the impact of the mormon migration on the community of

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Theses and Dissertations

1984-04-01

The Impact of the Mormon Migration on the Community of The Impact of the Mormon Migration on the Community of

Kirtland, Ohio, 1830-1839 Kirtland, Ohio, 1830-1839

Mark R. Grandstaff Brigham Young University - Provo

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BYU ScholarsArchive Citation BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Grandstaff, Mark R., "The Impact of the Mormon Migration on the Community of Kirtland, Ohio, 1830-1839" (1984). Theses and Dissertations. 4725. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/4725

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IMPACT MORMON MIGRATION COMMUNITY

KIRTLAND OHIO 1830 1839

thesispresented

department historybrigham young university

partial fulfillmentrequirements degree

master arts

mark R grandstaff

april 1984

thesis mark R grandstaff accepted

present form department history brig

ham young university satisfying thesis requirements

degree master arts rycrobert C kenzercommittee chairmchaiemchairman1 n

keith perkinscommittee member

fe 0 Jjtdate R lanierfnieranier britsch

graduate coordinator

11

acknowledgments

gratitude expressed robert C kenzer

patience extensive assistance careful scrutinymanuscript likewise keith perkins expended large

amounts time shared important sources

kirtland period me besides serving my committee

I1 benefited valuable classroom instructionprivate conversations deepest appreciation

extended milton backman jr served

my employer during my years brigham young universitygenerously shared insights research

numerous professors brigham young universityI1 owe my deepest gratitude I1 should especially wish

thank james alienallenailen david prattprattt each

own way contributed my understanding those

knowledgeable american especially mormon history

realize I1 owe great debt marvin hillproviding me valuable insights

thanks extended D michael quinn

donald cannon read parts manuscript

offered helpful advice encouragement addition

david whittaker shared bibliographical compilations

mormon american history provided many

important references

iiiiliill

staff LDS historical department

genealogical department especially dean jesseekip sperry provided me valuable assistance

did special collections harold B library brigham

young university librarians lake county

historical society mentor ohio geaugageaugh county

historical society burtonburtton ohio western reserve

historical society commended

enthusiastic help

my sincerest appreciation rendered my wife

tamara my children ferrin cherresacherreraCher resa camber

provided me love gratitude encouragement

work dedicated them

ivIV

TABLE CONTENTS

acknowledgments iiiliililLIST TABLES viiLIST MAPS ix

LIST CHARTS x

chapter

introduction 1

terminology 3

I1 SOCIAL ORIGINS KIRTLAND MORMONS 4

conclusions 27

II11 IMPACT MORMON emmigrationMIGRATIONimmigrationEM

KIRTLAND OHIO 1830 1839 28

western reserve earlysettlers kirtland 29

kirtland 181518301815 1830 0 0 1.1 32education religion 390 0 0 0 0 0 0

mormon experience 183018381830 1838 0 0 0 41subversion 420 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

politics 440 0 0 0

mormon poverty 460 0 0 0 0 0 0

religious beliefs 49kirtland economy 0 0 50

measurement impact 0 0 0 0 53kirtlandsKirt lands decline growth 0 0 55conclusions 550 0 0 0 0 0

111IIIill MORMON EXODUS KIRTLAND AFTERMATH 70

mormon hegira 700 0 0 0 0 0

great apostasy 0 70aftermath 0 0 75

kirtlandsKirt lands decline grgrowthw h 82conclusions 830 0 0 0 0 0

v

appendices 86

I1 use lines longitude determinedistance 87

II11 social mobility non mormonscormons 1827 183418391834 1839 88

III111ili kirtland township elections 1830 1838 92

IV warnings kirtland mormonscormons 1 102

V tables 104

NOTES 129

introduction 130chapter I1 131chapter II11 144chapter III111iliill 153

bibliography 157

primary sources 158secondary sources 165

VI

LIST TABLES

tables1.111lill number moves family within new

england new york areas 179818391798 1839 104

1.21212 migration new york kirtland 104

1.31313 age baptbaatbaptismism 105

1.414 education 105

1.51515 wealth converts 106

1.616iglg converts religious affiliationreligious affiliation parents 107

1.717 converts occupational status fathersoccupational status 108

1.818 converts fathers religiousaffiliation 109

1.919lgig reasons conversion written diaryautobiography convert 110

1.10110llolio ratio seekers converts placeconversion ill111lilliiiliiii

1.11111illiii seekers religious affiliation ill111liilil2.121 kirtland township population 1830 1840 112

2.22222 mormon non mormon town officers kirtlandtownship 183018391830 1839 113

2.32323 wealth distribution kirtland community183018391830 1839 114

2.42424 non mormon wealth concentration 1827183018391830 1839 115

2.52525 mormon wealth concentration 183518391835 1839 116

2.62626 non mormon wealth concentration acresland 1827 183018391830 1839 117

VII

2.72727 mormon wealth concentration acres land183518391835 1839 41 118

2.82828 average size farm kirtland 183018391830 1839 119

2.92929 land distribution kirtland mormoncommunity 183518381835 1838 I1 120

2.10210 growth rate non mormon mormonkirtland 183018391830 1839 121

2.11211 kirtland land prices current dollars183018391830 1839 I1 122

2.12212 non mormon persistence 182718391827 1839 123

2.13213 non mormon turnover ratio 1832 1839 124

2.14214 non mormon social mobility 1827 183418391834 1839 125

2.15215 non mormon non persistersPer sisters wealthdistribution 1827 1830 1839 126

2.16216 non mormon newcomers wealth distribution183518381835 1838 127

3.13131 post migration patterns kirtlandkirfclandsaints 183718381837 1838 128

viiiviii

LIST MAPS

maps

1.111iiil early branches mormon church 6

1.21212 settlement patterns wiwithinthin new york176018501760 1850 8

2.121 western reserve ohio 1833 30

2.22222 kirtland township ohiohlohio0 1830 37

2.32323 kirtland village 1837 38

2.42424 church moves kikirtlandrtlandartland 0ohiohiohlo 1831 43

2.52525 joseph smiths 1836 plplanpian kirkirfclandtlandaland ohio 0 52

2.62626 land values kirtland township ohio 1830 57


2.82828 land values kirtland township ohio 1833 0 59


2.10210 land values kirtland township ohio 1835 0 0 61



2.132132013 land values kirtland township ohio 1838 0 0 64

2.14214 land values kirtlandkirfcland township ohio 1839 65

2.15215 mormon non mormon property kirtlandohio 1832 660 0 0 0 0

2.16216 mormon non mormon property kirtlandohio 1834 670 0 0 0 0

2.17217 mormon non mormon property kirtlandohio 1836 0 0 0 68

2.18218 mormon non mormon property kirtlandohio 1838 0 69

ix

LIST CHARTS

charts2.121 1820 population pyramid kirtland township 33

3.131 post migration patterns memberskirtland branch 183718381837 1838 73

3.23232 growth rate kirtland comparedwestern reserve geaugageaugh countylake county 84

x

introduction

introduction mormonism kirtlandarea topic numerous scholarly studies

eva L pancoastsPancoasts mormonscormons kirtland 1929

milton V backmansbackmannBack mans heavens resound 1983

mormonscormonsMor mons stay kirtland during 1830s

examined light mormon doctrinal economic socialdevelopment 1 examination first quantitativecommunity study impact mormon immigration

non mormon township 2 answers questionsinvolving kirtland mormonscormons how did

migration affecttheaffect township kirtland what

happened both kirtland mormonscormons kirtlandtownship mormon exodus 1838

chapter through use diaries journals

autobiographies reconstructs mormon socialbackgrounds provides portrait those saintsmoved kirtland challenges those scholars

postulated mormonism attracted those

psychologically dislocated due frequentmigrations however does substantiate currentthinking mormon movement anti pluralisticcounterrevolutioncounter revolution attempting re establish order

redefinere define what antebellum life should like based

1

2

upon reason revelation millenarian movement

advocated return primitive christian principles

inaugurated number experiments designed accomplish

societyssocietys restoration many joined movement

those seeking stability few migrated often yet many

poor occupations primarilysubsistence farmer small home manufacturer

threatened increasing speculation urbanization

commercial agriculture large scale manufacturing

study finds mormonscormonsMormons part

those seeking divine intervention straightening

affairs irrational society

chapter two through use land records

deeds personal real property tax records

measures results constant influx mormon

families non mormon kirtland community many

sociopoliticalsocio political economic factors lead

anti mormon sentiments discussed quantified ZI1

study finds besides numerous social factorsincreasing mormon growth rate combination

rising land prices affected communitys

perception mormonscormonsMor mons non mormonscormons saw

mormon growth rate economic opportunity sold

them land others felt threatened high land

food prices left afraidmormonscormons reducing township poverty few

economic political leaders realizing mormonscormons

3

beginning dominate township initiatedeconomic restraints against them

chapter three analyzes kirtland community

mormon exodus provides analysis what

happened kirtland mormonscormons emmigrationmigrationimmigrationem

specifies how many apostatized 1837 1838 died

moved missouri nauvoo utah

terminology

terms mormon church LDS church

church synonymous church jesus christlatter day saints incorporated fayette

new york joseph smith april 6 1830 members

church referred mormonscormonsMor mons

latter day saints saints case

first chapter persons become mormonscormonsMor mons

time analysis called pre mormon

converts pre mormonscormons those individualsbelonging mormon church called

non members non mormonscormons gentiles terms

prophet prophet joseph referreligious movements founder joseph smith jr

CHAPTER I1

social origins kirtland mormonscormons

early spring 1831 recorded

members new religious movement entered ohioschios scenic

western reserve settled town kirtland

came men women children everyconceivable manner horses oxenvehicles rough rude while others walked

part distance future citysaints appeared like beseiged

every available house shop hut barnfilled utmost capacity even boxesroughly extemporized used shelter untilsomething permanent secured 1

small group under 200 1831

2000 1837 mormon converts responded

churchschurche active missionary program parts

united states canada 2 many western reserve residentsasked numerous scholars investigated these

people what originshistorians either found biographical data scant

lacked quantitative skills however findings

inconclusive quantitative study based

upon records mormonscormons while kirtland vicinity1830 1839 attempt provide

complete portrait early mormon social origins

4

5

work mormon origins presented plethora

possible solutions why movement arose

scholars theorized mormon converts reactingprofound economic social changes typical

turbulent jacksoninanJackso ninan period 3 others postulated4rural maturation mormon converts

doctrines anticlericalanti clerical anti revivalistanti pluralist 5 recent scholar comparitivecomparativecompari tive

work mormonscormonsMor mons shakers oneidaperfectionists argues mormonism countering

subversion patriarchal householddissolution kinship bonds common changing new

york environment 6

pioneer work mormon origins whitney R

cross attempts explain origins steeped

sectarian revivalism emanated section7western new york known burned district

cross plots where mormon converts livedburned district see map 1.111llli conclusion

mormon converts neither frontier nor

part mario de pillis finds crossscroiss map well8conclusions flawed arguing mormon

converts migratory nature made them ready

authoritative message mormonism associatesorigins mormonism disorientation values

caused migration within backwoods

united states 9 marvin hill agreeing de pillis

m

147

p

MORMON

CHURCH

district

1 aheame

1MAPkamram burned

BRANCHESaheake

EARLY

elomscross

R

whitney

SOURCE

7

asserts mormonscormons transients seeking stopping

place lifestyle 10

contrary both hill de pillis study

finds little correlation between migration mormon

religious conversion 11 fact sources indicatestriking similarities between pre mormon converts

