 38: The French Revolution. The Enlightenment- an 18 th century intellectual movement based on the principles of reason and common sense that challenged the
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Page 41: The French Revolution. The Enlightenment- an 18 th century intellectual movement based on the principles of reason and common sense that challenged the

The Sans-culottes…

• Universal male suffrage• Price controls on goods• Wage guarantees for

workers• Graduated tax on wealth• Punish food hoarders• Create a “classless society”• Forced the creation of a new

government: The Convention

Page 42: The French Revolution. The Enlightenment- an 18 th century intellectual movement based on the principles of reason and common sense that challenged the

• The National Convention succeeded the Legislative (National) Assembly

• on September 21, 1792, its 745 members met for the first time…

• the next day, they voted to abolish the monarchy and create a republic.

• King Louis was put on trial-The vote against him- 360-361!

Page 43: The French Revolution. The Enlightenment- an 18 th century intellectual movement based on the principles of reason and common sense that challenged the
Page 44: The French Revolution. The Enlightenment- an 18 th century intellectual movement based on the principles of reason and common sense that challenged the

Problems facing the Convention

• The country was threatened by foreign invasions

• Incited by the clergy, peasants were in open revolt

• Many leading cities refused to cooperate with the central government

• The Revolutionary Guard roamed the countryside searching for food-hoarders and “enemies of the revolution.”

Page 45: The French Revolution. The Enlightenment- an 18 th century intellectual movement based on the principles of reason and common sense that challenged the

• The slogan of the Revolution…

“Liberty, Equality & Fraternity”

• By April, 1793, France was at war with Austria, Prussia, Spain,

Great Britain, Sardinia and Holland (known as the First Coalition)

Page 46: The French Revolution. The Enlightenment- an 18 th century intellectual movement based on the principles of reason and common sense that challenged the

• Jacques Danton - popular and practical,

• began the levee en masse - he put the entire nation on a war footing

• 1st time in Europe that the total population was mobilized, defended by a citizen army.

Page 47: The French Revolution. The Enlightenment- an 18 th century intellectual movement based on the principles of reason and common sense that challenged the

• Maximillian Robespierre “The Incorruptible”

• the most powerful member of the Committee of Public Safety

• supported by the sans-culottes-

• Goal - remove all opponents of the Revolution- Reign of Terror

Page 48: The French Revolution. The Enlightenment- an 18 th century intellectual movement based on the principles of reason and common sense that challenged the

A Republic of Virtue• Places & streets

renamed• A new calendar• A national anthem• Festivals and

parades• titles of distinction

were outlawed• Dress and fashion

reflected the working class

• Slavery abolished• One man, one vote

Page 49: The French Revolution. The Enlightenment- an 18 th century intellectual movement based on the principles of reason and common sense that challenged the

• The terror actually started with the execution of Louis in Jan, 1792

• Marie remained alive until October, 1793

• the use of the guillotine was not the work of bloodthirsty madmen, but an enlightened method of execution to save the Republic.

Page 50: The French Revolution. The Enlightenment- an 18 th century intellectual movement based on the principles of reason and common sense that challenged the

• 16,000 were sent to the guillotine, including nobles, their wives, the clergy & anyone else suspected of not supporting the Republic

• During the upheavals between 1789 and 1799, it is estimated than about 350,000 died

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• other opponents of the Terror feared for their lives and turned on Robespierre

• July 28, 1794, Robespierre himself was executed

• the radical phase of the revolution was over.

Page 54: The French Revolution. The Enlightenment- an 18 th century intellectual movement based on the principles of reason and common sense that challenged the

The Thermidorian Reaction

• After Robespierre’s execution, the Jacobin government was dismantled…

• leadership passed back to the property-owning bourgeoisie …

• a new constitution, approved in 1795 reestablished property qualifications for voting and holding public office and created a new government: The Directory

Page 55: The French Revolution. The Enlightenment- an 18 th century intellectual movement based on the principles of reason and common sense that challenged the

• The Directory relied on generals to enforce its will…

• One these generals, Napoleon Bonaparte seized control of the government in November 1799

Page 56: The French Revolution. The Enlightenment- an 18 th century intellectual movement based on the principles of reason and common sense that challenged the

Some final comments…the meaning of the revolution

• Weakened the political influence of the aristocracy

• Government positions would be awarded based on merit

• Transformed the dynastic state into a modern state (liberal, secular & rational)

• Realized the ideas of the philosophes– Equality before the law– Trial by jury– Freedom of speech, press and religion

Page 57: The French Revolution. The Enlightenment- an 18 th century intellectual movement based on the principles of reason and common sense that challenged the

• Any questions?


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