the glaphyriinae (lepidoptera: pyralidae) of the galapagos ... · author (bl) to document the...

IntroductionThe Glaphyriinae comprise about 200 species of small to midsized moths distributed mainly in the New World, with a few species of the genus Hellula Guenée, 1854 in the Old World (Munroe & Solis 1998). Hellula includes ten or eleven putatively valid species (Beccaloni et al. 2003, Munroe 1995, Nuss et al. 2006, and present data). Three Hellula species (H. undalis (Fabricius, 1781), H. phidilealis (Walker, 1859), and H. rogatalis (Hulst, 1886)), are serious pests of Brassicaceae, and the latter two are also known to feed on Amaranthaceae and Portulacaceae (Munroe 1972, Solis & Adamski 1998, Zimmerman 1958). Two species of Hellula occur in the Galapagos, H. phidilealis and a new species, described below.

This paper is part of a series initiated by the first author (BL) to document the Microlepidoptera of the Galapagos archipelago (e.g., Landry & Gielis 1992, Landry 2002, Landry et al. 2006) and the fourth of the series to treat Pyraloidea. We have adopted a con-cept of family Pyralidae that includes all Pyraloidea taxa (see Landry & Roque-Albelo 2006) although Munroe & Solis (1998) consider that the super-family consists of two families, the Crambidae and Pyralidae, with the Glaphyriinae included in the Crambidae.Two keys based on external characters and genita-lia are presented here for the five described species that occur or could occur in the Neotropical region (H. galapagensis sp. n., H. kempae Munroe, 1972, H. phidilealis, H. rogatalis, and H. undalis), exclusive

The Glaphyriinae (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) of the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador, with keys to the Neotropical species of Hellula Guenée

Bernard Landry & Lazaro Roque-Albelo

The subfamily Glaphyriinae (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) is recorded from the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador, for the first time on the basis of two species of Hellula Guenée, 1854: Hellula phidilealis (Walker, 1859) and H. galapagensis Landry sp. n. The new species is described and both species are illustrated. Two illustrated keys based on external characters and genitalia to the Neotropical species of Hellula are provided. Hellula phidilealis was reared on Cleome viscosa L. (Capparidaceae) in the Galapagos. Hellula kempae Munroe is reported from Cuba for the first time.

Resumen: La subfamilia Glaphyriinae (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) es registrada por primera vez para las Islas Galapagos, Ecuador basada en dos especies de Hellula Guenée, 1854: Hellula phidilealis (Walker, 1859) y H. galapagensis Landry sp. n. La nueva especie es descrita y ambas especies son ilustradas. Dos claves ilustradas, basadas en los caracteres externos y en la genitalia, son proveidas para la identificación de las especies Neotropicales de Hellula. Hellula phidilealis fue criada en Cleome viscosa L. (Capparidaceae) en las Galapagos. Hellula kempae Munroe es registrada por primera vez para Cuba.Bernard Landry*, Muséum d’histoire naturelle, C. P. 6434, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland. [email protected]; Lazaro Roque-Albelo, Charles Darwin Research Station, A.P. 17-01-3891, Quito, Ecuador. [email protected]

Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 151: 193–203, Figs. 1– 21. [ISSN 0040–7496]. http://www.nev.nl/tve© 2008 Nederlandse Entomologische Vereniging. Published 1 December 2008.

* Corresponding author

194 Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, volume 151, 2008

of Hellula simplicalis Herrich-Schäffer, 1871, described on the basis of one specimen from Cuba which could not be found in museums in Berlin, Cuba, or Philadelphia (pers. comms. to BL by W. Mey, Alejandro Barro and V. Becker, and J. Wein-traub, respectively). Moreover, following its descrip-tion, H. simplicalis was only recorded in various lists, without additional information (Gundlach 1881, Munroe 1995), although neither Torre y Callejas (1967) nor Alayo & Valdes (1982) mentioned it. The other two described Hellula species of the Western Hemisphere (H. aqualis Barnes & McDunnough, 1914, and H. subbasalis (Dyar, 1923)) occur only in the Nearctic region from the Big Bend region of Texas west to the San Diego region of southern California; they were illustrated with a key to identify them (Munroe 1972). Hellula kempae was described from Florida, but it occurs also in Cuba (Cienaga Zapata, near Playa Larga) based on specimens exam-ined by BL and deposited in the USNM. Although Hellula undalis is originally an Old World species, described from Italy, it seems probable that it will reach the Western Hemisphere eventually as it has reached the Hawaiian Islands (Zimmerman 1958) and it is a crop pest. Hellula rogatalis was described from Texas, U.S.A., but it occurs as well in Mexico (Distrito Federal, V. Becker, pers. comm.) and is likely to spread in the Neotropical region given its pest status on Brassicaceae crops, if it has not done so already.The following additional abbreviations are used below: AMNH for American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, U.S.A., BMNH for Natural History Museum, London, England, CDRS for Charles Darwin Research Station, Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos, Ecuador, MHNG for Muséum d’histoire naturelle, Geneva, Switzerland, UMB for Übersee Museum Bremen, Germany, and USNM for the National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.