i 912american contemporaries

westward movement new york frontierbetween 1790 1830 stimulated shortage

available land new england 13 immigration

many settlers rapid disseminationagriculturally suitable areas new york frontierappears much like wave sweeping uniformly acrossnew york however map 1.21212 demonstrates new

settlers well pre mormonscormons westward

migration symmetrical wave rolling along broad

front DW meinig explains highly

selective uneven fragmented pattern advance 14

main body early migrants traveled through mohawk

valley wich accesibleaccessibleacce sible overlandersoverlanderrlanders new

england 1015 secondary influx pennsylvania

meinig describes how channel flowed along

susquehannahSusquehannah directly wyoming valley

reached new york turned spread strongly east

west along valleys binghamptonBing hampton cannistocanniotonisto n

eventually reached well finger lake

district 16 vermont served third gateway new

00

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1775

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BEFORE

17761789

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20

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ausMUSauw

SCALE

0DATES M 10

9

york vermontersvermonfcersVerven monters crossed northern edge

adirondacks before entering western new york where

intermingled fellow yankees southern new

england spreading northward black rivercorridor southwest side adirondacks

ezekial johnson whose family convertedmormonism early 18301830s vermonter

migrated western new york establishedhome ezekial like many americans followed

two step migration procedure first able bodied

men family went look land make

clearing build cabin second returned

bring women children permanent177 ezekialsezekielsEzekials writessettlement joel hills johnson son

families migration 1813 records

father went ahead family scouted area bought

land concluded return locate familyi ftcountcountryryn 18 joel further writes like young

men age anxious get own obt-ainobtain

property 19 joel uncomplicated reasons

westward movement cheaper better land yet betterland incentive land speculationcomplicated migration pattern many predicted

where critical junctures arise towns

established supply center purchased land

rapid growth new york particularly susceptible

speculative phenomena equally important

10

process migration role family successes

initial settlers found prosperity new

surroundings enticed relatives east join

them meinig explains yankee social system

tight community bonds close kinship network

prompted unusual degree group migrationsustained movements greatest lure

enthusiastic report family friend20actual success frontierfronfren tier

example luman androw shurtliff earlymormon convert moved kirtland writesfamily received numerous favorable reports

brother frontier caused excitement

our minds 21r i soon shurtliff family

road hopes obtaining cheaper better land

west

migration previously noted occurred

cases means obtaining land yet

migration de pillis contends disorientatedpre converted mormonscormonsMormons values longer

229prior religious leaders lifestyle guide them

thus predisposition made pre mormon convert

susceptible authoritative message

mormonism

kirtland saints study does find

transitory nature 23 table 1.111illi shows

ninety five percent mormonscormons moved two less

11

times eighty percent less fifty percent

did move between birth first childmove kirtland 190 families

reconstituted average moves per family less2477 further child step ladder method

measuring frequency duration between moves

indicate average number years stableresidence prior moving kirtland 7.37373 years

median 11.7117 25

looking once again map spread

settlement map 1.212 several conclusions drawn

1 map based upon locationyear converts first child

new york see majoritymormonscormons moved grown areas

previously settled thus

turnerian sense word

frontiersmen2 1780 1820 first halfmormon population moved new york

new england within next decade 1820

1830 half new yorks western26borders

3 map 1.21212 based upon first childnew york table 1.212 appendix I1

based upon birth pre mormonscormonsMormons

child new york confirm pre mormonscormons

12

continuing west frontier expanded

hence each subsequent decade passedpre mormonscormons initialitialfitial move closer new

yorks western borders consequentlypost conversion move kikirtlandrtlandartland table 1.212

shorter distance

summary mormon converts new york likeneighbors part either born new york

migrated new england prior

conversions transients geographically

stable migration pattern suggests long move

previously settled area rather frontiertherefore least those moved kirtlandgeographical mobility migration patterns alone cannot

account attraction mormonism

however hill correct cites socialdislocation change important key

understanding religious conversion 277 argues

coming erie canal broke down corporate

family structure thereby undermining both self sufficientfarming home centered production cloth

9 ft28woolens 0 according historians areas western

new york palmyra experiencing extensiveeconomic growth social realignment serious religious

conflict chaotic winds social dislocation blew

burned region spread flames

13

revivals moral crusades christianize antebellum9029society

tradition being torn asunder eighteenthcentury patriarchies dissolving myriads people

found themselves free pursue own needs

wants 30 sex roles longer strictly definedcorporate family economy main stay canal

era old occupational class structuresdissolving 31 small farmers lifestylelifesfcylejeopardized specialization commercialization

farming products previously made sold

farm household now made larger scaleshipped distant markets sold lessfarmer manufacture them 323 land became scarce

unproductive second generation sons daughters

new yorks farmers began moving towns citiesfind occupational stability sense community 330

william mcloughlin work greatawakeningsawaken ings asserts second great awakening

displayed something greater emotional conversion

espoused revivalism utopianism millenialismmillennialism

advent numerous religious sects reactionsprofound changes taking places america during

first third nineteenth century 34 mcloughlin

views awakeningsawaken ings periods cultural system

revitalized order overcome jarringdisjunctions between norms experience old beliefs

14

new realities dying patterns emerging patternsbehavior 35 hence awakeningsawaken ings occur society

finds everyday behavior drastically deviated

traditional norms

basis argument lies anthony

wallaces classic work revitalization movements

wallace studying hundreds groups variousparts world concludes individual

finds enculturated pattern thinkingbehavior mazowaymazewaymaz eway fails reduce level stress

ie rapid change social dislocationconfronted either maintaining old mazewaymazoway

tolerating stress changing mazewaymazoway

363 fattempt reduce stress 0 revitalizationaccording wallace individual makes

effort change mazewaymazowaymaz eway group attempts

change mazewaymazoway becomes revitalization movement

mcloughlinsmcloughlink vernacular awakening 377

wallace suggests patternrevitalizing movements awakeningsawaken ings arisereorientreorientabereorientateorientatere aaeabe groups suffering severe culturaldistortion first stage occurs period

individual stress people become disorientatedoften psychically physically ill numbers

socially disorientated increase traditionalinstitutional bonds society begin weaken

peventually dissolve 380 thus societyssocie tys traditional

15

restraints lessened during early decades

nineteenth century many people elevatedpreviously unknown level knowledge freedom

autonomy mcloughlin pointed induced

untolerable stress societyssocie tys old world mazewaymazoway

resulted men searching new creeds new ways

39evaluate themselves societysecond stage wallace calls period

cultural distortion begins individuals become

convinced root anxiety originates

societal institutions symptoms culturaldistortion include economic disorders politicalrebellions well schismatic behavior within

40churches

during second great awakening many

individuals voiced dissatisfaction sectarianreligions dwelled election ppredestinationedestination

414tended promote elite learnedconsequently revival became increasing means

assuring common folk uniqueness42individuals place society revivalism

mcloughlin noted solidified relationshipsamong those seeking new mazewaysmaz eways served

means assimilate participants Ameriamerlamericascaiscalscchanginghang ing culture 430

according wallace during

period cultural distortion traditionalist

16

group attempts stem tL ttidetldeuldelide L change arguing

return old beliefs values religious sense

god displeased society principlesancient church practiced begin

look institution group practicesancient rituals ie seekerism 44 many seeking

ancient church mormonism solutions societyssocie tysills did practice form christian

I1primitivism provided adherents

encompassing plan dispel confusion restore 1

traditional beliefs values establishreestablishre order Jimportant our discussion mormonism

wallaces third final stage revitalization during

third stage wallace identifies how prophet

personally undergone profound religious experience

diety visits emerges resultmeeting prophet receives new forms divine law

shows others how follow god appoints disciplesproselytize explains nature god

develops new set norms outline individualgroup behavior within religousreligiousreligous order prior v y

conversion according wallace people often 4

divine experience similar prophet

experience reconfirmsconfirmsre

prophets sanctions teachings gods

finally fourth stage cultural reorientation

17

begins t prophet attracts those flexibleenough experiment new lifestyleslife styles 454

william mcloughlin argues those seeking

cultural assimilation revivalist prophet while

leaders joseph smith william millerprophets those seeking modified version american i

46ccultureu 1 t u r e consequently what significantly linksmormonism wallaces revitalization movements

origin mormonism predicated upon riseprophet joseph smith uneducated poor smith

came family religious seekers sufferednumber financial social setbacks 477

middle teens smith became concerned multitude

issues decisions future centralQ48concerns desire accepted god 0 however

due conflicting teachings sectarian ministers t

unsure religion follow eventually eiTr iselih

receiving visit deity smith concluded ydrtiryryyir P

f 4

churches wrong true church49god soon restored

early september 21 1823 joseph smith

told angel instrumentalpreparing world second coming jesus

christ 50 receive priesthood keys

assist translation book

mormon 515 throughout course early mormon

movement smith inaugurated number socioreligioussocio religious

18

experiments designed create society voidantebellum strife thus mormon doctrineexclusive gathering egalitarian priesthodpriesthoodpries thod

exalting temple ordinances commcommunitarianismcommunifcarianismunitarianism polygamy

means culturally orientatereorientatere

followers redefined nineteenth century

american life created primitive christian society

establishedreestablishedre covenanted community 52D

v wallaces pattern cultural reorientationv many pre mormon converts expressed number tension

forming crises eventually led searching

ancient church these crises ranging

feeling alienation god losses landmoney social prestige contributed feeling

deprivation anger confusion resulted53c3ca

c questioning viability institutionsmkellefes many americans suffered similar crises duduringringt

Vly period mass revivalism served meansahtyht

displace insecure emotionalism assimilatethem changing american culture 543 pre mormon

convert hand looked restoration

traditional beliefs values search led many

further dissatisfaction pluralism preached

various religious denominations culminated

seeking membership ordered society absent

generalities vagueness plagued jacksonian

america mormonism emphasis divine authority

19

continual revelation provided fellowship

seekers

ezekial johnson family provides vivid example

pre mormon converts pattern joel hills johnson

oldest sixteen children born ezekialjulia first join mormon church 55

small child recalled how h mother

educate him religion 5056 many occasions

thinkhink nature god religion weep

bitterly felt himself sinner sight57ngod occasion being scolded

58c pparents considered suicide teenage years

filled anxiety desire find5 9faith once delivered saints

eighteen floating between religious meetings

writes mind rest ministers told him

experienced religion 0060

yet joel hills felt incomplete neitherbaptized remission sins nor

given gift holy ghost practicedancient church inconsistency led eventual

baptism free baptist church near pomfret

chautauguachautauquaChaut augua county new york 61 religious needs

somewhat fulfilled joel wanted economic securityconcluded purchase farm adjoining parents

