“The Greek New Testament, Produced at Tyndale House, Cambridge is one of the most exciting publications in biblical studies in the last decade. This new and user-friendly critical edition of the Greek New Testament now has a superb companion in Dirk Jongkind’s An Introduction to the Greek New Testament. Jongkind describes not only how the Tyndale House Edition came to be but also how any critical edition of the Greek New Testament came to be. Jongkind does a superb job explaining very technical topics related to manuscripts, textual variants, the Textus Re-ceptus, and more, and explaining why it matters. Your seminary professor can teach you how to read Greek, but Jongkind teaches you how to read a critical edition of the Greek New Testament. A must-have resource for all students of biblical Greek.”

Michael F. Bird, Academic Dean and Lecturer in Theology, Ridley College, Melbourne, Australia

“This introduction to The Greek New Testament, Produced at Tyndale House, Cambridge took me by surprise. Textual criticism is an arcane discipline not well served by the combative and abstruse writing of many of its practitioners. Jongkind’s elegant yet almost carefree style, how-ever, is refreshing for its clarity, simplicity, and irenic tone. This book is a delight to read on its own. The author goes to great lengths to make The Greek New Testament, Produced at Tyndale House, Cambridge ac-cessible. His introduction is even an excellent primer on New Testament textual criticism. Jongkind introduces the reader to manuscripts, textual theory, praxis, major textual problems, and even brief theological reflec-tions on the reality of textual variants. It is no easy task to render this field of study within the grasp of any interested reader, and Dirk Jongkind has done so in a remarkably disarming manner.”

Daniel B. Wallace, Senior Research Professor of New Testament Studies, Dallas Theological Seminary; Executive Director, Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts; author, Greek Grammar beyond the Basics

“Pulling back the curtain on the origins of the Greek New Testament, Dirk Jongkind explains where it came from, how it works, and why it can be trusted. If you have ever doubted the trustworthiness of the Greek text, you will find reassurance in this wonderful volume.”

Michael J. Kruger, President and Samuel C. Patterson Professor of New Testament and Early Chris tian ity, Reformed Theological Seminary, Charlotte

“In An Introduction to the Greek New Testament, Dirk Jongkind provides the raison d’être for the Tyndale House Edition of the Greek New Testa-ment and does so with his characteristic sagacity. I enjoyed reading this book, and I am happy to recommend it.”

David Alan Black, Dr. M. O. Owens Jr. Chair of New Testament Studies, Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary

“This book is the perfect introduction for reading and benefiting from The Greek New Testament, Produced at Tyndale House, Cambridge. An easy read, it is brimming with helpful information—not just for orienting the reader to the Greek New Testament but also for covering broader issues like the basic principles of textual criticism and even a biblical theology of the transmission of biblical texts. Anyone interested in how the New Testament is compiled, or in the texts that stand behind it, will delight in this terrific resource.”

Constantine R. Campbell, Professor of New Testament, Trinity Evangelical Divinity School

“This clear and accessible introduction will be of great help to those learn-ing about textual criticism for the first time, and especially to those want-ing to make the most of the special features of The Greek New Testament, Produced at Tyndale House, Cambridge.”

Roy E. Ciampa, S. Louis and Ann W. Armstrong Professor of Religion and Chair, Department of Religion, Samford University

“Dirk Jongkind’s An Introduction to the Greek New Testament, Produced at Tyndale House, Cambridge demonstrates the advantages of an edi-tion of the Greek New Testament that is thoroughly acquainted with the individual characteristics of the early manuscripts and deeply engaged in the world of the scribes who produced them. This volume is valuable not only for its defense of the editorial aims of the Tyndale House Edition but also as a primer on the New Testament text-critical enterprise itself. It is a great read for anyone interested in grasping the basics of the discipline.”

Charles E. Hill, John R. Richardson Professor of New Testament and Early Chris tian ity, Reformed Theological Seminary, Orlando

“Bible-believing Christians are often disturbed when exposed to the great variety of New Testament manuscripts. This book explains why we should consider this variety a wealth, instead of being afraid of it. It also pro-vides readers with all they need to effectively use the recent academic edi-tion of the Greek New Testament that was produced at Tyndale House, Cambridge.”

Lydia Jaeger, Lecturer and Academic Dean, Institut Biblique de Nogent-sur-Marne

“The editors of the Tyndale House Edition of the Greek New Testament claim that they have produced ‘the most accurate edition of the Greek New Testament published so far’ (with accuracy defined by faithfulness in representing the apostolic autographs). This is a bold declaration, and senior editor Dirk Jongkind does much to back up this assertion in his new introduction to the Greek New Testament. The book is precise, irenic, and lucid. Only time and broader scholarly scrutiny will adjudicate the claims of the editors. Nevertheless, even in the early days of its public ap-pearance, The Greek New Testament, Produced at Tyndale House, Cam-bridge should be celebrated by all as a magnificent achievement. I heartily encourage my students to read it, and this introduction is an invaluable companion to that joyful enterprise.”

Robert L. Plummer, Founder, Daily Dose of Greek; Professor of New Testament Interpretation, The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary

“Encountering the Greek New Testament for the first time can be baffling. It need be no longer! Here is an admirably lucid ‘user guide’ to The Greek New Testament, Produced at Tyndale House, Cambridge that contains ev-erything we need to know to read the Greek text with full understanding. The book includes excellent discussions of matters such as the nature of our manuscripts, how decisions about the text are made, and the various textual traditions that we possess. Highly recommended for all readers of the Scriptures!”

Paul Trebilco, Professor of New Testament Studies, University of Otago, New Zealand

“While this volume tells the story behind The Greek New Testament, Produced at Tyndale House, Cambridge, it does much more than that. It is an excellent overview of the issues in New Testament textual criticism. Jongkind expertly and concisely guides the reader in explaining the com-plexities involved in grappling with the differences among manuscripts and discerning the most likely reading. All who read this book will ap-proach their Greek New Testament with a greater level of confidence.”

Clinton E. Arnold, Dean and Professor of New Testament Language and Literature, Talbot School of Theology, Biola University

W H E A T O N , I L L I N O I S

®

An Introduction to the Greek New Testament

Produced at Tyndale House, Cambridge

Dirk Jongkind

An Introduction to the Greek New Testament, Produced at Tyndale House, CambridgeCopyright © 2019 by Dirk JongkindPublished by Crossway

1300 Crescent Street Wheaton, Illinois 60187

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher, except as provided for by USA copyright law. Crossway® is a registered trademark in the United States of America.Cover design: Erik MaldreFirst printing 2019Printed in the United States of AmericaUnless otherwise indicated, Scripture quotations are the author’s translation.Scripture quotations marked ESV are from the ESV® Bible (The Holy Bible, English Standard Version®), copyright © 2001 by Crossway, a publishing ministry of Good News Publishers. Used by permission. All rights reserved.Scripture quotations marked KJV are from the King James Version of the Bible.All emphases in Scripture quotations have been added by the author.Trade paperback ISBN: 978-1-4335-6409-3 ePub ISBN: 978-1-4335-6412-3 PDF ISBN: 978-1-4335-6410-9 Mobipocket ISBN: 978-1-4335-6411-6

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataNames: Jongkind, Dirk, author.Title: An introduction to the Greek New Testament, produced at Tyndale House, Cambridge / Dirk

Jongkind.Description: Wheaton, Illinois : Crossway, [2019] | Includes bibliographical references and index.Identifiers: LCCN 2018034123 (print) | LCCN 2018040972 (ebook) | ISBN 9781433564109 (pdf) |

ISBN 9781433564116 (mobi) | ISBN 9781433564123 (epub) | ISBN 9781433564093 | ISBN 9781433564093 (trade paperback) | ISBN 9781433564123 (ePub) | ISBN 9781433564109 (PDF) | ISBN 9781433564116 (Mobipocket)

Subjects: LCSH: Bible. New Testament. Greek. 1633. | Bible. New Testament. Greek. Tyndale House. 2017.

Classification: LCC BS1965 1633 (ebook) | LCC BS1938 .J66 2019 (print) | DDC 225.4/8—dc23LC record available at https:// lccn .loc .gov /2018034123

Crossway is a publishing ministry of Good News Publishers.V P 2 8 2 7 2 6 2 5 2 4 2 3 2 2 2 1 2 0 1 91 5 1 4 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

To Simon and Pete

Contents

Analytical Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11

List of Illustrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15

1 Your Greek New Testament and the Manuscripts . . . . . . . . .17

2 Practicalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27

3 Manuscripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41

4 How Decisions Are Made . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65

5 Why Not the Textus Receptus? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87

6 Why Not the Byzantine Text? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93

7 Biblical Theology and the Transmission of the Text . . . . . 101

8 Where to Go from Here? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

General Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

Scripture Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

Analytical Outline

1 Your Greek New Testament and the Manuscripts . . . . . . . . .17Translations and Editions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18How Precisely Do We Know the Text? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20Why Do We Need an Edition of the Greek New Testament? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24

2 Practicalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27How to Use Your Greek New Testament . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27The Apparatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30Unusual Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34

Order of the Books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35Paragraphing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36Spelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37

3 Manuscripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41Christian Manuscripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41Manuscripts and Their Designations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43The Manuscripts Cited in the THGNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48

The Large Papyri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50P45 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51P46 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52P47 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53P66 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53P72 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53P75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54

12 Analytical Outline

The Early Majuscules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54Codex Sinaiticus ,(01)א . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54B(03), Codex Vaticanus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57A(02), Codex Alexandrinus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58C(04), Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59D(05), Codex Bezae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60W(032), Codex Washingtonensis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62

The List of Manuscripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63

4 How Decisions Are Made . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65External Evidence, Copying, and Internal Evidence . . . . . . .65

Four Areas of Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65Distribution of the Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66Knowledge of the Individual Manuscripts . . . . . . .66Knowledge of Groupings of Manuscripts . . . . . . .67Knowledge of Scribal Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67

A Balancing Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68Understanding Copying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70

Selection and Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70Copying the Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72

Understanding Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73Influences on the Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74

Influence of Similar Passages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74Influence of Church Liturgy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76

Some Important Variants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78Ending of Mark: Mark 16:9–20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78The Woman Caught in Adultery:

John 7:53–8:11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82The Angel and the Sweat Like Drops of Blood:

Luke 22:43–44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84Jesus’s Prayer of Forgiveness on the Cross:

Luke 23:34a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85

5 Why Not the Textus Receptus? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87What Is the Textus Receptus? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88Providential Preservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89

Analytical Outline 13

6 Why Not the Byzantine Text? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93Contrast with the Textus Receptus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93

Acts 8:37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .941 John 5:7–8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94

The Argument for Byzantine Priority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96The Argument of “Normal Transmission” . . . . . . . . . . .96The Argument of Artificiality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97

Why Not the Byzantine Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98Lack of Early Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98Nature of the Byzantine Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98

7 Biblical Theology and the Transmission of the Text . . . . . 101The Words of the Old Covenant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103The Arrival of the New Covenant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105The Beginning of the Church . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105The Spread of the Church . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

8 Where to Go from Here? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

Illustrations

Figures

1.1 Manuscripts, editions, and translations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .191.2 Opening of John in Codex Sinaiticus and Tyndale

House Edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .243.1 Number of manuscripts per century (approx.) . . . . . . . . . . .443.2 A third-centrury papyrus, P27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .453.3 A ninth-century majuscule, Y(034) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .463.4 The script of a fifteenth-century minuscule, 69 . . . . . . . . . . .474.1 Abrupt-ending view of Mark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .804.2 Lost-ending view of Mark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .814.3 Long-ending view of Mark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82

Tables

2.1 Elements in the apparatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .332.2 Sigla qualifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .343.1 Correction indicators for 01)א) in Tyndale

House Edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .563.2 Correction indicators for B(03) in Tyndale

House Edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58

1

Your Greek New Testament and the Manuscripts

All Bibles and translations have stories behind them. Some Bi-bles are beautifully produced; others give you the text on cheap paper and in tiny font. Likewise, translations make choices that are celebrated by some and scorned by others. And New Testa-ments in ancient Greek are tools prepared by scholars for all who want to read and study these Scriptures in their original language. This little book tells the story behind The Greek New Testament, Produced at Tyndale House, Cambridge (short title Tyndale House Edition, abbreviated as THGNT) and is a tool for all who have the privilege to learn New Testament Greek.

It is worth clarifying what this little book is not. It is not a grammar of New Testament Greek. There are many other grammars for beginning and intermediate Greek. Neither is this an exegetical guide or a “New Testament introduction.” There are also plenty of those. Some of the good Greek grammars and New Testament introductions devote space to where the text they study comes from. This is also what we do in this manual,

18 Chapter 1

but we do more. We look at Greek manuscripts and at how they transmitted the text. We explore errors in manuscripts and how to spot them. And we think about some of the answers others have given to the question, What should we print when publish-ing the Greek text of the New Testament? (and there have been a number of different answers to this question).

In the end, though, the main aim of this book is to help you read the Tyndale House Edition without any nagging and distracting questions about the text or the edition (or to answer these if you have them). I hope that after reading this introduc-tion, when you pick up your Greek New Testament, you will do so with confidence and pleasure—even if you have only just started learning the language and barely recognize your first few words.

Translations and Editions

The Greek New Testament, Produced at Tyndale House, Cam-bridge is an edition of the text; it is not a translation. But what exactly is the difference between translations of the Greek, edi-tions of the Greek, and “the original Greek”? Most people read the New Testament in a modern translation. These translations are based on a printed book that contains the Greek New Tes-tament, which, of course, has been published since the inven-tion of the printing press. Such a printed version of the Greek New Testament is an edition, because “the editor” has had to make all sorts of decisions on what text to print and how to print it. The goal of most editions is to give the original text as accurately as possible. The first such edition of the Greek New Testament ever printed and published was made in 1516 by a Dutch scholar, Erasmus of Rotterdam. The Spanish Com-plutensian Polyglot, which contains a Greek text of the New Testament, was printed earlier but published later.

Your Greek New Testament and the Manuscripts 19

Before the sixteenth century, the only way to reproduce a Greek New Testament was to copy all or part of it by hand. Consequently, early translations, made before the printing press, were translated from handwritten copies, or manuscripts. After the arrival of the printing press, modern translations were made from printed editions of the Greek, the first one being Lu-ther’s German translation of the New Testament in 1522, based on Erasmus’s corrected, second edition of 1519 (see fig. 1.1). Over the centuries, various printed editions of the Greek New Testament have been made by using Greek manuscripts. At times, many manuscripts were used, while at other times, only a few (or even just one). There are also a surprising number of editions that are produced using only other editions, thus going

Author’s manuscript in Greek

Manuscript copy

Manuscript copy

Manuscript copy

Manuscript copyManuscript copy

Manuscript copyManuscript copy

Printed Greek edition

Manuscript copy

Early translations into Latin, Syriac, Coptic, etc.

Modern translationsinto German, English,Spanish, etc.

Figure 1.1 Manuscripts, editions, and translations1

1. For simplicity I have left out of the figure translations made from printed versions of the early Latin translation, the Vulgate, or translations made from an English Bible.

20 Chapter 1

back to the manuscripts only in an indirect way. The goal of the Tyndale House Edition, as is true of most editions, is to give the text of the original Greek as accurately as possible.

Editions of the Greek New Testament include accents, spaces between words, and chapter and verse numbers. These come mainly from later Greek manuscripts or, in the case of chapter and verse numbers, from the sixteenth century. In order to en-sure a text that is as free from typos as possible, the THGNT started off by digitizing a Greek New Testament published in the nineteenth century by Samuel Prideaux Tregelles. That text was then thoroughly compared to the earliest manuscripts and many later ones. The hundreds of changes that were made in this pro-cess have resulted in what the editors trust to be the most accu-rate edition of the Greek New Testament published so far. And an accurate edition lies at the heart of further accurate work in translation and in the study of the fine details of the text.

How Precisely Do We Know the Text?

For many readers of the New Testament, it is a disturbing mo-ment when they are told that differences in the wording of the Greek text exist between the various handwritten copies of the text. A first response may be that, therefore, the New Testament itself cannot be reliable. After all, if the “original Greek” is in doubt, how can subsequent translations be reliable? How can we know that the text has not been edited in such a way that the original message was lost, or worse, suppressed? Sometimes this line of thinking is even developed into the thought that because there are differences between manuscripts, the words of the New Testament could not have been inspired.2 (Let me

2. For example, Bart D. Ehrman states, “For the only reason (I came to think) for God to inspire the Bible would be so that his people would have his actual words; but if he really wanted people to have his actual words, surely he would have miraculously preserved those words, just as he had miraculously inspired them in the first place. Given

Your Greek New Testament and the Manuscripts 21

put my cards on the table. I stand in the Protestant tradition of historical Chris tian ity and therefore hold to a belief in the divine inspiration of the Bible.)

Let us first have a look at the reliability argument. Is the text of the Greek New Testament unreliable because of differences between the manuscripts? One way to answer this question is to look at the important differences and the impact they make. Clearly, many of the differences affect how we read a particu-lar sentence and how the text says what it says. But the actual content of a paragraph or a chapter—let alone that of a whole book—stands firm regardless. The message that is communi-cated comes across clearly even though there is interfering noise.

Take, for example, the opening phrase of Mark’s Gospel:

Ἀρχὴ τοῦ εὐαγγελίου Ἰησοῦ χριστοῦ υἱοῦ θεοῦ·

The beginning of the gospel of Jesus Christ, Son of God.

In most of our translations, there is a footnote relating to the words “Son of God.” This is what the ESV has:

Some manuscripts omit the Son of God.

And this is what the same footnote looks like in the Tyndale House Edition:

Later we will learn about what all the various signs, letters, and numbers in these notes mean. All that is relevant now is that two manuscripts are listed that omit the phrase υἱοῦ θεοῦ, while there are also manuscripts that have υἱοῦ τοῦ θεοῦ. On

the circumstance that he didn’t preserve the words, the conclusion seemed inescapable to me that he hadn’t gone to the trouble of inspiring them.” Misquoting Jesus: The Story Be-hind Who Changed the Bible and Why (San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 2005), 211.

22 Chapter 1

the surface, it makes a big difference whether the words “Son of God” are present. Does Mark immediately at the start of his Gospel declare that Jesus is the Son of God? Has some-one tried to alter the message of the Gospel by removing these words? Taken on its own, the presence or absence of “Son of God” in the opening line makes a big difference. However, after the reader has arrived at Mark 1:11 (“And a voice came from heaven, ‘You are my beloved Son; with you I am well pleased’”), the issue has resolved itself completely. Jesus is pre-sented as the Son early in Mark’s Gospel.

Another way of answering the reliability question is to look for signs of deliberate tampering with the text. People have claimed to have found these, but they have also had to admit that these are few and far between and do not occur on the scale and frequency that one might expect if there were an attempt to systematically change the text.3 The phenome-non that comes closest to a deliberate alteration of the text is the cleaning up of the spelling that we encounter in the older manu scripts, which is at times rather rough. Recognize, however, that we have a surprisingly accurate knowledge of that text. We know the original Greek well enough to study the different authorial styles of Luke, John, and Paul. We can examine details such as the use of conjunctions and word order. And even minutiae such as the spelling of names have been so well preserved that we can study them. This shows that although perhaps we want to know more, we have very good access to the text. But just as for certain purposes we need images with as high a resolution as possible so that we

3. Again, Bart Ehrman, now in one of his scholarly books, states, “The changes appear to be made at an early date for theological reasons, yet they occur randomly in various textual witnesses, not at all with the kind of consistency one might expect.” The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture: The Effect of Early Christological Contro-versies on the Text of the New Testament, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), 66.

Your Greek New Testament and the Manuscripts 23

can zoom in on the tiniest of details, so we want to have a text that is as accurate as possible. For detailed language study and careful exegesis of the Greek text, we need a text that is reli-able in the fine details. All understanding in communication is built around the process of re-creating a mental image of the meaning our conversation partner intends to communicate. And this is a matter of approximation; though it is easy to grasp the big picture of what someone says, it is sometimes only the good listener who detects the fine message and picks up on hints in the subtext.