Galapagos species

Hellula phidilealis (Walker)Figs 1-3, 11, 17

Leucochroma? phidilealis Walker, 1859: 972. Phyratocosma trypheropa Meyrick, 1936: 323, pl. 13 fig. 9.

Material examined. Holotype of L. phidilealis (Fig. 1). Male, with labels as follows: “Type” [small, round, ringed green], “Vene-|zuela” [small, round, pale blue], “LEUCOCHROMA ? PHIDILEALIS.” [heading of Walker’s published description], “1955 | 283” [square,

with numbers separated by horizontal black line], “[male sign] | Pyralidae | Brit. Mus. | Slide No. | 10719” [square, with text in red except from male sign and number]. Deposited in BMNH.

First of the two syntypes of P. trypheropa (Fig. 2). Female, with labels as follows: “Timotes (Venez.) | 6.7.1934 | Faren-holtz E. 6687” [rectangular], “Phyratocosma | trypheropa Meyr. | teste Meyr. [with four subsequent undecipherable letters]” [rectangular, bordered black, with last line sepa-rated from first two by horizontal black line]. Deposited in UMB.

Second of the two syntypes of P. trypheropa (Fig. 3). Female, with labels as follows: “Para- | type” [round, ringed yellow], “Timotes | Venezuela | F. .7.34”, “Meyrick Coll. | B.M. 1838-290.” [upside down], “trypheropa Meyr.”, “PHYRATOCOSMA Meyr.”, “Phyratocosma | tryphe-ropa | 1/1 Meyrick | E. Meyrick det. | in Meyrick Coll.”, “B.M. Pyralidae | Genitalia Slide | [female sign] No. 21119”. Deposited in BMNH.

10 males (2 dissected) and 15 females (3 dissected) collect-ed at light or reared in the Galapagos Islands. Deposited in CDRS and MHNG.

DiagnosisWith a wingspan of 13.0 to 18.0 mm (n=31) Hellula phidilealis is one of the large species of the genus. Its forewing (Figs 1-3) has contrasting white trans-verse lines and a dark brown reniform spot suffused with shining blue scales on an olive background. Its hindwing is basally semi-transparent with a dis-tinctly darker apex and often a visible subapical line, especially in the cubital sector. The male genitalia (Fig. 11) have relatively narrow valvae adorned ven-troapically with thin, symmetrical spines, and the dorsal setose section of the valva is relatively wide in being about ¾ the width of the ventral hairy section. In female genitalia (Fig. 17) the corpus bursae has the spined narrower distal section distally as wide as its base, with the ductus seminalis apicolateral. The species can be separated from the other Neotropical species of Hellula by the characters used in the keys below. One specimen of H. phidilealis from Cuba (slide BL 1628, USNM) had three cornuti on its vesica instead of the usual two.

Distribution and natural history This species is widely distributed from the south of the U.S.A. into Central and South America; it is a pest of Amaranthaceae and Brassicaceae (Munroe 1972). It is rather common on the Galapagos Islands, where it has been collected on Baltra, Floreana, Isa-bela, San Cristobal, Santa Cruz, and Santiago at elevations between sea level to 329 m (on Floreana) in January until May, September, November, and December. We have also examined seven specimens

195Landry & Roque-Albelo: Glaphyriinae of the Galapagos Islands

reared by LR from fruits of Cleome viscosa L. (Cappa-ridaceae) on Baltra, Santa Cruz, and Santiago. This is an introduced weed of the arid lowlands of Baltra, Floreana, Pinta, Santa Cruz, Santiago, and Seymour Norte (McMullen 1999).