62fbuild saw mill however faulty planning caused

saw mill torn foundation johnson

20

lost money fcotcotto creditors saw my situationcame upon me took away I1 left me

n6363worse nothing attempt recuperate

loss joel invented patented machine

cut shingles again misfortune struck johnson

writes being original inventor I1 sold many rightshelped me considerably being honest myself

supposing everyone else same I1 soon

swindeledswinde led largest part my right n646

johnson discouraged decided leave home my

youth seek asylum among strangers 6365 moving

amherst ohio exposed christianfundamentalism preached mormon elders

66baptized

meanwhile things going well fatherjohnson family farmland becoming increasingly

unproductive need cloth woolens

decline prices goods bought town

rapidly rising 677 doubt ezekialsezekielsEzekia ls eyes town

pomfret far different small villagecame 1813 few friends remained

I1 MALAAkaakajt

persistence area 18.6186 percent

1825 1835 68 further 18.6186 percent stayed

81.6816816 percent upwardly mobile 69 ezekialsezekielsEzekia ls 55 acresacraar esps

placed him upper third wealth yet

son joel records ffamilyamily state poverty

due familysfam ilys large size 70 beside

21

Eezekialz ekia1 drdrankI1

aiiiaidiN heavilyheavi non church goer 71711 juljuijuliajuiiajuilaiaff j C

hill ezekialsezekielsEzekia ls wife seemed antanttipathy

husband devout presbvtpresbyteriane pianrian d ddedicatededica ted mother

julia raised 16 children almost single handedly 727

ezekial became immersed bottle operation

farm left 773 eventually ezekialquest social respectability proper family

life decided leave pomfretpomfrett look new beginning74further west left julia children

promise let them know where settlingjoin him 7375 record julias

feelings doubt apprehension anger present

ezekial running away problems facing

him either through bottle frequent migration

left raise numerous children organize

run farm face changing socibocisoc i economic

environment western new york what relief must

see oldest son joel return ohio

Howhovhowevereverieverl joel did come staystavstev rather preach

creeds new religion what ever anxiety juliafeeling released tenaciously clung

tenets new church soon julia family

way city saints kirtlandohio 76

various enduring tensions dominated joeljulias lives joel endless sense

guilt desire right eyes god

22

neo capitalistcaoitalistcapitalist economy speculation deceitseemed epitomize what wrong societyu

joel lived joel wanted accepted god

knew sinful society

either migrate area free decadence

failing find area join group sought

exclude attempted both juliahand found life ezekial difficult 77

christian did profess promoted temperance

addicted alcohol concerned

present status continually emphasized futurestatus migrated area area search

society fit thus mormonism joeljulia promised acceptance god assured

membership society promoted consistencydisorganized world

benjamin brown another convert pomfret

area searched religious authority socialstability records youth very

787 fiinterested religion 0 several visionsdecided attend nearby revival while attendance

brown caught wanted stand advocate797 Qconversion however large amount

masons anti masons congregation stoodagainst better judgment asked large group

put antimasonanti mason issue behind them 800 though

trembled felt inferior writes

23

proposition well received 81 having gainedacceptance wanted join them shortlymeeting brown went see minister where told him

visions desires practice ancientgospel 82 minister told brown both visions

desires devil 8300 brown once again

looking lifestyle afford him society

status respect mormon missionariespreaching area brown found what looking

joseph bates noble writes youthRA84desired religion 0 wanted truth wanted

belong ancient church boy 14

apprenticed 0 help father support large85Q Cyet ppoor0 0 r family throughout teenage years

experienced burdens wanting approvedQ fforgiving god 8600 changing jobs learning

milling trade found mormon missionariesQ 1preaching religious authority 870 indeed gods second

coming soon hand noble wanted partorganized kingdom where equality justice

88prevailbrigham young future president church

recalled how impoverished childhood made

mind quit country see what89do village village auburn cayuga

county new york 1817 boom town stores

24

houses being erected almost overnight land speculation

caused local leaders continually open new streetsmeet requirements immigrants entrepreneurs

thousands newcomers found work small shops90stores taverns mills along main street

young age 17 moved auburn found himselfmany teenagers seeking occupation place

society many turned revivals association1

iyoung though brought strict j

methodist home records experience

religion many children young men got religion 5

brigham recalls until age 22

made profession faith 91 then justprofession keep minister peers off back 92

loneliness occupational instability desire order

place society part youngsexperience until 1832 mormon

missionaries brought new type society93Q 3young searching

luman shurtliffsshurtliffe early lifeinconsistency self doubt family belonged

various religious sects luman records secretlyI1 christian far I1 knew kept entirely

myself yet went myself prayed continuallyhoping time come soon I1 join

94church 1819 lumans family moved ohio

father lost properties ohio

25

massachusetts series land deals 95 luman

attempting find employment teacher records how

ill prepared teach older scholars 966

shurtliff writes made me sick brought nervous

complaint followed me several years 97qaq7

family reduced poverty luman discouragingly writes

wales brother now twenty seven yearsold saved hard labor

hundred twenty dollars propertyI1 twenty worth forty dollars father

sixty two years old strippedeven horse ride brokendiscouraged energy ambition seemed

ease thus our harhard98 labor yearsforced start anew

shortly familysfam ilys financial failurelumans nervous disorder nearby revivals began

writes stirred reformationgot religion ngg religious conversion

shurtliffShurfcliff took shoemaking recover

familysfam ilys previous economic loss 100 embittered

ill fortune befell him records how

work day night year just make

living 101loi01 during time continued attendbaptist services eventually sought church

stressed heavenly authority provided plan

stability first thought campbellism

unsatisfied continued attend both methodist

baptist meetings 10102 shortly once confusedsearching found sanctuary mormonism

26

preceding cases indicative livesmany mormonscormons prior conversion

young mean age 29 50 percent

them under 30 see table 13 many shared common

1031 n Q

surname few migrated often marriage

less timesvortimesfortimetimessvorsyoryor changed religionsfrequency 10410 those whose parental data

found vast majority converts adherredherredad both

fathers religious affiliation wellwelioccupational status see tabletabie 1.616lgig 1.717 hence

semiskilledsemi skilled fathers tended semiskilledsemi skilled sons

unchurched fathers unchurched sons however

evident fathers belonged major

denominations did sons see table 1.81818

main factors common mormon

converts quest religious authoritysocial stability 105 those whose reasonsconversion found 58 ninety percentresponded mormon doctrine divine authority

106continuing revelation see table 1.91919lg

ninety percent seeking religious authority

stability majority joined ohio new york

see table 1.10110liollo two thirds these seekers

farms rural villages sixty percent eitherunchurched members christian primitivist sect

prior conversion see table 1.11111lillii like

27

converts young lower social statusf 7groupings least common school education 107lu

t & r

conclusions

while many americans experiencing socialdislocation rapid change relatively few chose

anti pluralistic solution rather attempting

reform american society mormonism redefinedestablished own americans turned revivalism

served means reducing anxiety socialdisorientation assisted assimilation

americas changing culture others like pre mormon

convert neither changed religion nor moved often

found current society lacking lookedi r p108alternative society promoted stability 1 1 hence

important factors attracted converts

mormonism thus kirtland promise divine

sanction assurance status orderedlifestyle undeviating restored kingdom god

short new church met needs

CHAPTER II11

impact mormon emmigrationmigrationimmigrationEm

kirtland ohio 183018391830 1839

1830 township kirtland locatedgeaugageaugh county ohio part western reserve

beginnings bright future population

doubled previous decade

densely settled areas geaugageaugh county cleveland

54 citizens 1 early spring 1831

religious group known mormonscormonsMor mons began

immigrate kirtland area 2n resultkirtland community tripled population during 1830s

largely due 55 percent annual growth ratemormonscormonsMormons

1837 mormon population peaked

kirtland area approximately 2000 see table 2.12121

yet spring 1839 mormonscormons deserted

kirtland leaving behind temple few church members

many disgruntled ex members citizenry 1840

kirtlandsKirt lands non mormon population failed double

during preceding decade lost many

original settlers well 3 exceptional 317

percent growth rate fell 74 percent 25 percent

28

29

less growth racerate 1820s outrankedoulcrankedCrankedoul ranked

dozen geaugageaugh county townships

1834 elected committee kirtland citizenscharged mormonscormons impeding townships progress

subjecting community unsupportable weight

pauperism thus inhibiting permanent citizenssettling 5 chapter investigate

charge suggest degree

increasing mormon population demographic impact

kirtland non mormon community accomplish

chapter divided three sections firstbeginnings kirtland township described

emphasis developing sociological politicaleconomic environment second mormon beginnings

highlighted several factors introduced

collectively impact non mormon

population kirtland third quantitative measurements

rate persistence social mobility

wealth examined see how settled community

kirtland responded growing mormon population

western reserve earlysettlers kirtland

western reserve see map 2.121 situatednortheastern part ohio set aside

connecticut veterans revolution

educational purposes 6 september 2 1795

connecticut legislature sold western reserve

W30C

27

p

eapsmapseams

multicolored

multi

colored

bryan

james

SOURCE

31

connecticut land company group 35 investors

1200000 7 october 1796 area

east cuyahogaCuya hoga river including kirtland bad

surveyed ready purcpurchasehasebase 80

first permanent settlers kirtlandchristopher crary may 1811 32 day

transit massachusetts crary family moved

temporarily house friend mentor four

miles west kirtland even though distanceshort move mentor kirtland took long period

time often hazardous christopher gore

craryscharys son recalled move mentor kirtland

took old chillicotheChilli cothe road badtraversed scarcely except cattle

wild beasts trees interlacedform canopy our headbead

rendered quite romantic gloomyfordedcorded chagrin without difficultysupposed our worst fears removed going

little farther our wawaaonraaon broke nightfast closing around us

crary further recorded choice

continue walking carry torches means ward

off bears wolves even though distance between

mentor small did arrive campsite

until well midnight 10 next morning young

christophers first kirtland recalled

forest trees endless varietytallest kinds thick growth

underbrush grew beneath flowers rare beautyblushed unseen birds varied plumage filled

32

air theithel music air fragrantliinvigorating 1

like frontier settlers craryscharys carve

home wilderness erect house poles12i

then struggle might surviveyear crary family moved

kirtland isaac morley family joined growing

community like crary morley moved

massachusetts kirtland secured land builtlog cabin eventually morley able build frame

house plant wheat corn rye grow maple trees13pursue trade cooper

besides becoming kirtlandsKirt lands first trusteesmorley active christian primitive group known

family practiced formcommunitarianismunitarianismcomm under auspices future mormon

leader sidney rigdon later morley family

converted mormonism donated much land

church eventually left kirtland migrated

mormonscormons missouri illinois ultimately

utah

kirtland 181518301815 1830

years between 1815 1820 saw rapidexpansion kirtlandsKirt lands population reached 481

well economy 14 looking population

pyramid see chart 2.121 see people

33

CHART 22.12121 1

1820 population PYRAMID KIRTLAND TOWNSHIP

MALE FEMALE

AGECOHORT

19 11 45

64 51 264426 44

36 32 162516 25

44 32 10 15

104 79 UNDER 10

SOURCE federal census 1820

34

kirtland young 93 percent men 95

percent women under age 45 15

1818 kirtland enough people form

local government election held

local settleressett leres elected various town officesthese included three trustees treasurer town clerk

constable overseers poor supervisors

highways few property appraisers 1819

justice peace added town officials 16

kirtland like nearby towns mentorpainesvillegainesvillePaines ville chester center agriculture

farmers bring grain milled then

either sell barter essentialsvillagers farmers what little industry

close ties villages agriculture

like northern united statessingle family farm homestead typical unitproductivity 17i farmer used available resources

supply own food own non agricultural goods

clothing products food services

bartered sold profitnortheastern united states typical

farm size 1820s ranged 100 200 acres1 Q18however many much smaller 0 kirtland farms

small average size farm 1826 being 73

acres 19 three fifths land cleared

cultivated five six acres set aside

35

houses barn garden orchard pasturelandpastu relandanother five acres may set aside additionalpasturelandpastu reland meadow 15 acres crops usually

included 2 12 acres corn wheat rye barleyoats 1 12 acres potatoes lucerne turnips

buckwheatbuck wheat 20 corn first crops planted

adaptable cleared fields old treesstumps lying around stable crop

relied upon event crop failure corn

required limited labor worker easily tend

2 12 acres feed family five seven

year surplus corn usually fed

livestock wheat hand shorterharvest season corn once grain began ripen

farmer family reap quickly riskspoilage labor both scarce expensive

entire family usually worked full day harvest wheat

normally yielded five eleven bushels per acre

livestock kirtland farm variedtypical farm least four cows supplied

necessary milk cheese butter meat augment

22farmers diet livestock included horses oxen

sheep chickens horses kept transportationplowing oxen used places plowing

hauling large quantities sheep raisedwestern reserve primarily wool wool

transformed clothing blankets home

36

later bartered various goods carding

factory established kirtland localwomen bring wool get dressed

chickens contributed both dieteconomy sold 50 cents 75 cents per dozen

provided both good meat eggs well means

9123income

map kirtland see map 2.22222 depicts series

isolated homesteads where life centered around

village community village ideally situatedtributary chagrin river see map 2.32323 river

supplied power industrial services supported

Kirtkirtlandskirfclandslands agricultural economy gristmill erected

1820 essential kirtland community

made possible whole wheat bread farmers dietprovided market flour absence mill

meant diet homepoundedhome pounded corn bread mill

provided custom work farmer grinding wheat

offered miller making money selling flourground grain collected usual

24feesaw mill grain mills erected

around 1819 far grist mill carding

machine dressed sheared wool agriculturalservices provided including blacksmith shop

pocket furnace making iron tools ploughsploughtploug hs

chair cabinet factory necessary home

37

MAP 22.22222 2

KIRTLAND TOWNSHIP ohio

aq7q

22

ic V

TT71

aa4a 90 91 95

aw1w

SOURCE james bryan multicoloredmulti colored maps false colorseparations kirtland examples 180019001800190018001800 1900 MA thesisdepartment geography brigham young university 1980P 343