But what about the theological question? Do textual vari-ants in the Greek contradict the doctrine of verbal inspiration? Near the end of this book I hope to present the beginnings of a biblical-theological view of the transmission of the text. Suffice it to say here that it may be more helpful to start with what God has done than with what we think he ought to have done. God chose not to give us exhaustive knowledge of every detail of the text, though he could have done so. Still, he has given us abundant access to his words. In other words, to say that God inspired the words of the New Testament does not mean that God is therefore under an obligation to preserve for us each and every detail.

Textual criticism is a discipline of approximation; it is a discipline that strives to improve further the resolution of the image that is painted by the text. The main message of the text is clear, but we want to have the fine detail too—and evidently, much of the fine detail has been preserved. In the end, though, the main problem in understanding the New Testament is not any uncertainty about its precise wording but rather our inability to grasp and absorb the message in its full impact and complexity.

24 Chapter 1

Why Do We Need an Edition of the Greek New Testament?

Still, despite the general reliability of the text, it should come as no surprise that the Greek New Testament we are holding in our hands is not identical to the earliest and oldest manuscripts. There should be no surprise here, but often there is. A consid-erable gap exists between how we print the text in a modern edition and how it was written in the early manuscripts, as il-lustrated in figure 1.2.

Figure 1.2 Opening of John in Codex Sinaiticus and Tyndale House Edition. Codex Sinaiticus is housed at the British Library. Used with permission.

For starters, invariably we use chapter and verse numbers, an innovation that was introduced in Greek New Testaments only in 1551, several decades after Erasmus’s first edition of the Greek New Testament (1516). Then there are the spaces between words—in the early centuries, Greek was mostly writ-ten without word division, and the way we write out words such as θέος (“God”), Ἰησοῦς (“Jesus”), χριστός (“Christ”), and κύριος (“Lord”) differs from the contracted form normal in

Your Greek New Testament and the Manuscripts 25

early manuscripts (i.e., θ̅ς, ιη̅ς or ι̅ς, χρ̅ς or χ̅ς, and κ̅ς). These contracted words, known as nomina sacra, are still visible in Greek iconography, and they offer quite a distinctive visual image on a page.

Not only is the presentation of the text different; every edi-tion will have made decisions about spelling, paragraphing, breathings, and accents (if included) and also about which words to print. And the latter is perhaps the biggest question someone who publishes a Greek New Testament faces. What should we do when manuscripts differ from one another? How do we choose between divergent wordings of the same text?

This is an acute problem when considering the number of variants found in manuscripts. A recent estimate put the num-ber at about 500,000, which would include all variants found in all manuscripts.4 The vast majority of these variants can be dis-missed out of hand and do not warrant our attention. Though they can tell us about scribal tendencies and the copying ability of various scribes (or the lack thereof) and can sometimes help trace relationships between manuscripts, rarely do they have a claim to be original. Still, there are a considerable number of variants in the wording of the text that need to be looked at, and a number of those are mentioned in the lower margin of the Tyndale House Edition. Note, however, that this is a selection, and a selection is always imperfect.

Regrettably, there is no easy way to solve the problem of choosing between different manuscript readings, and when easy solutions present themselves, they tend to be highly unsatisfac-tory. Later we will look at the approach adopted for the Tyn-dale House Edition and also discuss (sympathetically, I hope) some alternative solutions and why we have not followed them.

4. Peter J. Gurry, “The Number of Variants in the Greek New Testament: A Proposed Estimate,” New Testament Studies 62, no. 1 (2016): 97–121.

26 Chapter 1

For the moment, it suffices to say that the question of which words to print is unavoidable, regardless of someone’s preferred solution; it always involves a choice. We cannot simply print the original Greek text in a modern book. There are a whole set of choices to be made. And that is why we need an edition of the Greek New Testament.

1 βίβλος n nom sg fem book, scroll; record2 γένεσις n gen sg fem lineage; birth;

existence; life3 μετοικεσία n gen sg fem deportation4 μετοικεσία n acc sg fem deportation5 δεκατέσσαρες adj nom pl fem fourteen

6 γένεσις n nom sg fem birth; existence; life; lineage

7 μνηστεύω vb aor pass ptcp, gen sg fem betroth

8 πρίν adv before9 γαστήρ n dat sg fem womb; belly

ΕΥΑΓΓΕΛΙΟΝ   ΚΑΤΑ  ΜΑΘΘΑΙΟΝ

1 Βίβλος1 γενέσεως2 Ἰησοῦ χριστοῦ υἱοῦ Δαυεὶδ υἱοῦ Ἁβραάμ. 2 Ἁβραὰμ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἰσαάκ· Ἰσαὰκ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἰακώβ· Ἰακὼβ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἰούδαν καὶ τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς αὐτοῦ· 3 Ἰούδας δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Φαρὲς καὶ τὸν Ζαρὰ ἐκ τῆς Θάμαρ· Φαρὲς δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἐσρώμ· Ἐσρὼμ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἀράμ· 4 Ἀρὰμ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἀμιναδάβ· Ἀμιναδὰβ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ναασσών· Ναασσὼν δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Σαλμών· 5 Σαλμὼν δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Βοὲς ἐκ τῆς Ῥαχάβ· Βοὲς δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἰωβὴδ ἐκ τῆς Ῥούθ· Ἰωβὴδ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἰεσσαί· 6 Ἰεσσαὶ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Δαυεὶδ τὸν βασιλέα· Δαυεὶδ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Σολομῶνα ἐκ τῆς τοῦ Οὐρίου· 7 Σολομὼν δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ῥοβοάμ· Ῥοβοὰμ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἀβιά· Ἀβιὰ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἀσάφ· 8 Ἀσὰφ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἰωσαφάτ· Ἰωσαφὰτ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἰωράμ· Ἰωρὰμ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ὀζείαν· 9 Ὀζείας δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἰωάθαμ· Ἰωάθαμ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἄχαζ· Ἄχαζ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἑζεκίαν· 10 Ἑζεκίας δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Μανασσῆ· Μανασσῆς δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἀμώς· Ἀμὼς δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἰωσείαν· 11 Ἰωσείας δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἰεχονίαν καὶ τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ τῆς μετοικεσίας3 Βαβυλῶνος.

12 Μετὰ δὲ τὴν μετοικεσίαν4 Βαβυλῶνος Ἰεχονίας ἐγέννησεν τὸν Σαλαθιήλ· Σαλαθιὴλ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ζοροβάβελ· 13 Ζοροβάβελ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἀβιούδ· Ἀβιοὺδ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἐλιακείμ· Ἐλιακεὶμ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἀζώρ· 14 Ἀζὼρ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Σαδώκ· Σαδὼκ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἀχείμ· Ἀχεὶμ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἐλιούδ· 15 Ἐλιοὺδ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἐλεάζαρ· Ἐλεάζαρ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ματθάν· Ματθὰν δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἰακώβ· 16 Ἰακὼβ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἰωσὴφ τὸν ἄνδρα Μαρίας ἐξ ἧς ἐγεννήθη Ἰησοῦς ὁ λεγόμενος χριστός.

17 Πᾶσαι οὖν αἱ γενεαὶ ἀπὸ Ἁβραὰμ ἕως Δαυεὶδ γενεαὶ δεκατέσσαρες5 καὶ ἀπὸ Δαυεὶδ ἕως τῆς μετοικεσίας3 Βαβυλῶνος γενεαὶ δεκατέσσαρες5 καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς μετοικεσίας3 Βαβυλῶνος ἕως τοῦ χριστοῦ γενεαὶ δεκατέσσαρες.5

18 Τοῦ δὲ Ἰησοῦ χριστοῦ ἡ γένεσις6 οὕτως ἦν· μνηστευθείσης7 τῆς μητρὸς αὐτοῦ Μαρίας τῷ Ἰωσήφ, πρὶν8 ἢ συνελθεῖν αὐτοὺς εὑρέθη ἐν γαστρὶ9

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1 δειγματίζω vb aor act infin disgrace, make an example of

2 λάθρα adv secretly3 ἐνθυμέομαι vb aor pass ptcp, gen sg masc

reflect, think4 ὄναρ n acc sg neut dream5 τίκτω vb 3rd sg, fut mid indic give birth to,

produce6 παρθένος n nom sg fem virgin7 γαστήρ n dat sg fem womb; belly8 μεθερμηνεύω vb pres pass ptcp, nom sg

neut translate9 ὕπνος n gen sg masc sleep10 προστάσσω vb 3rd sg, aor act indic

command, order11 τίκτω vb 3rd sg, aor act indic give birth to,

produce12 μάγος n nom pl masc wise man, magician13 ἀνατολή n gen pl fem east; rising14 τίκτω vb aor pass ptcp, nom sg masc

give birth to, produce

15 ἀστήρ n acc sg masc star16 ἀνατολή n dat sg fem rising; east17 ταράσσω vb 3rd sg, aor pass indic disturb,

stir up18 πυνθάνομαι vb 3rd sg, impf mid indic

inquire; learn by inquiry19 οὐδαμῶς adv by no means20 ἐλάχιστος adj nom sg fem, superl

least, very small, insignificant21 ἡγεμών n dat pl masc ruler; governor22 ποιμαίνω vb 3rd sg, fut act indic shepherd,

tend

a φαίνω vb 3rd sg, aor pass indic b γίνομαι vb 3rd sg, perf act indic c λέγω vb aor pass ptcp, nom sg neut d ἔχω vb 3rd sg, fut act indic e ἐγείρω vb aor pass ptcp, nom sg masc f συνάγω vb aor act ptcp, nom sg masc g ἐξέρχομαι vb 3rd sg, fut mid indic

ἔχουσα ἐκ πνεύματος ἁγίου. 19 Ἰωσὴφ δὲ ὁ ἀνὴρ αὐτῆς, δίκαιος ὢν καὶ μὴ θέλων αὐτὴν δειγματίσαι,1 ἐβουλήθη λάθρα2 ἀπολῦσαι αὐτήν.