Notes on typesThe holotype of H. phidilealis (Fig. 1) is a male of 15 mm in wingspan. Its genitalia are damaged, especially in having the ventroapical spines lost on the left valva and half broken on the right one. Phyratocosma trypheropa was described from two females. One syntype in the Bremen Museum (Fig. 2) is without abdomen and measures 18 mm in wingspan. The other syntype, in the BMNH, has lost the left pair of wings and is dissected. The remaining forewing is 9.0 mm long.

Hellula galapagensis Landry, sp. n.Figs 4, 5, 12, 13, 18

Type material. Holotype: ? with the following labels. 1- “ECU[ADOR]., GALAPAGOS | San-tiago, Cerro Inn | 28.iii.1992 | M[ercury]V[apour]L[amp], leg[it]. B[ernard]. Landry”; 2- “HOLO-TYPE | Hellula | galapagensis | B. Landry”. Depos-ited in MHNG. Paratypes: 5?, 8/ from Ecuador, Galapagos Islands; collected at the Mercury Vapour Lamp by B. Landry except one, as indicated. Flo-reana. 1? (dissected, slide MHNG 3181), Punta Cormoran, 21.iv.1992. Isabela. 4/, Puerto Villamil, 2.iii.1989. Santiago. 2? (one dissected, Slide LR 004), 1/ (dissected, slide MHNG 3211), same data as Holotype. Seymour Norte. 1? (dissected, slide LR 005), 3/ (one dissected, slide BL 1621), Arid Zone, 23.i.1989. Unknown locality. 1? (dissected, slide BL 1637), No. 43 [T. De Vries]. Deposited in CDRS, CNC, and MHNG.One specimen from Isabela (2 km W Puerto Vil-lamil, 5.iii.1989, B. Landry, slide BL 1602, CNC) is excluded from the type series because its vesica bears three cornuti roughly equal in size and shape, and it has the forewing markings better contrasted (Figs 5, 13).

Diagnosis This is a small species with a wingspan of 11.5 to 13.0 mm (n=14). Its forewing has very poorly con-trasted transverse lines and pale reniform spot over a pale ochre-olive background. Its hindwing is usu-ally uniformly white and opaque, rarely with a light shade of brown, usually without a subapical line, and a clearly darkened apex was not observed. The male genitalia have the valvae almost forming a perfect square, i.e. they are broad compared to their length,

with the ventral margin apically adorned with spines that are asymmetrical, i.e. the spine of the right valva is at least half the length of the spine of the left valva. The female genitalia have the ductus bursae ribbon-like and the corpus bursae divided into a thickly sclerotized, heavily spined, and ridged distal half that becomes distally narrower, and a membranous proximal half. In the Galapagos, this species can be separated easily from H. phidilealis by its smaller size (11.5-13 mm wingspan compared to 13-18 mm) and other characters mentioned in the keys below.

Description Male (n=6) (Figs 4, 5, 12, 13). Head pale ochre-olive as transverse band in middle of fronto-clypeus, between and in front of scapes, directed laterally, and on occiput, directed mediodorsally, and as small patch on eye margin near middle of eye, white else-where, including proboscis and maxillary palpi. Scape white; pedicel and first flagellomere pale ochre-olive; subsequent flagellomeres ringed with basal narrower row of shorter scales pale ochre-olive and distal wider row of longer scales white, but pattern fading toward last flagellomeres. Labial palpi white with pale ochre-olive laterally as large patches subapically on first palpomere and in middle of second, and more dif-fuse on most of third. Thorax with three transverse bands of pale ochre-olive at base, middle and apex, with narrower white bands in between and some-times apex. Foreleg coxa white; femur mostly pale ochre-olive with white on ventral edge; tibia white with bands of pale ochre-olive submedially and sub-apically; tarsomere I white with pale ochre-olive in middle; tarsomeres II-IV pale ochre-olive at bases, white at apices; tarsomere V pale ochre-olive. Midleg coxa white; femur very pale ochre-olive with white on dorsal edge; tibia white with wide oblique bands of pale ochre-olive submedially and subapically; tar-someres as in foreleg. Hindleg coxa and femur as in midleg; tibia mostly white, with pale ochre-olive subapically; tarsomere I mostly white; tarsomeres II-III as in foreleg; tarsomeres IV-V pale ochre-olive. Forewing length 5.3-5.6 mm (Holotype 5.3 mm). Forewing pale ochre-olive with white markings as spot basally on dorsal margin, basal line from 1/10

costa to 1/5 dorsal margin, submedial line from ⅓ costa, slightly produced toward apex medially, and connected to ½ dorsal margin, spot on costa just before ½, subcostal spot at ⅔, subapical line from ¾ costa, produced apically in median sector, curv-ing backward below reniform spot, ending on dor-sal margin at ¾, diffuse spot near apex, and as small spots subterminally between veins; with oblique dark brown reniform spot wider near midline,