38

MAP 2.32323

KIRTLAND VILLAGE 1837

1 k M WM dasdayDRIGMAM H 0 g lofty

YOUNG t ft adaywday&ammwm mswv I1

r06dKI SAWMILL

0T0 0 1 SITEwuobuo GRISTMILLoamDAM

namDAM HEBER C KIMBALLBRICKdelck YARDyarc

1 THOMASthouasHAN COCK

1

john F BOYNTON v

f SA 0ilc MORLEY

izilii FARM alvardALVARONty NATHANIEL MILLUXEN beeseeforge

GRANDISON NEWELWHITNEY STOREstome CHAIRchaiachala FACTORY

mydeHYDE SIMEON WRIGHT MILLTANNE Y DAVI D HO L BROOKnewnemgemet SAMUEL SAWMILL

ITH IRA BOND

WILLUJAM

SCHOOLHOUSE

CASHERYJACOB bumpSUMPsuup

j N NA 1.1

LOSON J4 pftart

VIE R smtthSMITHsmitm

MARTIN

CHRIST ER QUINN1ImjAW I1 irllxkt jouphjoeph warmwrrm VARIETY STORE marrisHARRISmarais LEVI

EF wlldijwijITH HANCOCK

1.1 HAH josepmJOSEPH smitmSMITH JRR

SAMON GEEgre NTON ORIEomie METHODIST CHURCH

CEMETERYwlm atwstwLEVI rckmosw1ll1am

TEMPLELEVI R rigas

PRINTINGOSEPH OLIVER nnwsnw OFFICE SIDNEY RIGDONsmitersmithrl- f BREWER

JOSEPH JOSEPHSMITHsmtth SMITHJR

K EF G r triNTASN K nighHIGH T gWILLIAMSwilllams I1

VINSON KNIGHT akiALIjkiYRUM SMITHsmitm

JOHN TAYLOR LORENZOlomenzo SNOWEPHEN PORTER SOPHIA ROBIWSON JOHN TANNER ARTEMAS MILLETgv46 GEORGE ROBINSON STONE QUARRY

V i

t I1

SOURCE keith W perkins way looks todaycamera tour church history sites kirtlandneighborhood ensign 9 january 1979s1979 141l

39

furnishings additional industry included hatterybatterydistillery ashery converting potash

salts soapmakingsoap making taverns later hotel

built many travelers journeyed through25kirtland

merchant community provided criticalfunction serving link between farmer

269 fiexternal economy since items firearmsgunpowder tobacco tea coffee salt soap

produced easily farm village craftsmen

obtained village store merchant

provided village usually through type

barter system merchant turn receive

farmers produce sell barter additionalgoods monies various market places 27 1821

newel K whitney built first store kirtlandoffered variety goods including silk canvas books

289 fiindigo whitneywhittney later joined mormon church299 Q

became kirtlandsKirt lands first bishop

education religion

while typical work day long hard

early settlers kirtland time found both

education religion 1814 first log school

house erected village 1830 kirtlandseparated school districts thereby increasing

opportunities children outlying areas

benefits elementary education 30 however where

40

education often found incidental many farmers

children religion found indispensable

further religious meetings often contactfamily neighbors provided means

worship served necessary social outlet these

factors influenced many men women join type

church group 1830 traditionaldenominations congregationalistsmethodists met formed orgainizations built

church houses various parts kirtland jl31

others calvinistic baptists meeting

homes members

northeastern ohio deeply touched

enthusiastic sermons second great awakening

revivals camp meetings t protracted meeting

integral religious environmentperiod 32 various millenarian sects church

god whinebrennarian free baptistsmilleritesMille rites proliferated area kirtland became

fertile ground disciples christ christianprimitivist group stressed return new

testament standard under auspices alexandercampbell future mormon leader sidney rigdon

group flourished many kirtland vicinityjoined 34 religious groups settled

area quakers mount pleasant shakers

thompson amish burton

41

mormon experience 183018381830 1838

might ask why did mormonscormons come

kirtland35kirtland5Kirtland 355 nothing typical semi obscurevillage distinguished particularly appealing area

mormonscormons settle occurrence seemed

providential missionary group sentmovements prophet preach indians missouri

responsible connecting kirtland mormonism 366

parley P pratt four mormon missionariespersuaded missionary group visit sidney rigdon

disaffected campbellite preacher convertedprattprattt form christian primitivism few years

earlier 37J soon rigdonsRigdons introduction mormonism

baptized many congregations mentor

kirtland followed example joined withintwo months converts ohioMormonimormonismsmormonism1ssms home state new york december 1830

rigdon edward partridge painesvillegainesvillePaines ville merchant

ventured new york meet joseph smith bring him

38pnews ohio successes

joseph smith speaking third general

conference church revealed lords counselgo ohio I1 give you my law

you endowed power high 39

response command members fayettepalmyra colesvillelesville areas new york soldproperty packed worldly belongings headed

42

ohio several mormon groups used wagon roads

led erie canal buffalo winter conditionspoor usual especially those using

lake vessels transport themselves buffalofairport harbor ohio see map 2.42424 finished

journey kirtland vicinity colesvillelesvillegroup however situated itself thompson twenty

40miles northeast kirtlandduring 1830s mormon migration

kirtland should accepted kirtlandprepared groups christian primitivistsmillenialistsMillenia lists receptive restored religion

mormon migration began nothing unusual

group mormon theology practices varied

little practiced sects

area nearby shaker amish communities

strange creeds theology shakers celibate

exclusive communities pennsylvania

harmonistsHarmonists practiced communitarianismunitarianismcomm oneida41colony new york advocated form free love yet

these usually tolerated free abuse

persecution whey then did mormonscormons problems

subversion

central fears many kirtland inhabitantsmormonscormons subversive democratic

principles 42 smith sustained monocratic leader

entire church spokesman

43

w Cc e

E 0CI cpiP i X Ewllellwil 8 0 E

1 2 0

01 0 & V

DE0 0 E C 80 C 1t 0 2 0 t 0

V C CL EE 0

00 I1 r 2 t CLbeciecP f10ssr 0 U C c0 I16 C0 62.2 C D

0 c idc c M ibDFLu C0 0E C 0 0 b

0 oi

cac4 c44 vi D

oodi- xvav0 0

tu 00

E

clzvotvol

cd

44

deity through control mormon population

influence local politics direct economic

endeavors virtually control every aspect church

members life kirtland where smith performed

first unlawful marriage under guiseecclesiastical rather civil authority 433

introduced plural marriage selected few44individuals including himself practice

money became scarce advocated establishedbank 45 many church members chagrin

non mormonscormons kirtland seemed

infallible 46 brothernbrother josephs word became word

god almighty doubt feared many

kirtlandsKirt lands citizens just matter time

before joseph smiths revelations run town

politicsinflux mormon population see table

2.121 allowed religious group increasing potential

exert strong influence communitcommunitycommcommunitysunit y

sociopoliticalsocio political environment best illustratedlocal politics mormonscormons ardent supporters

jacksonian democracy decrying united states bank

nullification south carolina privileged

classes 47 kirtland community likewestern reserve consistent supporting whig

party large bloc vote mormonscormons able

give majority votes democrats example

45

1834 whig candidate governor received67 votes while democrat received 78 48 1835

local dislike mormon voting turned apprehension

whig unity became crucial insuringmormon democrat defeat

further mormon animosity developed

kirtland mormonscormons published political newspaper entitlednorthern times decried whig tactics

advocated democrat martin van buren president soon

first edition published whig papers

area retaliated denouncing mormon politicalposition whig editor responding mormon

publication contended

mormonitesMormo nites country wearydull monotony dreams devotion

vision vexation profitlessprophecies talking tonguesconcluded turn attention politicalmatters paper entitled northern times

made appearance presskirtland bearing name 0 cowdery

leaders preachers editoreditor breaks forth flood words

filling seven columns under editorial headpounces upon dead carcass united

states band quixotic ferocity talksWIGS praised president

nomination van buren still addmeet our mind receive our strong support

editor professes communionspirits invisible world

certifies seen angelhefted golden plates prophet

political anomaly dangerousopponent 7

46

presidential election 1836 mormon

influence grew much stronger while whigs carriedboth county state lost kirtland 50

mormon political influence local leveleven pronounced 1834 mormonscormons being

elected town offices see table 2.22222 citizensaccused mormonscormons voting according instructions

church leaders non mormonscormons furthercontended mormon influx continued town

kirtland soon run prophesies joseph

smith 513 even county officials apprehensive

positions contended mormonscormons

continued multiply county offices soonC fdominated mormonscormonsMor mons 52 township elections

1837 kirtlandsKirt lands fears realized majority

township offices won mormonscormonsMor mons 0353

mormon poverty

even early 1831 mormon poverty induced54kirtland officials warn incoming mormonscormons town

many thought mormonscormons become publiccharge harm towns reputation 1834

township elected committee whose job hireperson gather materials expose

joseph smith fraud 55 committee contended

impoverished mormonscormons harming

towns reputation threatening current citizens

47

unsupportable weight pauperism 56

important examine allegation

wealth distributions see table 2.32323 demonstrate

majority both mormon non mormon

populations lowest decilesdecales wealthhowever years 1835 1837 mormonscormons

close thirty percent population

lowest decilescilesdecalesde even combining lowest two decilesdecalesdecilestrend still shows twenty percent differential

between mormonscormons kirtland non mormon community

wealth concentrations tables 2.42424 through 2.72727

reveal significant disparity distributionmormon wealth land instance 1836

1837 ninety percent land held top

twenty percent mormon landholders contrastingmormon wealth land concentrations rest

community appears equal

distribution among non members

gini coefficient concentration tables

2.42424 through 2.72727 confirms mormon community

higher level inequality land wealth

did non mormonscormonsMormons suggests few

incoming mormonscormons funds purchase large amounts

land consequently many mormonscormons either lived

very small tracts land land

church members fact while average size mormon

48

farm ten acres mormonscormons owned less acre

see tables 2.82828 2.92929

lack land further complicated growth

mormon agriculture though mormonscormons did

enough land small garden perhaps cow

few enough own subsistence let alone

surpluses feed rapidly growing mormon population

therefore 1836 increasing prices food forcedmormonscormons pool scant food supplies until