20 Ταῦτα δὲ αὐτοῦ ἐνθυμηθέντος3 ἰδοὺ ἄγγελος κυρίου κατ᾽ ὄναρ4 ἐφάνηa αὐτῷ λέγων· Ἰωσὴφ υἱὸς Δαυείδ, μὴ φοβηθῇς παραλαβεῖν Μαριὰμ τὴν γυναῖκά σου· τὸ γὰρ ἐν αὐτῇ γεννηθὲν ἐκ πνεύματός ἐστιν ἁγίου. 21 τέξεται5 δὲ υἱόν, καὶ καλέσεις τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ Ἰησοῦν· αὐτὸς γὰρ σώσει τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν αὐτῶν.

22 Τοῦτο δὲ ὅλον γέγονενb ἵνα πληρωθῇ τὸ ῥηθὲν c ὑπὸ κυρίου διὰ τοῦ προφήτου λέγοντος· 23 ἰδοὺ ἡ παρθένος6 ἐν γαστρὶ7 ἕξειd καὶ τέξεται5 υἱόν, καὶ καλέσουσιν τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ Ἐμμανουήλ, ὅ ἐστιν μεθερμηνευόμενον·8 μεθ᾽ ἡμῶν ὁ θεός.

24 Ἐγερθεὶςe δὲ ὁ Ἰωσὴφ ἀπὸ τοῦ ὕπνου9 ἐποίησεν ὡς προσέταξεν10 αὐτῷ ὁ ἄγγελος κυρίου· καὶ παρέλαβεν τὴν γυναῖκα αὐτοῦ 25 καὶ οὐκ ἐγίνωσκεν αὐτὴν ἕως οὗ ἔτεκεν11 υἱόν, καὶ ἐκάλεσεν τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ Ἰησοῦν.

2 Τοῦ δὲ Ἰησοῦ γεννηθέντος ἐν Βηθλεὲμ τῆς Ἰουδαίας ἐν ἡμέραις Ἡρώδου τοῦ βασιλέως ἰδοὺ μάγοι12 ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν13 παρεγένοντο εἰς Ἱεροσόλυμα 2 λέγοντες· ποῦ ἐστιν ὁ τεχθεὶς14 βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων; εἴδομεν γὰρ αὐτοῦ τὸν ἀστέρα15 ἐν τῇ ἀνατολῇ16 καὶ ἤλθομεν προσκυνῆσαι αὐτῷ.

3 Ἀκούσας δὲ ὁ βασιλεὺς Ἡρώδης ἐταράχθη17 καὶ πᾶσα Ἱεροσόλυμα μετ᾽ αὐτοῦ, 4 καὶ συναγαγὼν f πάντας τοὺς ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ γραμματεῖς τοῦ λαοῦ ἐπυνθάνετο18 παρ᾽ αὐτῶν ποῦ ὁ χριστὸς γεννᾶται. 5 οἱ δὲ εἶπον αὐτῷ· ἐν Βηθλεὲμ τῆς Ἰουδαίας. οὕτως γὰρ γέγραπται διὰ τοῦ προφήτου· 6 καὶ σὺ Βηθλεὲμ γῆ Ἰούδα, οὐδαμῶς19 ἐλαχίστη20 εἶ ἐν τοῖς ἡγεμόσιν21 Ἰούδα· ἐκ σοῦ γὰρ ἐξελεύσεταιg ἡγούμενος ὅστις ποιμανεῖ22 τὸν λαόν μου τὸν Ἰσραήλ.

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3  ΚΑΤΑ  ΜΑΘΘΑΙΟΝ   2:16

7 Τότε Ἡρώδης λάθρα1 καλέσας τοὺς μάγους2 ἠκρίβωσεν3 παρ᾽ αὐτῶν τὸν χρόνον τοῦ φαινομένου ἀστέρος,4 8 καὶ πέμψας αὐτοὺς εἰς Βηθλεὲμ εἶπεν· πορευθέντες ἐξετάσατε5 ἀκριβῶς6 περὶ τοῦ παιδίου. ἐπὰν7 δὲ εὕρητε, ἀπαγγείλατέa μοι ὅπως κἀγὼ ἐλθὼν προσκυνήσω αὐτῷ.

9 Οἱ δὲ ἀκούσαντες τοῦ βασιλέως ἐπορεύθησαν. καὶ ἰδοὺ ὁ ἀστὴρ8 ὃν εἶδον ἐν τῇ ἀνατολῇ9 προῆγεν10 αὐτοὺς ἕως ἐλθὼν ἐστάθη ἐπάνω11 οὗ12 ἦν τὸ παιδίον. 10 ἰδόντες δὲ τὸν ἀστέρα13 ἐχάρησανb χαρὰν μεγάλην σφόδρα,14 11 καὶ ἐλθόντες εἰς τὴν οἰκίαν εἶδον τὸ παιδίον μετὰ Μαρίας τῆς μητρὸς αὐτοῦ, καὶ πεσόντες προσεκύνησαν αὐτῷ, καὶ ἀνοίξαντεςc τοὺς θησαυροὺς15 αὐτῶν προσήνεγκανd αὐτῷ δῶρα,16 χρυσὸν17 καὶ λίβανον18 καὶ σμύρναν.19 12 καὶ χρηματισθέντες20 κατ᾽ ὄναρ21 μὴ ἀνακάμψαι22 πρὸς Ἡρώδην, δι᾽ ἄλλης ὁδοῦ ἀνεχώρησαν23 εἰς τὴν χώραν αὐτῶν.

13 Ἀναχωρησάντων24 δὲ αὐτῶν ἰδοὺ ἄγγελος κυρίου φαίνεται κατ᾽ ὄναρ21 τῷ Ἰωσὴφ λέγων· ἐγερθεὶςe παράλαβε τὸ παιδίον καὶ τὴν μητέρα αὐτοῦ καὶ φεῦγε εἰς Αἴγυπτον καὶ ἴσθι f ἐκεῖ ἕως ἂν εἴπω σοι· μέλλει γὰρ Ἡρώδης ζητεῖν τὸ παιδίον τοῦ ἀπολέσαιg αὐτό. 14 ὁ δὲ ἐγερθεὶςe παρέλαβε τὸ παιδίον καὶ τὴν μητέρα αὐτοῦ νυκτὸς καὶ ἀνεχώρησεν25 εἰς Αἴγυπτον, 15 καὶ ἦν ἐκεῖ ἕως τῆς τελευτῆς26 Ἡρώδου, ἵνα πληρωθῇ τὸ ῥηθὲνh ὑπὸ κυρίου διὰ τοῦ προφήτου λέγοντος· ἐξ Αἰγύπτου ἐκάλεσα τὸν υἱόν μου.

16 Τότε Ἡρώδης ἰδὼν ὅτι ἐνεπαίχθη27 ὑπὸ τῶν μάγων28 ἐθυμώθη29 λίαν,30

1 λάθρα adv secretly2 μάγος n acc pl masc wise man, magician3 ἀκριβόω vb 3rd sg, aor act indic ascertain

exactly and thoroughly4 ἀστήρ n gen sg masc star5 ἐξετάζω vb 2nd pl, aor act impv search;

question6 ἀκριβῶς adv carefully, accurately, exactly7 ἐπάν conj when, as soon as8 ἀστήρ n nom sg masc star9 ἀνατολή n dat sg fem rising; east10 προάγω vb 3rd sg, impf act indic

go before; bring forth11 ἐπάνω prep over, on, above, more than12 οὗ adv where; while13 ἀστήρ n acc sg masc star14 σφόδρα adv extremely, very much15 θησαυρός n acc pl masc treasure; treasury16 δῶρον n acc pl neut gift17 χρυσός n acc sg masc gold18 λίβανος n acc sg masc frankincense19 σμύρνα n acc sg fem myrrh20 χρηματίζω vb aor pass ptcp, nom pl masc

make known a divine injunction or warning; be called

21 ὄναρ n acc sg neut dream22 ἀνακάμπτω vb aor act infin return23 ἀναχωρέω vb 3rd pl, aor act indic

go away, withdraw; return24 ἀναχωρέω vb aor act ptcp, gen pl masc

go away, withdraw; return25 ἀναχωρέω vb 3rd sg, aor act indic

go away, withdraw; return26 τελευτή n gen sg fem death27 ἐμπαίζω vb 3rd sg, aor pass indic trick;

mock28 μάγος n gen pl masc wise man, magician29 θυμόομαι vb 3rd sg, aor pass indic

be angry30 λίαν adv exceedingly, excessively

a ἀπαγγέλλω vb 2nd pl, aor act impv b χαίρω vb 3rd pl, aor pass indic c ἀνοίγω vb aor act ptcp, nom pl masc d προσφέρω vb 3rd pl, aor act indic e ἐγείρω vb aor pass ptcp, nom sg masc f εἰμί vb 2nd sg, pres act impv g ἀπόλλυμι vb aor act infin h λέγω vb aor pass ptcp, nom sg neut

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1 ἀναιρέω vb 3rd sg, aor act indic kill, destroy; take up; take away

2 παῖς n acc pl masc boy, child; (male) servant, slave

3 ὅριον n dat pl neut region, boundary4 διετής adj gen sg masc two years old5 κατωτέρω adv, compar lower, under6 ἀκριβόω vb 3rd sg, aor act indic ascertain

exactly and thoroughly7 μάγος n gen pl masc wise man, magician8 κλαυθμός n nom sg masc weeping9 ὀδυρμός n nom sg masc mourning10 τελευτάω vb aor act ptcp, gen sg masc die11 ὄναρ n acc sg neut dream12 θνῄσκω vb 3rd pl, perf act indic die13 βασιλεύω vb 3rd sg, pres act indic reign,

be king, become king14 ἀντί prep in place of, for, instead of,

because of

15 χρηματίζω vb aor pass ptcp, nom sg masc make known a divine injunction or warning; be called

16 ἀναχωρέω vb 3rd sg, aor act indic withdraw, go away; return

17 βαπτιστής n nom sg masc baptizer, ritual washer

18 βοάω vb pres act ptcp, gen sg masc shout19 τρίβος n acc pl fem path20 ἔνδυμα n acc sg neut clothing21 θρίξ n gen pl fem hair22 κάμηλος n gen sg fem camel

a ἀποστέλλω vb aor act ptcp, nom sg masc b λέγω vb aor pass ptcp, nom sg neut c παρακαλέω vb aor pass infin d ἐγείρω vb aor pass ptcp, nom sg masc e καλέω vb 3rd sg, fut pass indic f ἐγγίζω vb 3rd sg, perf act indic g λέγω vb aor pass ptcp, nom sg masc

καὶ ἀποστείλαςa ἀνεῖλεν1 πάντας τοὺς παῖδας2 τοὺς ἐν Βηθλεὲμ καὶ ἐν πᾶσιν τοῖς ὁρίοις3 αὐτῆς ἀπὸ διετοῦς4 καὶ κατωτέρω5 κατὰ τὸν χρόνον ὃν ἠκρίβωσεν6 παρὰ τῶν μάγων.7

17 Τότε ἐπληρώθη τὸ ῥηθὲνb διὰ Ἱερεμίου τοῦ προφήτου λέγοντος· 18 φωνὴ ἐν Ῥαμᾶ ἠκούσθη, κλαυθμὸς8 καὶ ὀδυρμὸς9 πολύς, Ῥαχὴλ κλαίουσα τὰ τέκνα αὐτῆς, καὶ οὐκ ἤθελεν παρακληθῆναιc ὅτι οὐκ εἰσίν.