Figs 1–10. Habitus of Hellula species. – 1, H. phidilealis, holotype (BMNH); 2, H. trypheropa, syntype (UMB); 3, H. trypheropa, syntype (BMNH); 4, H. galapagensis, holotype (MHNG); 5, H. galapagensis, specimen excluded from type series (CNC); 6, H. kempae, holotype (CNC); 7, H. kempae, U.S.A., Florida, Monroe Co., Big Pine Key (CNC); 8, H. rogatalis, holotype (AMNH); 9, H. rogatalis, U.S.A., Texas, Fort Davis (USNM); 10, H. undalis, Democratic Republic of Congo, Haut-Katanga, Tshinkolobwe (MHNG).

1 2 3

4 5 6

7 8

9 10


Figs 11–13. Male genitalia of Hellula species (a, phallus; b, whole genitalia without phallus). – 11, H. phidilealis, Galapagos, Santa Cruz (slide MHNG 3044, MHNG); 12, H. galapagensis, paratype (slide BL 1637, CDRS); 13, H. galapagensis, specimen excluded from type series (slide BL 1620, CNC).

11a

12a

13a

11b

12b

13b


Figs 14–16. Male genitalia of Hellula species (a, phallus; b, whole genitalia without phallus). – 14, H. kempae, holotype (slide BL 1632, CNC); 15, H. rogatalis, holotype (slide BL 1622, AMNH); 16, H. undalis, Democratic Republic of Congo, Haut Katanga, Midingi (slide MHNG 3057, MHNG).

14a

15a

16a

14b

15b

16b


sometimes with greyish brown spot on postme-dian line at R5, and with small greyish brown spots terminally between veins; fringe pale ochre-olive. Hindwing white, opaque, rarely with light shade of brown, slight indication of postmedian line, and terminal spots; fringe white. Abdomen’s first tergite mostly white, often with light pale ochre-olive scales; following tergites pale ochre-olive (paler than forew-ing) with white row at apices of tergites III-VII; ven-trally light pale ochre-olive and white in faint pattern of longitudinal bands. Descaled tergite VIII medio-basally with Y-shaped support structure with median branch pointing apically and ending at about 3/5 of length. Sternite VIII medially with more thickly scle-rotized longitudinal band enlarging from middle to reach pleura. Male genitalia (n=4) (Fig. 12). Uncus elongate, separated into two ± tubular sections: distal section ¾ length of basal section, bare, less thickly sclerotized, with laterobasal, rounded, laterally projected flanges, with apex laterally compressed, triangular, and slightly downcurved; basal section more thickly sclerotized longitudinally as narrow bar medioventrallly, with ± circular hole at base of bar, with anteriorly directed setation lateroventrally, dorsally rounded. Tuba ana-lis lightly sclerotized along ventral margin and lat-eroapically. Pseudognathos plate-like, naked, short, simple, slightly downcurved, with lateral margins slightly projected dorsally, with lateroventral bases closest to ventral margin of tegumen above phallus, with apex broadly rounded and reaching slightly beyond margin of tegumen. Tegumen arms very nar-row, slightly convex, narrowly connected dorsally, with few long and curved setae along ventral margins toward apex. Juxta ring-like, very narrow, thickly sclerotized except for short, dorsoventrally flattened section dorsally, above phallus. Valva almost form-ing perfect square, divided into three well-sclerotized and setose sections separated by membranous, naked bands of medium width (about ⅓ width of dorsal section): dorsal section narrow, about ⅔ width of ventral section at widest point; median section small, triangular, apical; ventral section wide, with widest point closer to base than to apical margin of valva, dorsally forming wide, pointed angle, apex wide along tornal margin of valva; each valva ventroapi-cally adorned with long, slightly down-curved spine on left valva and shorter (ca. ⅓ length), upturned or straight spine on right valva. Vinculum narrow, with short arms appearing two-branched because of more thickly sclerotized margins articulating dorsally with tegumen and ventrally with dorsal margin of valva; saccus short, wide, upturned, with straight margin. Phallus tubular, long, about 40% longer than valval ventral margin, basal third slightly larger and bent

sideways in relation to distal ⅔; vesica with two cor-nuti, one with wider base than other.