57

contemporary sources verify mormon poverty

mormon observer wrote partmormon homes small unadorned evincing anything

wealth further recorded homes

scatterednscatteredunscattered directions river lordshouse south building 58 truman coe

pastor old south congregational church kirtlandwriting eastern paper mormonscormonsMormons provides

convincing portrait mormon poverty

many them live extreme indigence I1

suffer accumulated evils crowding multitudepoor people together wider

distribution might better means I1

supplying wants themwealthy purchased 3 4000 acres

land different parts towngrotesque assemblancesemblance hovels shanties

thrown wherever findfooting very few these cawscabins

accounted fit human habitation 5

49

fall 1836 mormon church leaders issuednew directions hopes deterring increasingpoverty kirtland 60 these resolutions instructedleaders eastern branches church stop sending

poor kirtland uniunlessess leaders come

kirtland funds necessary supportememmigrantsemmigranfcsmigrantsimmigrants unfortunately effect these measures

cannot determined mormonscormons left kirtlandlittle year instruction given

religious beliefstime group mormon missionaries

arrived kirtland latelatte 1830 citizensmembership church religious society hence

mormonism increase expense

established religions sects like disciples christangry actively fought back 610

furthermore mormonscormons attributed having designs

take non mormon land thus forcing

gentiles january 18 1831 john whitmer

mormon leader came new york presidemormon group kirtland upon arrival nearby

paper explained whitmer came

tcottofco inform tche brethren tche boundariestche promised land tche new jerusalem

just made known fcotcotto smithsmitch god tchetownship kirtland few miles westwestt thiethle

tche eastern line tche pacific ocean tchewestern line tche northnortch southsoutchsoutth lines

described nott learnedthem orders broughtbroughfc fcotcotto tche brethren

50

sell land rather buyjoseph smith forces hiieheresoon take possession promised land 6

religious anxiety centralized aroundaggressive mormon missionary tactics many mormonscormons forced

preaching apathetic then denounced

damned them unbelieversbelieversun caused ill feelings

often led mormon elders being ordered63area

kirtland economy

local entreprenuers viewed incoming mormonscormons

anxiety prior mormon immigration

kirtlandsKirt lands population doubled industry started64grow future economic prosperity seemed imminent

however onset mormonscormonsMor mons non mormon

growth rate declined see table 2.121 2.10210 prospects

future economy seemed dim mormonscormons tended

buy exclusively own merchants 656 winter

1835 realizing mormonscormons economic

liability kirtland business men joined together

effort force mormonscormons leave first refused

hire mormon laborers then boycotted sellingfoodstuffs them finally refused even

mill mormon grain 66 these starvation tactics failedcause desired results mormonscormons able

grain shipped ground nearby mormon

mill

51

templetemdletempie completed two additionalprograms instituted build mormonscormons

economically first city plan devised joseph

smith replace original community pattern see map

2.52525 each half acre lot then sold futuremormon settlers two hundred dollars contemporary

mormon apostle wrote journal town plan

adopted kirtland kings earthcome behold glory thereof 676 second mormon

bank established hopes bank

revitalize economy stimulate further interestagricultural industrial growth however

mormonscormons unable gain state banking charter

rather wait future petition granted

formed joint stock company known kirtlandanti banking safety society started issue money

soon ffirst bills issued 1837

combination several factors including panic

1837 run bank doomed venture

failure 68 result many mormonscormons kirtlandcitizens alike became dissatisfied mormon

leaders both programs city plot bank

viewed many critics subversive concept

separation powers church statemormonscormons wanted redesign community

control both money economy well

52

MAP 2.52525

rawSAWyawsioliosko h AA

1I lope

wl

L7L

WA

n AA

0 4

77 V rvr V

ataviasiavta

777rnet

tat4

rl

R1 1ak4k

7771 ft4

imiILIFii

lly114blypl i11141ivlivi1

4 e 6 am

7k

JOSEPH SMITHS 1836 PLAN KIRTLAND OHIO

courtesy church archives

53

measurement impact

preceding section presented severalfactors collectively affected non mormon attitudestoward mormon neighbors these attitudesreflected quality decision making

processes related mormonscormons

community thus how kirtland citizens perceived

increasing mormon population may dictated what type

person stay leave migrate kirtlandhowever evidence suggests those decisions

lalargelyrgelyreely based two basic economic factorsincreasing population rising land prices

tables 2.12121 2.11211 2.12212 figures 2.62626 through

2.18218 show increasing mormon population needed

land land prices naturally rose point where

many kirtland citizens saw profitable selllands leave 069 hence mormon population began

dominate kirtland 1836 1837 see table 2.12121

land prices rose 448044.804480 per acre 182 percent

increase 1835 land prices resulted

36.7367367 percent see tables 2.11211 2.12212 citizensselling leaving similarly turnover ratiosee table 2.13213213 growth rate see table 2.10210

demonstrate parallel pattern non mormon

newcomers increased during years declining land

costs decreased land prices high

example 1830 land prices 6546.54654 per

54

acre turnover ratio reflected almost three people

moving kirtland every leaving

high rate persistence 90

percent substantial growth rate well 23623.6236percent yet 1837 mormon population

land prices height turnover ratioless 0770.77077 growth rate negative 9.39393

percent 36.7367 percent non mormon population

failed persist 70

measuring concentration wealth land

social mobility possible shed lightaffected influx mormonscormonsMor mons

tables 2.42424 2.62626 show wealth land

concentrated around top 40 percentnon mormon taxpayers kirtland group

least affected fluctuating land costs

likely remain present sociallevel see table 2.14214 likely

persist see table 2.15215 table 2.16216216 suggests

increasing trend toward wealthiernewcomers rising land costs often attracted wealthier

settlers encouraged wealthy stay 771

hand those affected cyclic nature

kirtlandsKirt lands land prices poorest 40 percent see

table 2.15215 example years 1832

1838 average 61 percent see table 2.15215 those

55

did persist bottom 40 percent72taxpayers

kirtlandsKirt lands decline growth

previously noted kirtlandsKirt lands growth ratedecreased 30 percent previous decade 182018301820 1830

42 percent below countyscountescoun tys growth rate1840 773 too simplistic assume

mormon influx alone responsible kirtlandsKirt lands declinegrowth viewed different perspective

decade 1830s saw years strong positive growth

kirtland geaugageaugh county townships

1000 citizens enumerated census 1830

kirtlandsKirt lands growth rate highest 747 since

large towns geaugageaugh county experiencing

declining growth rate factors furtherwestward expansion panic 1837 may

affected growth rate kirtland thereforeaccuse mormonscormons decline kirtlandsKirt landsnon mormon population well decline growth

rate may misleading

conclusions

constant influx 55 percent annual growth

rate mormonscormons induced various sociologicalreligious political economic conflictsinhibited persons settling kirtlandinflux affected how kirtland citizens perceived

56

mormon neighbors important rapidly

increasing mormon population triggeredcorresponding rise land costs thus affectedkirtlandsKirt lands social structure wealthy

part remained kirtland while poor

susceptible fluctuating land prices tended

make bulk those leftsituation kirtland during 1830s

many ways unique few areas country

large religious group move township become

dominating force indirectly affect growth yet

mormonscormons alone cannot blamed kirtlandsKirt lands declinegrowth similarly sized townships geaugageaugh county

experienced like declines

57

MAP 22.62626 6

kirtland township ohio 1830land valuesvousvnus county tax assessor

I1

dtdr vl aireir 912734952734952734912734.912734.9527349195 2734

2

02

2

2

SOURCE james bryan multi colored maps p 39

58

MAP 272.727

kirtland township ohio 1832land valuesvalue county tax assessor

I1

dtoaf vivilelwvlw rs 537 i7ia

4

10

2

2

2

2

SOURCE james bryan euleuimultimul bi colored maps p 41

59

MAP 22.82828 8

kirtland township ohio 1833land valuesvailsvaill county taxtox assessorasrssorassssor

i I1 I1 j

dtdacdecdag vlVW eklExleelexlrsexlusrS

32 1

1210

2

4

2

2

SOURCE james bryan multimulticoloredcolored maps p 44

60

MAP 22.92929 9

kirtlandKirtkint lond township ohio 1834landlonoennolann valuesvaluvolu county taxtox assessorainsorainson

i

dt& VI tiptiruip ti 3774

6

4

4

cac2

4


61

MAP 22102.1010

kirtland townshiptownships ohio 1835land valuesvou county tax assessor

I1 J I1 I1

drdate valmevalue extromess154erit1i4 3332933297

20

1 21

4

4

SOURCE james bryan multicoloredmulti colored maps p 49

62

MAP 22112.1111

kirtland township ohio 1836land valuesvolgvolu county tax assessorairssor

I1 Jdagoafdeg veuVBUvek farfzr sioslos10 31

12

10

SOURCE james bryan nulnuimulticoloredmultimul ttl colored maps p 51

63

MAP 2.12212

kirtlandKirti township ohio 1837landlondtand loiusvoiusvolusvalusvaluvaig county soxtaxtoxsax assessorasllan

1 1 t

0rar vilvigelwvlw fotrfxtr 11330113 30 11

0 o20

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4


64

MAP 22132.1321313

kirtland township ohio 1838land valvesvalusvaluesvaigl county tax assessor

i j I1 I1

dt0 viVJ xtrs4444297644 2976

2ic

10 62

124


65

MAP 2142.14214

kirtland township ohio 1839land valusvalues county tax miniorainiorassessor

I1 i I1 i

Ddr vivvilalvVWvlv esrisfsreerisfereerfsris 126- 383312612

302IAI1

0

4

4

jSOURCE james bryan multicoloredmulti colored maps p 57

66

MAP 2.15215215

KIRTLAND TOWNSHIP ohio 1832

F NON- MORMON

E MORMON

township 9 range 9

ahbyghby kirtlandkirtiandKirtiI1 baldwin rdr 41 0o aschvsch C

0

KIRTLANDVILLAGE

J 0 st

L

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eclidemlid chagrin


imapap 2.15215215 2.18218 shows general areas where cormonsmormons

bought property reflects size propertyholding

67

MAP 2.16216216


F NON- MORMON

E MORMON

township 9 range 9

gilby Kirtikintikirtlandbaldwin rdvotlov

kirtlandKIATLANDVILLAGE

eagieeagle mills rd

E fid chognm


68

MAP 22.12121 17


R NON- MORMON

MORMON

township 9 range 9

hbyaby kvtancdibaldwin rd

TLAND

clid chgrinchagrin


69

MAP 2.18218

KIRTLAND TOWNSHIP ohioNON- MORMON

MORMON

township 9 range 9


CHAPTER 111IIIliimormon exodus kirtland aftermath

mormon hegira

great apostasy

night january 12 1838 death knellsounded mormon headquarters kirtland

combination dissension within mormon ranks

well non mormon persecution sent mormon prophet

assistant sidney rigdon fleeing lives 1

mormon historians point 1837 1838

period churchschurche great Aposapostasytasyn 2 complications

arising collapse kirtland safety societymormon dabblingsdabb lings land speculation continual

build smiths temporal ecclesiastical power

tarnished prophets reputation eyes many

32faithful mormonscormonsMormons

basis apostasy rooted smithsinsistence sole infallible spokesman

god smith questioned alledgedledgedalimproprieties kirtland disgruntled member recorded