19 Τελευτήσαντος10 δὲ τοῦ Ἡρώδου ἰδοὺ ἄγγελος κυρίου φαίνεται κατ᾽ ὄναρ11 τῷ Ἰωσὴφ ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ 20 λέγων· ἐγερθεὶςd παράλαβε τὸ παιδίον καὶ τὴν μητέρα αὐτοῦ καὶ πορεύου εἰς γῆν Ἰσραήλ· τεθνήκασιν12 γὰρ οἱ ζητοῦντες τὴν ψυχὴν τοῦ παιδίου.

21 Ὁ δὲ ἐγερθεὶςd παρέλαβε τὸ παιδίον καὶ τὴν μητέρα αὐτοῦ καὶ εἰσῆλθεν εἰς γῆν Ἰσραήλ.

22 Ἀκούσας δὲ ὅτι Ἀρχέλαος βασιλεύει13 τῆς Ἰουδαίας ἀντὶ14 τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ Ἡρώδου ἐφοβήθη ἐκεῖ ἀπελθεῖν. χρηματισθεὶς15 δὲ κατ᾽ ὄναρ11 ἀνεχώρησεν16 εἰς τὰ μέρη τῆς Γαλιλαίας, 23 καὶ ἐλθὼν κατῴκησεν εἰς πόλιν λεγομένην Ναζαρέτ, ὅπως πληρωθῇ τὸ ῥηθὲνb διὰ τῶν προφητῶν ὅτι Ναζωραῖος κληθήσεται.e

3 Ἐν δὲ ταῖς ἡμέραις ἐκείναις παραγίνεται Ἰωάννης ὁ βαπτιστὴς17 κηρύσσων ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ τῆς Ἰουδαίας 2 καὶ λέγων· μετανοεῖτε· ἤγγικεν f γὰρ ἡ βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν. 3 οὗτος γάρ ἐστιν ὁ ῥηθεὶςg διὰ Ἡσαΐου τοῦ προφήτου λέγοντος· φωνὴ βοῶντος18 ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ ἑτοιμάσατε τὴν ὁδὸν κυρίου, εὐθείας ποιεῖτε τὰς τρίβους19 αὐτοῦ.

4 Αὐτὸς δὲ ὁ Ἰωάννης εἶχεν τὸ ἔνδυμα20 αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ τριχῶν21 καμήλου22

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καὶ ζώνην1 δερματίνην2 περὶ τὴν ὀσφῦν3 αὐτοῦ· ἡ δὲ τροφὴ4 ἦν αὐτοῦ ἀκρίδες5 καὶ μέλι6 ἄγριον.7

5 Τότε ἐξεπορεύετο πρὸς αὐτὸν Ἱεροσόλυμα καὶ πᾶσα ἡ Ἰουδαία καὶ πᾶσα ἡ περίχωρος8 τοῦ Ἰορδάνου, 6 καὶ ἐβαπτίζοντο ἐν τῷ Ἰορδάνῃ ποταμῷ9 ὑπ᾽ αὐτοῦ ἐξομολογούμενοι10 τὰς ἁμαρτίας αὐτῶν.

7 Ἰδὼν δὲ πολλοὺς τῶν Φαρισαίων καὶ Σαδδουκαίων ἐρχομένους ἐπὶ τὸ βάπτισμα11 αὐτοῦ εἶπεν αὐτοῖς· γεννήματα12 ἐχιδνῶν,13 τίς ὑπέδειξεν14 ὑμῖν φυγεῖνa ἀπὸ τῆς μελλούσης ὀργῆς; 8 ποιήσατε οὖν καρπὸν ἄξιον τῆς μετανοίας.15 9 καὶ μὴ δόξητεb λέγειν ἐν ἑαυτοῖς· πατέρα ἔχομεν τὸν Ἁβραάμ· λέγω γὰρ ὑμῖν ὅτι δύναται ὁ θεὸς ἐκ τῶν λίθων τούτων ἐγεῖραι τέκνα τῷ Ἁβραάμ.

10 Ἤδη δὲ ἡ ἀξίνη16 πρὸς τὴν ῥίζαν17 τῶν δένδρων 18 κεῖται.19 πᾶν οὖν δένδρον20 μὴ ποιοῦν καρπὸν καλὸν ἐκκόπτεται21 καὶ εἰς πῦρ βάλλεται. 11 ἐγὼ μὲν ὑμᾶς βαπτίζω ἐν ὕδατι εἰς μετάνοιαν,22 ὁ δὲ ὀπίσω μου ἐρχόμενος ἰσχυρότερός μου ἐστὶν οὗ οὐκ εἰμὶ ἱκανὸς τὰ ὑποδήματα23 βαστάσαι· αὐτὸς ὑμᾶς βαπτίσει ἐν πνεύματι ἁγίῳ καὶ πυρί· 12 οὗ τὸ πτύον24 ἐν τῇ χειρὶ αὐτοῦ, καὶ διακαθαριεῖ25 τὴν ἅλωνα26 αὐτοῦ καὶ συνάξει c τὸν σῖτον27 αὐτοῦ εἰς τὴν ἀποθήκην,28 τὸ δὲ ἄχυρον 29 κατακαύσει30 πυρὶ ἀσβέστῳ.31

13 Τότε παραγίνεται ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἀπὸ τῆς Γαλιλαίας ἐπὶ τὸν Ἰορδάνην πρὸς τὸν Ἰωάννην τοῦ βαπτισθῆναι ὑπ᾽ αὐτοῦ. 14 ὁ δὲ Ἰωάννης διεκώλυεν32 αὐτὸν λέγων· ἐγὼ χρείαν ἔχω ὑπὸ σοῦ βαπτισθῆναι, καὶ σὺ ἔρχῃ πρός

1 ζώνη n acc sg fem belt, sash2 δερμάτινος adj acc sg fem leather3 ὀσφῦς n acc sg fem waist, loins4 τροφή n nom sg fem food5 ἀκρίς n nom pl fem locust6 μέλι n nom sg neut honey7 ἄγριος adj nom sg neut wild8 περίχωρος adj nom sg fem surrounding

region9 ποταμός n dat sg masc river10 ἐξομολογέω vb pres mid ptcp, nom pl masc

confess, profess; consent; praise, thank11 βάπτισμα n acc sg neut baptism, ritual

washing12 γέννημα n voc pl neut offspring13 ἔχιδνα n gen pl fem snake14 ὑποδείκνυμι vb 3rd sg, aor act indic

show, prove15 μετάνοια n gen sg fem repentance, change

of mind16 ἀξίνη n nom sg fem axe17 ῥίζα n acc sg fem root; shoot; source18 δένδρον n gen pl neut tree

19 κεῖμαι vb 3rd sg, pres mid indic lie, recline; exist, be appointed for

20 δένδρον n nom sg neut tree21 ἐκκόπτω vb 3rd sg, pres pass indic

cut down, cut off22 μετάνοια n acc sg fem repentance, change

of mind23 ὑπόδημα n acc pl neut sandal24 πτύον n nom sg neut winnowing fork25 διακαθαρίζω vb 3rd sg, fut act indic clean

thoroughly, purify thoroughly26 ἅλων n acc sg fem threshing floor;

threshed grain27 σῖτος n acc sg masc grain28 ἀποθήκη n acc sg fem barn, storehouse29 ἄχυρον n acc sg neut chaff30 κατακαίω vb 3rd sg, fut act indic burn up31 ἄσβεστος adj dat sg neut inextinguishable32 διακωλύω vb 3rd sg, impf act indic

prevent

a φεύγω vb aor act infin b δοκέω vb 2nd pl, aor act subj c συνάγω vb 3rd sg, fut act indic

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1 πρέπω vb pres act ptcp, nom sg neut be fitting

2 ὡσεί conj like, as, approximately3 περιστερά n acc sg fem dove, pigeon4 εὐδοκέω vb 1st sg, aor act indic be pleased5 ἀνάγω vb 3rd sg, aor pass indic lead up,

bring up; offer up; bring before; put out to sea

6 νηστεύω vb aor act ptcp, nom sg masc fast7 τεσσεράκοντα adj acc pl fem forty8 ὕστερος adj acc sg neut, compar later;

second, latter; last9 πεινάω vb 3rd sg, aor act indic be hungry;

hunger for10 πτερύγιον n acc sg neut pinnacle, tip,

highest point11 κάτω adv down; below; at the bottom12 ἐντέλλομαι vb 3rd sg, fut mid indic

command, order13 μήποτε conj lest, lest perhaps

14 προσκόπτω vb 2nd sg, aor act subj strike against; stumble; take offense at

15 ἐκπειράζω vb 2nd sg, fut act indic test, tempt

16 ὑψηλός adj acc sg neut high, proud17 λίαν adv exceedingly, excessively18 λατρεύω vb 2nd sg, fut act indic serve,

worship19 ἀναχωρέω vb 3rd sg, aor act indic

withdraw, go away; return

a ἀφίημι vb 2nd sg, aor act impv b ἀφίημι vb 3rd sg, pres act indic c ἀναβαίνω vb 3rd sg, aor act indic d ἀνοίγω vb 3rd pl, aor pass indic e γίνομαι vb 3rd pl, aor mid subj f βάλλω vb 2nd sg, aor act impv g αἴρω vb 3rd pl, fut act indic h δείκνυμι vb 3rd sg, pres act indic i δίδωμι vb 1st sg, fut act indic

με; 15 ἀποκριθεὶς δὲ ὁ Ἰησοῦς εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτόν· ἄφεςa ἄρτι· οὕτω γὰρ πρέπον1 ἐστὶν ἡμῖν πληρῶσαι πᾶσαν δικαιοσύνην. τότε ἀφίησινb αὐτόν.