Female (n=8). Colour and pattern as in male. Forewing length: 4.8-5.3 mm. Frenulum with two acanthae. Female genitalia (n=2) (Fig. 18). Papillae anales nar-row, width/ length about 17%, straight, with dense, mostly short setation especially along apical margin, with 6-7 longer setae along apical margin of narrow and straight basal sclerotized line, latter not reaching dorsal apex of papilla. Posterior apophyses narrow, straight, slightly enlarged at ¼, reaching just beyond basal margin of segment VIII. Segment VIII well sclerotized, slightly less than half as long as wide, about 1/5 length of preceding segment, rectangular but with dorsal margin slightly longer than ventral margin and with basal margin concave, with sparse setation of medium length mostly along apical and ventral margins. Anterior apophyses straight, nar-row except for slight enlargement at ¼, about 30% longer than posterior apophyses, reaching into seg-ment VII for about ⅓ of its length. Ostium bursae median in membrane just beyond more densely scaled apical margin of sternite VII. Ductus bursae long, S-shaped, with dorsal and ventral sclerotized bands, with ventral band shorter and narrower, not reaching ostium or corpus bursae. Corpus bursae pear-shaped, with narrower distal section beyond dorsal connection with ductus bursae; divided into longer, strongly-sclerotized, ridged, and spined dis-tal section and slightly wider, unsclerotized, and unspined proximal section; distal section with larger series of 8-10 spines on right side laterally, distally narrowing and ending in wide ductus seminalis curved backward, dorsal wall without spine on most of right side, ventral wall without spines on right side close to membranous section.

EtymologyThe specific epithet is derived from the name of the area of occurrence, the Galapagos archipelago.

Life historyUnknown except that the moths are attracted to light and that the specimens were mostly collected at sea level, but also higher, although the precise elevations of these higher localities were not noted.

NotesThis species readily could be identified as new given our good knowledge of the previously described species (Capps 1953, Munroe 1972, Zimmerman 1958) except for the species described from Cuba as Hellula simplicalis Herrich-Schäffer, of which the


Figs 17–19. Female genitalia of Hellula species (a, whole genitalia; b, corpus bursae). – 17, H. phidilealis, Galapagos, Santa Cruz (slide MHNG 3045, MHNG); 18, H. galapagensis, paratype (slide BL 1621, CNC); 19, H. kempae, allotype (slide BL 1633, CNC).

17a

18a

19a17b

18b 19b


holotype could not be found as mentioned above in the introduction. This taxon was briefly described as “⅓ larger than undalis, forewing uniformly rust-gold, hindwing paler.” Hellula undalis being already one of the large species (we have seen wingspans between 15 and 18 mm), H. simplicalis clearly appears to be different from the small H. kempae (13-14 mm wingspan) and the smaller H. galapagensis.

Key to the Neotropical species of Hellula based on external characters1. Forewing ground colour brown, with or

without ochre scales; forewing darker reni-form spot usually contrasting, rather wide (6-8 scales wide), appearing surrounded by row of white scales, sometimes overlaid with white scales that are not distinctly lustrous; large species (wingspan 15-19 mm); hind-wing light brown to brown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

– Forewing ground colour mostly olive, pale ochre-olive, or ochre; forewing reniform spot contrasting or not, central element nar-row (2-5 scales wide), sometimes appearing crossed by white lines, sometimes with paler, lustrous scales in central element; small to large species (11.5-18.0 mm); hindwing usu-ally white, at least basally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2. Forewing light brown, usually with some ochre scaling; hindwing light brown, with-out distinct pattern elements (Fig. 10) . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. undalis1

– Forewing brown to rather dark brown, with-out ochre scaling; hindwing light brown to brown, sometimes with post median line (Figs 8, 9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. rogatalis

3. Forewing ground colour olive, with contrast-ing white lines and spots, with dark brown reniform spot overlaid with shining pale blue scales in narrow central element; wingspan 14-18 mm; hindwing usually white at base, appearing semi-transparent, distinctly darker toward apex, often with visible subterminal line (Figs 1-3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. phidilealis