smith saying

authorized god almighty establishkingdom gods prophet

gods agent do whatever

70

71

should choose do therefore churchright call question anything did

censure him reasenreas9nreason4responsible god almighty

even early february 1837 kirtlandsafe smith may land records demonstrate

mormon land transactions peak many

mormonscormons began question smiths integrity 5 months

june july found mormon prophet gravely illchurch member attributed ills

transgressions 56 mormon apostle recorded

time twenty persons earth

declare joseph smith prophet1177god

during summer lawsuits both mormonscormons

disaffected mormonscormons increased late julyrecovering slightly smith left kirtland canada

returned early september found severalmormon leaders cut off church being

sustained church conference prophet leftmissouri

upon return december kirtland church

splintered group apostates parrish

party repudiated smith formed new church 8

group advocated physical overthrow smith

demonstrated resolve inducing riots several

church meetings 9 january smith rigdon remained

kirtland peril lives

72

traditionally supposed many members

church became disaffected during dark hours

1837 1838 10 however difficult findsupport contention study mormon migration

patterns shows majority saints

kirtland 1837 1838 remained faithfulchurch table 3.13131 chart 3.131 shows

eighty percent those kirtland during

apostasy period followed church leaders another

gathering place outside kirtland further53 apostate heads households 290 persons

based upon mormon family size 5.55555 during

183018401830 1840 decade almost thirty percent church

leaders consequently eleven percent totalkirtland membership during those years separated

church

significance kirtland apostasy

involved much mormon leadership

disaffected leaders felt smith abused

ecclesiastical authority others accused him being

despot many smith began symbolize what

wrong encompassing religion permeated

too much lives meant promotion

few expense many

73

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74

warren cowdery perhaps summarizesrdissidentsf dissidents perspective best wrote church

newspaper

must inevitably effectmonopolies sooner later givepriviledgesprivi ledges withhold them othersmake rich richer poor poorermoney know power possess

men powergive our priviledgeprivi ledge man

make him monarch absolute despoticourselves abject slaves fawning sychophants

grant priviledgesprivi ledges monopoliesfew always continue underminefundamentalvfundamental principles freedom sooner

later convert purest liberalformfornf 0 r m government rankestaristocracy these conceive matters

history matters fact cannotcontrovertcontrovertedcontrovertered well may said thusbarter away our liberties unworthythem syren sic song libertyindependence empty namedoes allow man himself think speak

reason act wealthy landlordshould dictate virtually resigneddignity independent citizenmuch slave manaclesmaraclesmanacles uponhands boasted liberty deception

independence phantom wheneverpeople unlimited confidence civil

ecclesiastical ruler rulersmen themselves begin think

do wrong increase tyrannyoppression establish principle manpoor frail lump mortality like themselves

infallible does see principlepopery religious tyranny involved

order things great objectprivileged classes money poweruniversal undeviating course

possess both add both expenseliberties best interests

fellow citizens

cries fallen prophet schismaticgroups like parrish party attempted wrestle

75

control church smith hopes reforming

while advocating return old standard

these reformers desired church tune culturalpluralism time followers smith however

pushed purging dissenters within main

body believers them society establishedsmith where elect gathered

pre millenialmillennial kingdom god builthistorian astutely pointed kirtland sown

seeds ideological division time

lead split between reorganized branch

mormonism capitol independence amongst

gentile community utah branch mormonism

became isolated self contained closedi f

somewhat militant 12

aftermath

expulsion two mormon leaders did

quell violent outbursts displays violencedesigned force mormonscormons leave unidentified

13persons burned mormon printing office may

arsonist incinerated methodist meeting house

attempted ignite mormon temple 14 mobs consisting

both apostate mormonscormonsMor mons non mormonscormons continued

campaign breaking mormon homes then setting

fires basements 151 amidst internal dissensionnon member persecutions many mormonscormons began

exodus kirtland kirtland saint recorded

76

turned key locked door our homes

leaving our property possessed hands

enemies strangers never receiving centanything owned 16 july 1838 handful

faithful saints remained kirtland 17

escaping missouri jail joseph smith

general conference church nauvoo commerce

illinois may 1839 sent oliver granger back

kirtland take charge oversee housei p

lord 18101 0 further smith suggested mormonscormons

living east should move kirtlandresettle stake saints nauvoo

anticipated returning kirtland either establishreestablishre

residency finish unsettled business however

exodus both kirtland missouri left church

leaders nauvoo numerous projects large debts

little income thus church leaders apprehensive

rumors spread many nauvoo planned

return kirtland 191 high council meeting

december 1839 nauvoo bishop edward partridge

directed publish article times seasons

informing church improper remove

20r nwest purpose locating kirtland ohio

while saints nauvoo being discouraged

returning kirtland those kirtland high

77

hopes return mormon capital city WW

phelps letter dated march 9 1840 writes

work lord still goingsection country kirtland

conference then session townnelson portage baptisedbaptizedbapti sed many

believing branch churchorganized consisting thirteen membersmob supposed put end mormonism

called contrary mormonismspread far wide now begin

pant word life hopeword liaeli&elielle21

continue proclaimedears

hiram kellogg another kirtland church member

wrote nauvoo leaders exclaiming lord

reviving work increasing

membership many old inhabitantsstanding looking until convinced

work lord willing embrace222 during time almon babbitt

itinerant member seventysSeventys quorum began preach

kirtland kirtland gathering place

lieu nauvoo 23 granger presiding elder

kirtland wrote smith nauvoo complaining babbittsteachings 2224 smith instructed granger take charge

church seek removal babbitts elders25license

why nauvoo leadership concerned

Kirtkirtlandskirfclandslands growth first failed establish nauvoo

both church headquarters gathering place

secondsec ond distracted necessary manpower financial

78

resources josephs industrious plans thirdperhaps important stimulated independent

thinking part 0 f kirtland saintsundermined prophets credibility theocraticleader 260 twice babbitt called face charges

before high council first time babbittsent back kirtland stake president second

time made leader illinois 277 however

during period church leaders nauvoo

confused how handle additional satellite citycorrespondence kirtland leaders often

misleading contradictory instancebabbitts second disfellowshipmentdisfellowshipment november 1841

hyrum smith brother prophet decided end

issue revelation saints dwell

land kirtland commanded come away

28thus saith lord however lettersent latter part november joseph smith

acting stake presidency kirtland joseph appears

refute hyrumshyrams prophecy further encourages

build church kirtland writes

appears manykirtland desire remain

build place you made greatexertions according your letter establish

printing press since period youmay well continue operations accordingyour designs do what yourighteousness build kirtland dosuffer yourselves harbor ideakirtland rise ruins nauvoo 29

79

throughout 1842 kirtland continued grow lyman wight

twelve apostles recorded during visitkirtland preached 500 people

thirteenth october wight reported thirty elders

ordained 203 baptisedbaptizedbapti sed 18 childrenblessed further wrote nauvoo leaders nwe

now holding meetings every night shall do

long three ten coming forward day

now case 0030 justin brooks babbittsreplacement wrote smith amazing growth

kirtland

reformation taken placehere taken prominentmembers among methodistspresbyterianspresbyte rians begin think mormonism

dead consequence bennetsapostacyapostasyapo stacy many smart intelligent young men

ordained eldersanxiety learn doctrines church

never before manifemmanifeemanifest sincecommencement church sic 1

yet early 1843 wight sent back kirtlandcommand saints go nauvoo help build

temple april 6 unanimous vote taken

gather nauvoo plans drawn expedite

departure 323while many saints left spring

1843 few did remain however many those

remained disaffected members letter

80

joseph smith joseph coe dated january 1818r 1844 smith

relates bad attitude those remaining kirtland

terror your letter informationI1 received tells black storysituation apostates kirtland nowdwells dishonesty fraud 35envy lyingoppression every evil work 33

brigham young preached kirtland temple ninthjune 1844 found kirtland saints dead

34cold things god

december 17 1844 reuben mcbride became

presiding elder kirtland 35 however change

church leaders did little strengthen faithfulnesschurch members david pettegrew while enroute

mission new york stopped kirtland held

several meetings temple wrote amanynmanymany

dissenters came hear stranger while

spirit strong house lord many rejoice

death joseph 36 new years eve 1844

hollister wrote twelve situationkirtland

place kindsteachings martin harris firm believer

shakerism testimony greaterbook mormon luman heath

running them continually hiramkellog presiding officer Rigdonrigdoniterigdonifceite

sidney man god called leadpeople brother joseph cut offtransgression twelve carrying

princprincdjy es follow shallcut off 7

81

phineas young letter twelve apostlessummarized environment remaining kirtlandsaints lived

here called josephites nauvooapostates first glory latter

willing bear til our brethren shallproven us faithful seeing our faith

good works time40 50 good brethren placeconstitutes majority church here 383

final recorded church conference kirtland april1845 reported order unanimity feelings

characterized conference saints place

appear united time

past general determination keep39commandments gather unto body church

evidence small branch church

still operating late 1840s early 1850s

elder james bay 1851 summarizes conditions

kirtland

kinds false prophetshere kirtland I1 found fewbegin feel west place

authority brother isaac bullockI1 succeeded getting organization here

buinbeginau4u calculate gather westvalley

kirtland seemed attract share false prophets

mormon schismatic groups besides martin harrissapparent defection shakerism following

former mormon chieftain sidney rigdon group

82

ex mormonscormons formed group known church

christ group grew 100 members prior

dissolution 41 breweritesBrewe rites another mormon

schism attempted establish kirtlandheadquarters however quickly dissolved 42

1882 richard W young mormon elder visitedremains mormon citadel former residence

brigham young razed temple

viewed outside since elders43reorganized church left town key

outside temple young writes poor

repair much interior woodwork taken away

firewood sashes contain broken

unbroken panes glass paint seenn44generation least

far utah mormonscormons concerned

kirtlandsKirt lands magnificence lay past

future perhaps richard young best summarizes thesesentiments wrote temple

chief glory course pastlatter day saint brightness glory

sufficient cause i even now shineretaining splendor 5

kirtlandsKirt lands decline growth

story kirtland mormon exodus

1838 population decline according

historian mormon exodus major factor leading

decreasing growth rate 460 however mormonscormons alone

83

cannot blamed since similarilysimilaritysimila rily sized townships both

lake geaugageaugh counties experienced like declinechart 3.23232 shows decline kirtland township

fits overall pattern lake geaugageaugh counties

well entire western reserve

rebecca shepherd recent work migration

ohio shows various ohio countries suffered

marked declines population many landless heads

households pushed westward 477 similarly check

1850 federal census shows 64 percent those leaving

kirtland young landless 480 thus citemormon hegira precipitating factor lack

population growth misleading

conclusions

decade 1840s hope

aspirations mormonscormons kirtland church leadersnauvoo however found difficult proceed

major plans nauvoo without aid those residing

kirtland 1843 decided church

two gathering places did

undermine credibility prophet

confusing new members well consequently

expense place designated movements prophet

kirtland remain viable alternativemove utah kirtland memory

besides quantifying post migration patterns

kirtland saints study shed light

00 4

zhecounty

1900

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1830

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compared

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century

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323.232 dndN

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glowthgrowth

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growth

reserve

1840150

except

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mcdmcm

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measurement

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0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 090ro 80 70h 60 io 40 30w 20cm 10T 10T- CM20 30

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85

183718381837 1838 apostasy found vastmajority mormonscormons remained faithful church

during stay kirtland furthermore declining

population kirtland mormon exodus followed

pattern entire western reserve consequently

alternatives westward expansion

panic 1837 must examined intensely priorattributing mormon exodus precipitating factor