16 Βαπτισθεὶς δὲ ὁ Ἰησοῦς εὐθὺς ἀνέβηc ἀπὸ τοῦ ὕδατος. καὶ ἰδοὺ ἀνεῴχθησαν d αὐτῷ οἱ οὐρανοί, καὶ εἶδεν τὸ πνεῦμα τοῦ θεοῦ καταβαῖνον ὡσεὶ2 περιστερὰν3 καὶ ἐρχόμενον ἐπ᾽ αὐτόν. 17 καὶ ἰδοὺ φωνὴ ἐκ τῶν οὐρανῶν λέγουσα· οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ υἱός μου ὁ ἀγαπητὸς ἐν ᾧ εὐδόκησα.4

4 Τότε ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἀνήχθη5 εἰς τὴν ἔρημον ὑπὸ τοῦ πνεύματος πειρασθῆναι ὑπὸ τοῦ διαβόλου. 2 καὶ νηστεύσας6 ἡμέρας τεσσεράκοντα7 καὶ νύκτας τεσσεράκοντα7 ὕστερον8 ἐπείνασεν.9 3 καὶ προσελθὼν ὁ πειράζων εἶπεν αὐτῷ· εἰ υἱὸς εἶ τοῦ θεοῦ, εἰπὲ ἵνα οἱ λίθοι οὗτοι ἄρτοι γένωνται.e

4 Ὁ δὲ ἀποκριθεὶς εἶπεν· γέγραπται· οὐκ ἐπ᾽ ἄρτῳ μόνῳ ζήσεται ὁ ἄνθρωπος, ἀλλ᾽ ἐπὶ παντὶ ῥήματι ἐκπορευομένῳ διὰ στόματος θεοῦ.

5 Τότε παραλαμβάνει αὐτὸν ὁ διάβολος εἰς τὴν ἁγίαν πόλιν καὶ ἔστησεν αὐτὸν ἐπὶ τὸ πτερύγιον10 τοῦ ἱεροῦ 6 καὶ λέγει αὐτῷ· εἰ υἱὸς εἶ τοῦ θεοῦ, βάλε f σεαυτὸν κάτω·11 γέγραπται γὰρ ὅτι τοῖς ἀγγέλοις αὐτοῦ ἐντελεῖται12 περὶ σοῦ, καὶ ἐπὶ χειρῶν ἀροῦσίνg σε μήποτε13 προσκόψῃς14 πρὸς λίθον τὸν πόδα σου. 7 ἔφη αὐτῷ ὁ Ἰησοῦς· πάλιν γέγραπται· οὐκ ἐκπειράσεις15 κύριον τὸν θεόν σου.

8 Πάλιν παραλαμβάνει αὐτὸν ὁ διάβολος εἰς ὄρος ὑψηλὸν16 λίαν17 καὶ δείκνυσινh αὐτῷ πάσας τὰς βασιλείας τοῦ κόσμου καὶ τὴν δόξαν αὐτῶν 9 καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ· ταῦτά σοι πάντα δώσω,i ἐὰν πεσὼν προσκυνήσῃς μοι.

10 Τότε λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ Ἰησοῦς· ὕπαγε σατανᾶ· γέγραπται γάρ· κύριον τὸν θεόν σου προσκυνήσεις καὶ αὐτῷ μόνῳ λατρεύσεις.18 11 τότε ἀφίησινb αὐτὸν ὁ διάβολος, καὶ ἰδοὺ ἄγγελοι προσῆλθον καὶ διηκόνουν αὐτῷ.

12 Ἀκούσας δὲ ὅτι Ἰωάννης παρεδόθη ἀνεχώρησεν19 εἰς τὴν Γαλιλαίαν.

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13 καὶ καταλιπὼν1 τὴν Ναζαρά, ἐλθὼν κατῴκησεν εἰς Καφαρναοὺμ τὴν παραθαλασσίαν2 ἐν ὁρίοις3 Ζαβουλὼν καὶ Νεφθαλείμ, 14 ἵνα πληρωθῇ τὸ ῥηθὲνa διὰ Ἡσαΐου τοῦ προφήτου λέγοντος· 15 γῆ Ζαβουλὼν καὶ γῆ Νεφθαλείμ, ὁδὸν θαλάσσης πέραν4 τοῦ Ἰορδάνου, Γαλιλαία τῶν ἐθνῶν, 16 ὁ λαὸς ὁ καθήμενος ἐν σκοτίᾳ5 φῶς εἶδεν μέγα, καὶ τοῖς καθημένοις ἐν χώρᾳ καὶ σκιᾷ6 θανάτου φῶς ἀνέτειλεν7 αὐτοῖς.

17 Ἀπὸ τότε ἤρξατο ὁ Ἰησοῦς κηρύσσειν καὶ λέγειν· μετανοεῖτε· ἤγγικενb γὰρ ἡ βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν.

18 Περιπατῶν δὲ παρὰ τὴν θάλασσαν τῆς Γαλιλαίας εἶδεν δύο ἀδελφούς, Σίμωνα τὸν λεγόμενον Πέτρον καὶ Ἀνδρέαν τὸν ἀδελφὸν αὐτοῦ βάλλοντας ἀμφίβληστρον8 εἰς τὴν θάλασσαν· ἦσαν γὰρ ἁλεεῖς.9 19 καὶ λέγει αὐτοῖς· δεῦτε10 ὀπίσω μου, καὶ ποιήσω ὑμᾶς ἁλεεῖς11 ἀνθρώπων. 20 οἱ δὲ εὐθέως ἀφέντεςc τὰ δίκτυα12 ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ.

21 Καὶ προβὰς13 ἐκεῖθεν εἶδεν ἄλλους δύο ἀδελφούς, Ἰάκωβον τὸν τοῦ Ζεβεδαίου καὶ Ἰωάννην τὸν ἀδελφὸν αὐτοῦ ἐν τῷ πλοίῳ μετὰ Ζεβεδαίου τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτῶν καταρτίζοντας14 τὰ δίκτυα12 αὐτῶν, καὶ ἐκάλεσεν αὐτούς. 22 οἱ δὲ εὐθέως ἀφέντεςc τὸ πλοῖον καὶ τὸν πατέρα αὐτῶν ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ.

23 Καὶ περιῆγεν15 ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐν ὅλῃ τῇ Γαλιλαίᾳ διδάσκων ἐν ταῖς συναγωγαῖς αὐτῶν καὶ κηρύσσων τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τῆς βασιλείας καὶ θεραπεύων πᾶσαν νόσον16 καὶ πᾶσαν μαλακίαν17 ἐν τῷ λαῷ.

24 Καὶ ἀπῆλθεν ἡ ἀκοὴ18 αὐτοῦ εἰς ὅλην τὴν Συρίαν· καὶ προσήνεγκαν d αὐτῷ πάντας τοὺς κακῶς19 ἔχοντας, ποικίλαις20 νόσοις21 καὶ βασάνοις22 συνεχομένους,23 δαιμονιζομένους24 καὶ σεληνιαζομένους25 καὶ

1 καταλείπω vb aor act ptcp, nom sg masc leave, leave behind

2 παραθαλάσσιος adj acc sg fem by the sea, by the lake

3 ὅριον n dat pl neut region, boundary4 πέραν prep beyond, on the other side of5 σκοτία n dat sg fem darkness6 σκιά n dat sg fem shadow, shade7 ἀνατέλλω vb 3rd sg, aor act indic

rise; cause to rise; be a descendant8 ἀμφίβληστρον n acc sg neut casting net9 ἁλεεύς n nom pl masc fisherman10 δεῦτε adv (come) here!11 ἁλεεύς n acc pl masc fisherman12 δίκτυον n acc pl neut net13 προβαίνω vb aor act ptcp, nom sg masc

go ahead, advance14 καταρτίζω vb pres act ptcp, acc pl masc

restore, make complete; prepare, create15 περιάγω vb 3rd sg, impf act indic

go around; lead around

16 νόσος n acc sg fem disease17 μαλακία n acc sg fem sickness, weakness18 ἀκοή n nom sg fem report, rumor;

hearing; listening; ear19 κακῶς adv badly; wrongly20 ποικίλος adj dat pl fem various; deceitful21 νόσος n dat pl fem disease22 βάσανος n dat pl fem torture, torment23 συνέχω vb pres pass ptcp, acc pl masc

afflict, seize; stop up; hold in custody; press hard; occupy with; control

24 δαιμονίζομαι vb pres mid ptcp, acc pl masc be demon possessed

25 σεληνιάζομαι vb pres mid ptcp, acc pl masc be an epileptic; have seizures

a λέγω vb aor pass ptcp, nom sg neut b ἐγγίζω vb 3rd sg, perf act indic c ἀφίημι vb aor act ptcp, nom pl masc d προσφέρω vb 3rd pl, aor act indic

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1 παραλυτικός adj acc pl masc paralyzed2 πέραν prep beyond, on the other side of3 πενθέω vb pres act ptcp, nom pl masc mourn4 πραΰς adj nom pl masc gentle, humble5 κληρονομέω vb 3rd pl, fut act indic

inherit; acquire6 πεινάω vb pres act ptcp, nom pl masc

be hungry; hunger for7 διψάω vb pres act ptcp, nom pl masc

be thirsty8 χορτάζω vb 3rd pl, fut pass indic satisfy, feed9 ἐλεήμων adj nom pl masc merciful,

having pity10 εἰρηνοποιός adj nom pl masc peacemaker11 ἕνεκα prep for the sake of, because of12 ὀνειδίζω vb 3rd pl, aor act subj reproach13 ψεύδομαι vb pres mid ptcp, nom pl masc lie14 ἀγαλλιάω vb 2nd pl, pres mid impv exult,

be extremely joyful15 ἅλας n nom sg neut salt

16 μωραίνω vb 3rd sg, aor pass subj make tasteless; make foolish

17 ἁλίζω vb 3rd sg, fut pass indic salt18 καταπατέω vb pres pass infin trample19 κρύπτω vb aor pass infin hide20 ἐπάνω prep on, over, above, more than21 κεῖμαι vb pres mid ptcp, nom sg fem

lie, recline; exist, be appointed for22 καίω vb 3rd pl, pres act indic set on fire,

burn23 λύχνος n acc sg masc lamp

a ἀναβαίνω vb 3rd sg, aor act indic b ἀνοίγω vb aor act ptcp, nom sg masc c παρακαλέω vb 3rd pl, fut pass indic d καλέω vb 3rd pl, fut pass indic e διώκω vb perf pass ptcp, nom pl masc f διώκω vb 3rd pl, aor act subj g διώκω vb 3rd pl, aor act indic h βάλλω vb aor pass ptcp, nom sg neut

παραλυτικούς·1 καὶ ἐθεράπευσεν αὐτούς. 25 καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ ὄχλοι πολλοὶ ἀπὸ τῆς Γαλιλαίας καὶ Δεκαπόλεως καὶ Ἱεροσολύμων καὶ Ἰουδαίας καὶ πέραν2 τοῦ Ἰορδάνου.