– Forewing ground colour pale ochre-olive or ochre, with pattern elements contrasted or not; reniform spot distinct or very pale, with or without shining scales; wingspan 11.5-14.0 mm; hindwing not appearing hyaline or with markedly darker apex, with or with-out subterminal line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

4. Forewing ground colour pale ochre-olive, with pattern elements indistinct; reniform spot very pale brown, without shining scales; hindwing usually completely white, rarely overlaid with light brown and with faint

20a 21a20b 21b

Figs 20–21. Female genitalia of Hellula species (a, whole genitalia; b, corpus bursae). – 20, H. rogatalis, U.S.A., Texas, Cameron Co., Laguna Atascosa (slide BL 1630, USNM); 21, H. undalis, France, La Nartelle (slide MHNG 3056, MHNG).


indication of subterminal line or terminal spots (Figs 4, 5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. galapagensis

– Forewing ground colour ochre, with dis-tinct pattern elements; reniform spot dis-tinct, with few shining scales; hindwing light ochre-brown, usually with greyish brown subterminal line, and with greyish brown terminal spots (Figs 6, 7) . . . . . . . . . . H. kempae

Note. A dissection may be the only reliable way to separate these two species.

Key to the Neotropical species of Hellula based on genitalia1. Males . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2– Females . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62. Valva without ventroapical spine . . . . . . . . . . . . 3– Valva with ventroapical spine (Figs 11-14) . . . 43. Valva with dorsoapical spine (Fig. 16) . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. undalis– Valva without dorsoapical, or any other spine

(Fig. 15) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. rogatalis4. Ventroapical spines of valvae asymmetrical,

the right one at least half the length of the left one (Figs 12, 13) . . . . . . . . . . H. galapagensis

– Ventroapical spines of valvae symmetrical, equal in length although sometimes slightly variable in shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

5. Valva with dorsal setose section about ¾ width of ventral hairy section (Fig. 11); un-melanized and naked bands between setose sections of valva narrow (about 1/6 width of dorsal setose section) . . . . . . . . . . . . H. phidilealis

– Valva with dorsal setose section narrower, less than 3/5 width of ventral setose section (Fig. 14); membranous and naked bands between setose sections of valva wide (about ⅓ width of dorsal setose section) . . . . . . . . . . . . H. kempae

6. Ductus bursae short, less than ⅓ length of corpus bursae, without sclerotized band in ventral wall until ostium; corpus bursae formed by principal sac harbouring large and thickly sclerotized tongue-like signum, smaller circular sac apically, and lateral sac from base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

– Ductus bursae long, longer than corpus bur-sae, with ventral wall sclerotized until ostium; corpus bursae ± pear-shaped, with distal half thickly sclerotized, ridged, and spined . . . . . . . 8

7. Ductus bursae with Y-shaped sclerotized band in ventral wall; corpus bursae with lat-eral sac larger than principal sac; signum of principal sac as on Fig. 20 . . . . . . . . H. rogatalis

– Ductus bursae with sclerotized band in

ventral wall apically blunt, not Y-shaped; corpus bursae with lateral sac smaller than principal sac; signum of principal sac as on Fig. 21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. undalis

8. Corpus bursae with spined narrower distal section distally as wide as its base; with duc-tus seminalis apicolateral (Fig. 17) . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. phidilealis– Corpus bursae with spined narrower distal

section narrowing toward apex; with ductus seminalis apical (Figs 18, 19) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. galapagensis and H. kempae1

We have not been able to find reliable female genitalia characters to separate these two species.

AcknowledgementsWe thank the authorities of the Charles Darwin Station and those of the Galapagos National Park for allowing field work and for logistical support. We thank Stewart B. Peck for funding field work to BL with support from a Canadian NSERC Grant. Excellent companionship and help in the field was provided by Novarino Castillo, S. B. Peck, Patrick Schmitz, Bradley Sinclair, and Eduardo Vilema. We are grateful to Peter-René Becker (UMB), Suzanne Rab Green and David Grimaldi (AMNH), Alma Solis (USNM), and Kevin Tuck (BMNH) for the loan of specimens in their care, and to Alejandro Barro (Universidad de la Habana, Cuba), Vitor Becker (Brazil), Wolfram Mey (Berlin), Eugene G. Munroe (Canada), Michael Shaffer (BMNH), and Jason D. Weintraub (ANSP) for sharing precious information. Finally, we thank Florence Marteau for producing the plates, the Galapagos Conservation Trust (U.K.) for funding our visit to the BMNH in 2000, the Trustees of the BMNH for their permis-sion to use the images reproduced as Figs 1 and 3, and two anonymous reviewers for their comments on the manuscript.