Kirtkirtlandskirfclandslands declining population

appendices

APPENDIX I1

use lines longitude determine distance

professor robert C kenzer graduate studentmark R grandstaff brigham young university developed

technique measuring length migrationassigning numerical coordinates lineslongitude each line longitude divided 30minute coordinates very northeastern partmaine through western reserve example seemap below far eastern border mainewestern border spans eight coordinates 1 I1 coordinateequals 25 miles 200 miles table 1.21212 clearlydemonstrates pre mormon expansion thirtyyear period each five year segment decreasesfamilies move closer western border new Yyorkyonkrkbordey OT n Thence closer ohio I1

87

APPENDIX II11

social mobility non mormonscormonsMor mons 1827 1834 1839

see subsequent pages

88

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socialH i 1 0 Q P socialH rlr l 00 0 d 4u rlr l 0 aj4j 0 U rlr l U aj4j 0

c0 u0 eiE i 0

Ufaf0 eiE i

APPENDIX III111ili

kirtland township elections 183018381830 1838

PLDS pre latter day saintLDS latter day saint

ALDS apostate latter day saintSOURCE kirtland township minute book 181718371817 1837

april 1829 electiontown clerk

NL rupelltrustees

jeremiah amesisaac morseroswell D cottrill

overseer poorgideon riggs PLDSlory holmes

fence viewersselah griffinjohn parks

constablesorrin thompsonJ ames

treasurernewell K whitney PLDS

supervisors highways

districts1 charles slayton 10 alvah brown2 orrin thompson 11 william stannardcannardSf3 jeremiah ames 12 argus holbrook4 gideon riggs PLDS 13 seth makepeace5 erastus crary 14 J willard6 william blake 15 ebenesarebenezarEbenesar doty7 abiel piersons 16 john wills8 isaac skinner 17 john hoffman9 john F morse

92

93


josiah jones

trusteesjohn F morsedexter otisottisgeorge smith

overseer poorasa ayers jrjothan maynard

fence viewersjohn parksnewell K whitneywhittney PLDS

constablesarial hansonbenjamin markell

treasurerenoch morse

justice peaceAE russell


districts1 jotham maynard2 samuel F whitney PLDS3 sherman fairchild4 elijah smith PLDS5 able ames6 reynolds cahoon PLDS7 john goodell jr8 nathan weathering9 enoch morse

10 levi metcalf11 william D stannard12 elam sperry13 ebenezar doty14 lyman pitcher15 david lafter16 wm foster17 nathan P goodell

94


roswell D cottrilltrustees

john F morsewm fosterjohn wells

overseer poorandrew beardsleesamuel F whitney PLDS

fence viewersoliver harmon jr PLDSdavid harrington

constablesnathan P goodellchaney morse



able amesisaac chatfieldhardin cleavelandnathan wheelerjosiah kinneryjonathan harringtonwalter stannardbarzella millardharvey H morseabel amesluke wilsonjeremiah amesstephen laphamjames farmerjohn wellsisaac luckchester bushnell

95

apriladril 1832 electiontown clerk

roswell D cottrilltrustees

john F morsehardin cleavelandjotham maynard

overseer poorlory holmesasa ayers jr

fence viewersoliver harmon jr PLDSsamuel F whitney PLDSjohn parks

constablesisaac dotyCG crary


supervisors highwaysjohn parksmoses chairtunis rochafellowrockafellowRocha fellowisaac alfredarial hansonebenezar dotywinwmwib thompsonenoch morsenathan hobartjohn hoffmanthomas knight LDSjohn baldwinrobert frenchtimothy D martindalejonathan harringtoncharles holmesjeremiah amesarial corning

96


OA crary

trusteesjedethandethanjeduthanJe laddezra holmesspencer phelps

overseer poorroswell D cottrill

fence viewersdavid holbrookjohn wells

constablesWG crarystephen whiman


justice peaceAE russelljosiah jones

supervisors highwayshercules carreljames dulmagelevi francisezra holmeschas holmesEW craryCG crarymorgan parksjoseph robinsonAC rupelljohn C whiteJN kinneydexter otisazariah lymansam metcalfjacob kinneyGS pitcherwm foster 2ndEL goodmanins H swist

97


JB seeley

trusteesjohn johnson jr LDShardin cleavelandjotham maynard

overseer poorarial hansonsolomon webster

fence viewersNK whitney LDSjeremiah ames

constablesluke johnson LDSwm K branch

treasurerEL goodman

justice peacearial hansonjosiah jones


districts1 soloman webster 13 levi sperry2 william foster 14 john furnance3 reynolds cahoon LDS 15 jason lance4 benjamin austin 16 samuel gore5 jacob sherman 17 moses crary6 eli G bunnell 18 enoch morse7 tunis rockafellow 19 james gillet8 luther snow LDS 20 charles holmes9 jedethandethanjeduthanJe ladd 21 richey carrol

10 benjamin markell 22 john C white11 erastus crary 23 hawkins hendricks12 alvah brown 24 jasmionjasminn smith

98

1835 electiontown clerk

AC rupelltrustees

enoch morsehardin cleavelandcaleb E cummings

overseer poorTD martindaleaustin loud

fence viewersjames lakejoel mcwithey

constableswilliam branchlucius parsons

treasurerEL goodman


districts1 edmond durfee LDS2 warren smith LDS3 salmon gee LDS4 robert french5 john hoffman6 RD cottrill7 bigelow barber8 william barker9 jedethandethanjeduthanJe ladd

10 samuel billings11 andrew bartlettBartletbartletttbartietfc12 stephen rupell13 samuel heath14 oliver higbee LDS15 josiah cotton16 james lake LDS17 jacob kinney18 edward gillett19 lorin babbitt LDS20 TD martindale21 giles cook LDS22 william manby23 william foster24 samuel T booth

99


thomas W donavaonDonavatrustees

squire egglestonjohn johnson LDSlory holmes

overseer poorturner sheppardoliver harmonharmony jr LDS

fence viewersoliver harmon jr LDSlory holmesnathan hobart

constablesjerome bump LDShenry green

treasurerlyman pitcher

justice peaceFG williams LDS

supervisors highwaysedmond durfee LDSwarren smith LDSoliver cowdery LDSbenjamin austin

turnerheman hyde LDSbenjamin rupellEH craryjohn parks jrGS pitcherOD calljohn swiftHO stannardebenezar dotysamuel tomlinsonoliver harmon jr LDS

100loo


vinson knight LDS

trusteesreynolds cahoon LDSsimeon wrightcaleb E cummings

overseer poorjohn martonedmund bosley LDS

school examinersthomas burdick LDSwarren cowdery LDSelias smith LDS

fence viewersezra holmesira bond LDSjared carter LDS

constablesjames markellburtonburtton phelps LDS

treasurerNK whitney LDS

justice peaceFG williams LDSoliver cowdery LDS

supervisors highwaysisaac bishop LDSfranklin redfieldstephen laphamgideon carter LDSoliver harmonharmony jr LDSwilliam durrinchauncey turner LDSdavid whitealden burdick LDSezekial rider LDSGS pitcherTD martindalesamuel billingsjames randall LDSE fairfieldJ huntingtonL thompson LDSbenjamin seeley

101iolloiadrilapril 1838 election

town clerkalpheus russell

trusteesezra holmesjohn morsejohn shirts

overseer poorsethsetch thompsonlyman pitcher

fence viewerseliphalet boynton ALDSjohn johnson jr ALDS

constablesfrank

luke johnson ALDS

treasurertimothy D martindale

justice peacewarren cowdery ALDSthomas burdick LDS

supervisors highwaysdistricts

1 solomon webster 14 gurdon pitcher2 william foster 15 john D call3 john johnson jr ALDS 16 john sweet4 erastus barber 17 heman hyde ALDS5 robert french 18 jacob kinney6 nathan hobart 19 jacob bump ALDS7 turner sheppard 20 james whaley8 PPFP day 21 george frank9 jedethandethanjeduthanJe ladd 22 ira sperry

10 samuel miller 23 william manley11 erastus crary 24 ashbel wright12 harvey rockafellow 25 samuel F booth13 samuel heath

APPENDIX IV

warningsarningsawningsarn ings kirtland mormonscormons

SOURCE kirtland township minute book 1817 1837

13 jan 18311 barnett cole family2 david stratton family3 daniel willard family4 harvey whitlockwhifclock family5 betsey covert family6 johnson7 thomas cahoon family8 elsey clisbee9 simeon chase family

10 sidney rigdon family11 HD howe family12 john whitmer13 heman Bassetbassettfc14 doctor williams family15 newton16 chapins family17 ciscooverseers poor

1 jotham maynard2 asa ayers jr

21 oct 18331 william barker family2 lewis robbins3 hiram stratton4 lucinda bigelow family5 sylvester smith family6 john smith family7 lyman shermon family8 almon shermon family9 william B holley

10 joseph smith family11 joseph smith jr family12 sydney rigdon family13 hyrum smith family14 zebedee coltrin15 john murdock16 joseph wood family17 samuel H smith family18 david patten family19 alexander badlam family20 lattersbatters seeley family21 harnel howe22 alexander whitesideoverseers poor

102

103

1 RD cottrell2 john parks

those residing township writ served1 lewis robbins2 zebedee coltrin3 john murdock4 joseph wood family5 hiram stratton6 david patten family

october 18331 gideon carter family2 jared carter family3 luman carter family4 edson fuller family5 john bird family6 william cowdery family7 leonard rich family8 john johnson family9 joel johnson

10 UL davis family11 reed family12 lyman johnson family13 luke johnson family14 levi hancock family15 joseph hancock family16 thomas hancock17 moses martin18 jedediah grant19 john gander20 samuel alger family21 jacob bump22 mary angel23 gladden bishop family24 dowell david patten family25 martin harris26 isaac G bishop27 giles cook28 ira amesoverseers poor

1 RD cottrell2 john parks writ served 20 dec 1833

APPENDIX V

tables

TABLE 1.111llliNUMBER MOVES FAMILY WITHIN NEW

ENGLAND NEW YORK AREAS 1798 18391

number moves number percent

0 97 511 55 292 28 153 110 5

totals 190 100

SOURCE family group sheets collect-ed genealogical department

church jesus christlatter day saints

ibasedimbasedased upon birthplacefamilysfamilys first childchild either born kirtlandchild born prior fanilys moving

TABLE 1.21212

MIGRATION NEW YORK KIRTLAND

years mean median mediansettlement number coordinates coordinates miles

1810 1824 12 9.39393 8.58585 246182518291825 1829 19 8.48484 8.08080 2391830 1834 44 5.85858 5.05050 171

SOURCE see table 1.111ilii

104

105

TABLE 11.31313 3

AGE BAPTISM

age cohort number percent

151915 19 13 15.015020202424 22 25.6256256252925 29 12 14.014030303434 14 16.316316335353939 9 10.5105105