5 Ἰδὼν δὲ τοὺς ὄχλους ἀνέβηa εἰς τὸ ὄρος, καὶ καθίσαντος αὐτοῦ προσῆλθαν αὐτῷ οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ. 2 καὶ ἀνοίξαςb τὸ στόμα αὐτοῦ ἐδίδασκεν αὐτοὺς λέγων·

3 Μακάριοι οἱ πτωχοὶ τῷ πνεύματι, ὅτι αὐτῶν ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν. 4 Μακάριοι οἱ πενθοῦντες,3 ὅτι αὐτοὶ παρακληθήσονται.c 5 Μακάριοι οἱ πραεῖς,4 ὅτι αὐτοὶ κληρονομήσουσιν5 τὴν γῆν. 6 Μακάριοι οἱ πεινῶντες6 καὶ διψῶντες7 τὴν δικαιοσύνην, ὅτι αὐτοὶ

χορτασθήσονται.8 7 Μακάριοι οἱ ἐλεήμονες,9 ὅτι αὐτοὶ ἐλεηθήσονται. 8 Μακάριοι οἱ καθαροὶ τῇ καρδίᾳ, ὅτι αὐτοὶ τὸν θεὸν ὄψονται. 9 Μακάριοι οἱ εἰρηνοποιοί,10 ὅτι αὐτοὶ υἱοὶ θεοῦ κληθήσονται.d 10 Μακάριοι οἱ δεδιωγμένοιe ἕνεκεν11 δικαιοσύνης, ὅτι αὐτῶν ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία

τῶν οὐρανῶν. 11 Μακάριοί ἐστε, ὅταν ὀνειδίσωσιν12 ὑμᾶς καὶ διώξωσιν f καὶ εἴπωσιν

πᾶν πονηρὸν καθ᾽ ὑμῶν ψευδόμενοι13 ἕνεκεν11 ἐμοῦ. 12 χαίρετε καὶ ἀγαλλιᾶσθε,14 ὅτι ὁ μισθὸς ὑμῶν πολὺς ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς· οὕτως γὰρ ἐδίωξανg τοὺς προφήτας τοὺς πρὸ ὑμῶν.

13 Ὑμεῖς ἐστὲ τὸ ἅλας15 τῆς γῆς· ἐὰν δὲ τὸ ἅλας15 μωρανθῇ,16 ἐν τίνι ἁλισθήσεται;17 εἰς οὐδὲν ἰσχύει ἔτι εἰ μὴ βληθὲνh ἔξω καταπατεῖσθαι18 ὑπὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων.

14 Ὑμεῖς ἐστὲ τὸ φῶς τοῦ κόσμου· οὐ δύναται πόλις κρυβῆναι19 ἐπάνω20 ὄρους κειμένη·21 15 οὐδὲ καίουσιν22 λύχνον23 καὶ τιθέασιν αὐτὸν ὑπὸ τὸν

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μόδιον1 ἀλλ᾽ ἐπὶ τὴν λυχνίαν,2 καὶ λάμπει3 πᾶσιν τοῖς ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ. 16 οὕτως λαμψάτω4 τὸ φῶς ὑμῶν ἔμπροσθεν τῶν ἀνθρώπων ὅπως ἴδωσιν ὑμῶν τὰ καλὰ ἔργα καὶ δοξάσωσιν τὸν πατέρα ὑμῶν τὸν ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς.

17 Μὴ νομίσητε5 ὅτι ἦλθον καταλῦσαι6 τὸν νόμον ἢ τοὺς προφήτας· οὐκ ἦλθον καταλῦσαι6 ἀλλὰ πληρῶσαι. 18 ἀμὴν γὰρ λέγω ὑμῖν· ἕως ἂν παρέλθῃ ὁ οὐρανὸς καὶ ἡ γῆ, ἰῶτα7 ἓν ἢ μία κεραία8 οὐ μὴ παρέλθῃ ἀπὸ τοῦ νόμου ἕως ἂν πάντα γένηται.

19 Ὃς ἐὰν οὖν λύσῃ μίαν τῶν ἐντολῶν τούτων τῶν ἐλαχίστων9 καὶ διδάξῃa οὕτως τοὺς ἀνθρώπους, ἐλάχιστος10 κληθήσεταιb ἐν τῇ βασιλείᾳ τῶν οὐρανῶν. ὃς δ᾽ ἂν ποιήσῃ καὶ διδάξῃ,a οὗτος μέγας κληθήσεταιb ἐν τῇ βασιλείᾳ τῶν οὐρανῶν. 20 λέγω γὰρ ὑμῖν ὅτι ἐὰν μὴ περισσεύσῃ ὑμῶν ἡ δικαιοσύνη πλεῖον τῶν γραμματέων καὶ Φαρισαίων, οὐ μὴ εἰσέλθητε εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν τῶν οὐρανῶν.

21 Ἠκούσατε ὅτι ἐρρήθηc τοῖς ἀρχαίοις·11 οὐ φονεύσεις·12 ὃς δ᾽ ἂν φονεύσῃ,13 ἔνοχος14 ἔσται τῇ κρίσει· 22 ἐγὼ δὲ λέγω ὑμῖν ὅτι πᾶς ὁ ὀργιζόμενος15 τῷ ἀδελφῷ αὐτοῦ ἔνοχος14 ἔσται τῇ κρίσει· ὃς δ᾽ ἂν εἴπῃ τῷ ἀδελφῷ αὐτοῦ· ῥακά,16 ἔνοχος14 ἔσται τῷ συνεδρίῳ·17 ὃς δ᾽ ἂν εἴπῃ· μωρέ,18 ἔνοχος14 ἔσται εἰς τὴν γέενναν19 τοῦ πυρός.

23 Ἐὰν οὖν προσφέρῃς τὸ δῶρόν20 σου ἐπὶ τὸ θυσιαστήριον21 κἀκεῖ22 μνησθῇς23 ὅτι ὁ ἀδελφός σου ἔχει τί κατὰ σοῦ, 24 ἄφεςd ἐκεῖ τὸ δῶρόν20 σου ἔμπροσθεν τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου24 καὶ ὕπαγε, πρῶτον διαλλάγηθι25 τῷ ἀδελφῷ σου, καὶ τότε ἐλθὼν πρόσφερε τὸ δῶρόν20 σου.

1 μόδιος n acc sg masc basket, bushel (dry measure)

2 λυχνία n acc sg fem lampstand3 λάμπω vb 3rd sg, pres act indic shine4 λάμπω vb 3rd sg, aor act impv shine5 νομίζω vb 2nd pl, aor act subj think,

consider6 καταλύω vb aor act infin destroy; put an

end to; find lodging7 ἰῶτα n nom sg neut iota8 κεραία n nom sg fem hook, stroke9 ἐλάχιστος adj gen pl fem, superl least,

very small, insignificant10 ἐλάχιστος adj nom sg masc, superl

least, very small, insignificant11 ἀρχαῖος adj dat pl masc ancient, old12 φονεύω vb 2nd sg, fut act indic murder13 φονεύω vb 3rd sg, aor act subj murder14 ἔνοχος adj nom sg masc liable, guilty;

subject

15 ὀργίζομαι vb pres mid ptcp, nom sg masc be angry, become angry

16 ῥακά n voc sg masc rhaka, “fool” (Aramaic)17 συνέδριον n dat sg neut council;

Sanhedrin18 μωρός adj voc sg masc foolish19 γέεννα n acc sg fem hell, Gehenna20 δῶρον n acc sg neut gift21 θυσιαστήριον n acc sg neut altar22 κἀκεῖ conj and there; there also23 μιμνήσκομαι vb 2nd sg, aor pass subj

remember; mention24 θυσιαστήριον n gen sg neut altar25 διαλλάσσομαι vb 2nd sg, aor pass impv

be reconciled

a διδάσκω vb 3rd sg, aor act subj b καλέω vb 3rd sg, fut pass indic c λέγω vb 3rd sg, aor pass indic d ἀφίημι vb 2nd sg, aor act impv

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5:25  ΚΑΤΑ  ΜΑΘΘΑΙΟΝ   10

1 εὐνοέω vb pres act ptcp, nom sg masc come to terms, be favorable

2 ἀντίδικος n dat sg masc legal opponent3 ταχύς adj acc sg neut quick, fast4 μήποτε conj lest, lest perhaps5 ἀντίδικος n nom sg masc legal opponent6 κριτής n dat sg masc judge7 κριτής n nom sg masc judge8 ὑπηρέτης n dat sg masc assistant, servant9 κοδράντης n acc sg masc quadrans