ReferencesAlayo D., P. & E. Valdes A., 1982. Lista anotada de los

microlepidópteros de Cuba. – Academía de Ciencias de Cuba, La Habana. 122 pp.

Beccaloni, G.W., M.J. Scoble, G.S. Robinson & B. Pit-kin (Eds), 2003. The Global Lepidoptera Names Index (LepIndex). – The Natural History Museum. http://www.nhm.ac.uk/entomology/lepindex [visited on 3 November 2006].

Capps, H.W., 1953. A correction in the synonymy of the cabbage webworm (Hellula undalis (F.) (Lepidoptera: Pyraustidae). – Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences 52: 46–47.


Gundlach, J.C., 1881. Contribucíon a la Entomología Cubana. Parte primera: Lepidopteros. – G. Montiel, La Habana. 445 pp.

Herrich-Schäffer, G.A.W., 1871. Die Schmetterlinge der Insel Cuba. – Correspondenzblatt des Zoologisch-Mineralogischen Vereines in Regensburg 25: 15–30.

Landry, B., 2002. Galagete, a new genus of Autostichidae representing the first case of an extensive radiation of endemic Lepidoptera in the Galápagos Islands. – Revue Suisse de Zoologie 109: 813–868.

Landry, B. & C. Gielis, 1992. A synopsis of the Pterophori-dae (Lepidoptera) of the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador. – Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden 276: 1–42.

Landry, B. & L. Roque-Albelo, 2006. The Acentropinae and Musotiminae (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) of the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador. – Zootaxa 1354: 45–56.

Landry, B., D. Adamski, P. Schmitz, C.E. Parent & L. Roque-Albelo, 2006. Taygete sphecophila (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera; Autostichidae): redescription of the adult, description of the larva and pupa, and impact on Polistes wasps (Hymenoptera; Vespidae) nests in the Galapagos Islands. – Revue Suisse de Zoologie 113: 307–323.

McMullen, C.K., 1999. Flowering plants of the Galápa-gos. – Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London. xiv + 370 pp.

Meyrick, E., 1936. On Venezuelan Pyralidina and Mic-rolepidoptera. – Veröffentlichungen aus dem Deut-schen Kolonial- und Übersee-Museum in Bremen 1: 321–334.

Munroe, E.G., 1972. Pyraloidea, Pyralidae (part). – In: R. B. Dominick et al. (Eds.), The Moths of America North of Mexico, 13.1B & 13.1C. The Curwen Press, London. pp. 137-250 (13.1B), 253-304 + 24 plates + xx (13.1C).

Munroe, E.G., 1995. Glaphyriinae. – In: J.B. Heppner (Ed.), Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera, 3: 43–45. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera and Scientific Publishers, Gainesville.

Munroe, E.G. & M.A. Solis, 1998. The Pyraloidea. – In: N.P. Kristensen (Ed.), Lepidoptera, moths and butterflies, 1: Evolution, systematics, and biogeogra-phy: 232-256. – In: M. Fischer (Ed.) Handbook of zo-ology. 4. Arthropoda, Insecta, 35. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin & New York.

Nuss, M. et al., 2006. Global Information System on Pyraloidea. – Museum für Tierkunde, Dresden. http://www.pyraloidea.org [last visited 5 June 2008].

Solis, M.A. & D. Adamski, 1998. Review of the Costa Rican Glaphyriinae (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea: Crambi-dae). – Journal of the New York entomological Society 106: 1–55.

Torre y Callejas, S.L. de la, 1967. Pirálidos (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae de Cuba en la Colección del Museo Nacional de los Estados Unidos. – Poeyana Ser. A, 33: 1–27.

Walker, F., 1859. List of the specimens of Lepidopterous insects in the Collection of the British Museum, 19, Pyralides. – Trustees of the British Museum, London. Pp. 799–1036.

Zimmerman, E.C., 1958. Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea. Insects of Hawaii, 8. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu. ix + 456 pp.

Received: 6 June 2008Accepted: 10 October 2008

the glaphyriinae (lepidoptera: pyralidae) of the galapagos ... · author (bl) to document the...

Documents