(Roman copper coin)10 μοιχεύω vb 2nd sg, fut act indic commit

adultery11 ἐπιθυμέω vb aor act infin desire12 μοιχεύω vb 3rd sg, aor act indic commit

adultery13 ἐξαιρέω vb 2nd sg, aor act impv tear out,

take out; rescue14 συμφέρω vb 3rd sg, pres act indic

be better, be useful; bring together15 γέεννα n acc sg fem hell, Gehenna16 ἐκκόπτω vb 2nd sg, aor act impv cut off,

cut down17 ἀποστάσιον n acc sg neut divorce notice

18 παρεκτός prep apart from, except for19 πορνεία n gen sg fem sexual immorality20 μοιχεύω vb aor pass infin commit adultery21 μοιχάομαι vb 3rd sg, pres mid indic

commit adultery22 ἀρχαῖος adj dat pl masc ancient, old23 ἐπιορκέω vb 2nd sg, fut act indic

swear falsely; break an oath24 ὅρκος n acc pl masc oath25 ὅλως adv at all; actually26 ὑποπόδιον n nom sg neut footstool

a εἰμί vb 2nd sg, pres act impv b παραδίδωμι vb 3rd sg, aor act subj c βάλλω vb 2nd sg, fut pass indic d ἀποδίδωμι vb 2nd sg, aor act subj e λέγω vb 3rd sg, aor pass indic f βάλλω vb 2nd sg, aor act impv g ἀπόλλυμι vb 3rd sg, aor mid subj h βάλλω vb 3rd sg, aor pass subj i δίδωμι vb 3rd sg, aor act impv j ἀποδίδωμι vb 2nd sg, fut act indic k ὀμνύω vb aor act infin l ὀμνύω vb 2nd sg, aor act subj

25 Ἴσθιa εὐνοῶν1 τῷ ἀντιδίκῳ2 σου ταχὺ3 ἕως ὅτου εἶ μετ᾽ αὐτοῦ ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ, μήποτέ4 σε παραδῷb ὁ ἀντίδικος5 τῷ κριτῇ,6 καὶ ὁ κριτὴς7 τῷ ὑπηρέτῃ,8 καὶ εἰς φυλακὴν βληθήσῃ.c 26 ἀμὴν λέγω σοι· οὐ μὴ ἐξέλθῃς ἐκεῖθεν ἕως ἂν ἀποδῷςd τὸν ἔσχατον κοδράντην.9

27 Ἠκούσατε ὅτι ἐρρήθη·e οὐ μοιχεύσεις.10 28 ἐγὼ δὲ λέγω ὑμῖν ὅτι πᾶς ὁ βλέπων γυναῖκα πρὸς τὸ ἐπιθυμῆσαι11 αὐτὴν ἤδη ἐμοίχευσεν12 αὐτὴν ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτοῦ. 29 εἰ δὲ ὁ ὀφθαλμός σου ὁ δεξιὸς σκανδαλίζει σε, ἔξελε13 αὐτὸν καὶ βάλε f ἀπὸ σοῦ· συμφέρει14 γάρ σοι ἵνα ἀπόληταιg ἓν τῶν μελῶν σου καὶ μὴ ὅλον τὸ σῶμά σου βληθῇh εἰς γέενναν.15

30 Καὶ εἰ ἡ δεξιά σου χεὶρ σκανδαλίζει σε, ἔκκοψον16 αὐτὴν καὶ βάλε f ἀπὸ σοῦ· συμφέρει14 γάρ σοι ἵνα ἀπόληταιg ἓν τῶν μελῶν σου καὶ μὴ ὅλον τὸ σῶμά σου εἰς γέενναν15 ἀπέλθῃ.

31 Ἐρρήθηe δέ· ὃς ἂν ἀπολύσῃ τὴν γυναῖκα αὐτοῦ, δότωi αὐτῇ ἀποστάσιον.17 32 ἐγὼ δὲ λέγω ὑμῖν ὅτι πᾶς ὁ ἀπολύων τὴν γυναῖκα αὐτοῦ παρεκτὸς18 λόγου πορνείας19 ποιεῖ αὐτὴν μοιχευθῆναι·20 καὶ ὃς ἐὰν ἀπολελυμένην γαμήσῃ, μοιχᾶται.21

33 Πάλιν ἠκούσατε ὅτι ἐρρήθηe τοῖς ἀρχαίοις·22 οὐκ ἐπιορκήσεις,23 ἀποδώσεις j δὲ τῷ κυρίῳ τοὺς ὅρκους24 σου. 34 ἐγὼ δὲ λέγω ὑμῖν μὴ ὀμόσαι k ὅλως,25 μήτε ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ ὅτι θρόνος ἐστὶν τοῦ θεοῦ, 35 μήτε ἐν τῇ γῇ ὅτι ὑποπόδιόν26 ἐστιν τῶν ποδῶν αὐτοῦ, μήτε εἰς Ἱεροσόλυμα ὅτι πόλις ἐστὶν τοῦ μεγάλου βασιλέως, 36 μήτε ἐν τῇ κεφαλῇ σου ὀμόσῃςl ὅτι οὐ

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δύνασαι  μίαν τρίχα1 λευκὴν2 ποιῆσαι ἢ μέλαιναν.3 37 ἔστω δὲ ὁ λόγος ὑμῶν ναὶ ναί, οὒ οὔ· τὸ δὲ περισσὸν4 τούτων ἐκ τοῦ πονηροῦ ἐστιν.

38 Ἠκούσατε ὅτι ἐρρήθη·a ὀφθαλμὸν ἀντὶ5 ὀφθαλμοῦ καὶ ὀδόντα6 ἀντὶ5 ὀδόντος.7 39 ἐγὼ δὲ λέγω ὑμῖν μὴ ἀντιστῆναι8 τῷ πονηρῷ. ἀλλ᾽ ὅστις σε ῥαπίζει9 εἰς τὴν δεξιὰν σιαγόνα,10 στρέψον11 αὐτῷ καὶ τὴν ἄλλην· 40 καὶ τῷ θέλοντί σοι κριθῆναι καὶ τὸν χιτῶνά12 σου λαβεῖν, ἄφεςb αὐτῷ καὶ τὸ ἱμάτιον· 41 καὶ ὅστις σε ἀγγαρεύσει13 μίλιον14 ἕν, ὕπαγε μετ᾽ αὐτοῦ δύο. 42 τῷ αἰτοῦντί σε δός,c καὶ τὸν θέλοντα ἀπὸ σοῦ δανίσασθαι15 μὴ ἀποστραφῇς.16

43 Ἠκούσατε ὅτι ἐρρήθη·a ἀγαπήσεις τὸν πλησίον17 σου καὶ μισήσεις τὸν ἐχθρόν σου. 44 ἐγὼ δὲ λέγω ὑμῖν· ἀγαπᾶτε τοὺς ἐχθροὺς ὑμῶν καὶ προσεύχεσθε ὑπὲρ τῶν διωκόντων ὑμᾶς, 45 ὅπως γένησθεd υἱοὶ τοῦ πατρὸς ὑμῶν τοῦ ἐν οὐρανοῖς, ὅτι τὸν ἥλιον αὐτοῦ ἀνατέλλει18 ἐπὶ πονηροὺς καὶ ἀγαθοὺς καὶ βρέχει19 ἐπὶ δικαίους καὶ ἀδίκους.20 46 ἐὰν γὰρ ἀγαπήσητε τοὺς ἀγαπῶντας ὑμᾶς, τίνα μισθὸν ἔχετε; οὐχὶ καὶ οἱ τελῶναι21 τὸ αὐτὸ ποιοῦσιν; 47 καὶ ἐὰν ἀσπάσησθε τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς ὑμῶν μόνον, τί περισσὸν22 ποιεῖτε; οὐχὶ καὶ οἱ ἐθνικοὶ23 τὸ αὐτὸ ποιοῦσιν; 48 ἔσεσθε οὖν ὑμεῖς τέλειοι24 ὡς ὁ πατὴρ ὑμῶν ὁ οὐράνιος25 τέλειός26 ἐστιν.

6 Προσέχετε27 τὴν δικαιοσύνην ὑμῶν μὴ ποιεῖν ἔμπροσθεν τῶν ἀνθρώπων πρὸς τὸ θεαθῆναι28 αὐτοῖς· εἰ δὲ μή γε, μισθὸν οὐκ ἔχετε παρὰ τῷ πατρὶ ὑμῶν τῷ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς.

2 Ὅταν οὖν ποιῇς ἐλεημοσύνην,29 μὴ σαλπίσῃς30 ἔμπροσθέν σου, ὥσπερ

1 θρίξ n acc sg fem hair2 λευκός adj acc sg fem white, bright3 μέλας adj acc sg fem black4 περισσός adj nom sg neut more;

extraordinary; abundant, superfluous5 ἀντί prep for, in place of, instead of,

because of6 ὀδούς n acc sg masc tooth7 ὀδούς n gen sg masc tooth8 ἀνθίστημι vb aor act infin oppose; resist9 ῥαπίζω vb 3rd sg, pres act indic slap, beat10 σιαγών n acc sg fem cheek11 στρέφω vb 2nd sg, aor act impv turn;

return12 χιτών n acc sg masc tunic, shirt13 ἀγγαρεύω vb 3rd sg, fut act indic force,

press into service14 μίλιον n acc sg neut mile (Roman mile,

about 4850 feet or 1.5 kilometers)15 δανείζω vb aor mid infin borrow (mid.);

lend16 ἀποστρέφω vb 2nd sg, aor pass subj

turn away; turn; mislead; reject; return, put back

17 πλησίον adv neighbor (subst.); near

18 ἀνατέλλω vb 3rd sg, pres act indic cause to rise; rise; be a descendant

19 βρέχω vb 3rd sg, pres act indic rain; wet20 ἄδικος adj acc pl masc unjust21 τελώνης n nom pl masc tax collector22 περισσός adj acc sg neut more;

extraordinary; abundant, superfluous23 ἐθνικός adj nom pl masc Gentile, pagan24 τέλειος adj nom pl masc perfect,

complete; initiated25 οὐράνιος adj nom sg masc heavenly26 τέλειος adj nom sg masc perfect,

complete; initiated27 προσέχω vb 2nd pl, pres act impv beware,

pay attention; devote oneself to28 θεάομαι vb aor pass infin see29 ἐλεημοσύνη n acc sg fem alms, charitable

giving30 σαλπίζω vb 2nd sg, aor act subj sound the

trumpet

a λέγω vb 3rd sg, aor pass indic b ἀφίημι vb 2nd sg, aor act impv c δίδωμι vb 2nd sg, aor act impv d γίνομαι vb 2nd pl, aor mid subj

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