40 iaMi6 18.6186186

totals 86 100.01000SOURCE diaries journalsautobiographies familygroup sheets

TABLE 1.41414

EDUCATION

level number percent

littlelowerLittl eLower 15 22.7227commonelementaryCommon Elementary 48 72.7727secondary 2 3.03030

college 1 1.515graduate 0 0.00000oo

totals 66 100.01000SOURCE see table 1.31313

106log

TABLE 11.51515 5

WEALTH convertsiconverts1CONVERTSCONVERTSi1

wealth level1levelllevela number percent

poor 21 50.0500500moderate 12 28.6286286affluent 8 21.4214214


idueique lackactual dollar estimatespre mormon wealth measure-ment subjectiveconvert indicated diary

early life impo-verished categorized

poor likewiseindicated family

wealthy categorizedaffluent those

indicated neither extremewealth nor poverty classi-fied moderate

CD

0 0 0 0 0 0 835583.55U 414 1

ro rh 01

disciplesHU 010

churchu

01QH 3

0 Ulonconloa 0 0 0 0 0 400240.02 0 U

0 zeelew 0414 1

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N

030 rir i 0

N rar0 CQ N aj4j C

i 202220.22d 158015.80 375337.53 182218.22N 0

xax3u

baptisai&i0

0

0 0 3 CQPARENTS CP 80860 LO f- coeco 1000100.00 CQ 13

c 1 1 m 1 0 nan3 u1 1 CQ 0 6

affiliation ae&e3 iii ireformed0groups reformed

1 1 0 04104owlogi1

mlsmaui 4 U

c 0 r 17 U Paffiliation pres 0 0 0 364436.44 0 200120.01

ageg1671aggaagag

167l P0 0 414 1

6 CS i i 10 D 0vistH leeleo dutch414 1

1 P 3percent

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53lf

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8502

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vo 0 0 0 nH M

N P M 141 4RELIGI 4 0

c w uiuniversalist

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methodists

0meth

6321263.21204 christian10 3 rlr l

0 0 0 0 0 0 H 1 C

CONVERTS

RELIGIOUS nL

n 1l D

0 0oo00 ro ro i i 01 131.3

aqrqlowmoroenH otiomi

pmapi H henleninclude

0 10 9119.11rh 0 reformed

0 Uunchurched 800880.08 158315.83 375037.50 400240.02

8008maamaw 0 0 U 04 C

0i f aqrq

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0 occupational 0H uM Ui eiE i D pnhableTABLEhamzeCQ occupational

Uc u c 0eiE i

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u

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C CL 0 i H C H0 i 3 U 0O C E

ID ili l iq 04 111 1 aroeroano D

414 1 10 U U 0 ie r 1

ili loccupational

faf0 U Umanufacturer

fo U U U M rh Hfathers0 Business

C uau4shopkeeper

clericalH

journeymancejc4jcraftsman

laborsemi

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109

TABLE 11.8188

CONVERTS FATHERSRELIGIOUS affiliation

fathers convertsaffiliation number percent number percent

unchurched 10 15.2152 21 26.9269269

methodist 20 30.3303 15 19.2192presbyterian 11 16.7167 8 10.3103baptist 10 15.2152 10 12.8128reformed baptist 0 11 14.1141reformed methodist 1 1.515 4 5.151campbellite 0 2 2.62626

universalist 3 4.54545 2 2.62626dutch reformed 2 3.03030 2 2.62626congregationalist 5 7.67676 2 2.62626otherl 6.06060go 11 13total 66 100.01000 78 100.11001looilogiSOURCE see table 1.212

iotherlother included episcopal lutheran churchengland

110llolio

TABLE 11.919iglg 9

REASONS conversion WRITTEN DIARYautobiography CONVERT

reason number percent

authority1authorityiAuthorityi1 27 46.6466466

book mormon 17 29.3293293

spiritual manifestations 8 13.7137plainessainessplainestPl doctrine11doctrineiiDoctrine 11ii 1 1.717primitive simplicity 2 3.53535

impressed missionaries 3 5.25252


ithoseithonethose indicated writingsjoined church

divine authorityhlndividualsindividuals recorded

convinced churchechurchs authoritydoctrine easily understood

illlillii

TABLE 1.10110iloiioRATIO SEEKERS CONVERTS

PLACE conversion

conversion seeker memberlocation number percent number percent ratio

vermont 5 9.69696gg 9 11311.311 3.3 56.5656new york 23 44.2442442 31 38838.838838 8.8 74.7474massachusetts 4 7.77777 6 7.575757 5.5 67.6767new hampshire 1 1.919iglg 1 1.3131 3.3 1.00100looohio 17 32.7327 25 31331.331 3.3 68.6868

2 3.93939 8 10.0100100loo 25.2525

totals 52 100.01000 80 100.11001

SOURCE see table 1.31313

TABLE 1.11111SEEKERS RELIGIOUS affiliation

affiliation number percent

unchurched 16 30.2302302

methodist 6 11.3113113presbyterian 4 7.57575baptist 7 13.2132132

reformed baptist 11 20.8208208reformed methodist 3 5.75757campbellite 2 3.83838otherl 4 7.5752- 575


lotheriother includedludedeluded episcopaluniversalist church england

112

TABLE 2.12121

KIRTLAND TOWNSHIP population 183018401830 1840

year total population non mormon mormon

1830 1018 census 963 551831 1120 1050 701832 1170 1070 1001833 1350 1200 1501834 1540 1140 4001835 2040 1140 9001836 2550 1250 13001837 3030 1230 18001838 3230 1230 20001839 1600 1500 1001840 1778 census 1653 125

SOURCE milton V backman heavens resoundhistory latter day saints ohio r

1830 1838 salt lake city deseret book1983 p 140

age100domocioomocioootowrolooio100 10092 71boiotokolokoioio69 56 96 100

il ili l i rh

poor

U0

U 0U CLpeace0 i

L U faf0 Cmormon

17r 17rrocsr17 20 22 17 11r 1010 24 26 1001100.1 c loantown

i ar1r innianni lr r onnonsCNN U 4411ilhighway 0U 1 cla014caa

4 leeleoJS 414 1 Htrustees

M 4 0 afiffi UOFFICES zonnonzoa 3 10 ozeozo

U 414 1 i ili l U aj4j4 0 0 U seeseoC

U 4 414 1

highways

u M 3 ca 0U U 0

overseer

4 414 1

threesll U 1 I 0 0 0MINOR 1 5 8cooilcooiodoiodor29 31

l44 4 1 Xkhzjusticesh3ha oceocoG

I1 I1 1 CNICQ I1 4414 4 1 mcq0cq 0CQ U 1

3 seeseo C 0 0M tlt l aj4j rar0 aqtq 4

OFFICERS

Q

sii 73 4 M supervisors

H13

0oor0 1conrionr0 2 7 5mcgimcoi8 1io0 xamcamc 0 sii 01839treasurertoltoo 0 1 1

mormon

fo CQ TS & electedU18301839 U sll U 3 D

H uau3 0 414 1 CQ r 1

y 4 D elected0 uhewnTOWN 1830 m 1 1 H D u

183900 supervisors r 4 oke 0i 1 0 L 44.

222.2 18171839I1 Hconstables

4 U 02888

MORMON

100omooroooorooootcoocmcto100 100 aee100wee 77 82crocnocrocco64 29 92 100

1817rfr f

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i

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TABLE

NONMORMON

town

C IQ

faf0oceocoC0 cormonsmormons

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0 D 0 2mormon ci icmooir9 7 5inorincrlnorinar i CQ OCviewers G11 12 12 10 12 1112i lr lr fr li 1 itiriiilii li 1 OHdefined OD 0

anzazz H 414 1 g oamoakC 4harmon

KIRTLAND

polli 1 Q 0 i 00 rar0 aqrq 0 apostate

OFFICES zonnonzoa enincluded

0 Mr 1 U U 10 0

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1 C U 0 U U faf3H 414 1

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C aqtq G r 1

MAJOR I1 I1 I1 1 roooy5r 1008 U i ooiooluo fivei

23 18 36 711 1 1 1 nr irqr I1 0 U oiO officesi 4

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complete

oi Upersonal

10 city414 1 0 E U 0distribution t 1 1 lil i 0 i U

communityr W 1 0 i rfnnrann 1 uau5 inoovoin i 1 I1 uu U taxpayersfb 04y 161.6 1 202.0 171.7 838.3 121.2 060.6 050.5 090.9 101.0 060.6 050.5 nti 0 4

amagr 1 1 80CS 1 abwii iacoiicoi83mm abwbl 1mmeg0 I1 oosooi05 09 10ae100ewmw 05 1 1 1 u i x c

mcmncmc zaselakezaka0o

i

0 wmswamtat0410 rirspeculators

30i

0 1 m ys I1 cs 1 1 1 m 1 1 1 00 1 10 en v U

3 I1 202.0 1 060.6 838.3 060.6 1 121.2 t 1 1 050.5 i 1 1 080.8 1 111 1 AJ U c en 01 1 20CS I1 06emooooOCOO83mm mmeg

1wnflf l 1 1 1 050 1 1 1 08em0 1 10 i H 0 03

memarealmoma

0salt0 1 ranking 414 1 414 1

0 M taxpayers0o c c 03 C&

percentage

aj UWEALTH 1 t 1 w cs 1 olneouneoino 1 i wio i 0 x u u poorest known0

cs2 080.8 070.7 060.6 121.2 060.6 151.5 101.0 060.6 050.5 101.0me ll11 0 lil i 0 C08em 07 06am mblb ewmw 15mm 10 06 05em0 1 0 1 0 1 rlr l 1 lr l 1 1 00 1 1 1 cosntyzobcy cryaryclyu 44.

nm ozioji

i couoxloxi3 KommCu th414

c1 ft D

enc

f i 00 1 r r ir 1 csrw 1 eoloooinealo i mv 1libr aj4j smoJ lwe

1111 1 080.8 1 070.7 919.1 171.7 121.2 272.7 060.6 101.0 090.9 050.5 050.5 060.6 040.4 131.38382 U 414 1 414 1 cloudingcluding008em0 1 OWH07 91md abmb1 hirmohirmemnr irmoirmebgng 06em

1 ftae 09em0 cac305em1 00005 06 04 I1 10 44 3

umaugaubatr tyi 0 4 nnoCHOnneng 10 r 1

3 U IM C ili l Utat0 0 0 flf l r X3 eoageaeom0 rtr r exH

status414 1NMSC W

NMettiaioecoswemewscoewNM NM NM NM NM NM NM u socieu aalliall shawishowi0 fl4 W

40 Z wmsLDSwamQ3 2qzqzq2qzqzq2q2qaamLDSwam masLDSmam

3.3LDS wmsLDS

1

zasLDSzam

1

zasLDSzam omsLDSomm

1

LDS

tat00

0Cta

0100

1

w 0 rM r 1 10 CU 0 tat0 C

wealthiefl4

assessed wealthie

U 0 N n w r 0 OS U 0 r 1

0 m r r fi fn aqrq rll ro m SOURCE

Ddwirl tat0mealyear 1830 1832 1833 1834 1835 wemm1836 1837 1838 1839u oo00 oo00 Q cn oc w

1 1 1 rlr l i 1 1 4 rlr l w 0 0 r

115

TABLE 2.42424

NONMORMONNON MORMON WEALTHWEALTM concentration 1827 1830183911830 183911839i

quintiles giniiigini12ginisiyear 1 2 3 4 5 total coefficient

1827 65.1651651 22.1221 8.88888 3.43434 1.515 30612 0.61406141830 57.0570 23.4234234 12.5125 4.84848 2.22222 33779 0.55305531832 60.9609609gog 22.3223223 10.5105105 4.54545 1.616lgig 42534 0.57305731833 61.3613 23.1231231 10.3103103 3.63636 1.919iglg 47736 0.60206021834 60.8608608 21.1211211 10.5105105 5.45454 2.22222 46642 05620.56295621835 55.6556 25.8258258 12.9129129 4.141 1.616iglg 52100 0.54305431836 56.4564564 25.7257257 12.2122 4.34343 1.515 55379 0.55005501837 56.4564564 25.2252 10.5105 6.06060go 1.91919lg 51471 0.54005401838 57.6576576 23.1231231 13.0130 4.84848 1.313 79158 0.55405541839 60.1601goigol 23.0230230 10.3103 5.15151 1.51515 51608 0.5720572SOURCE wealth concentration data turnover ratio data

geaugageaugh county real personal property ownerstax list 1832 1839 genealogical society librarysalt lake city utah

laillhlllaiiahll mormon non mormon taxpayerspaid real personal property tax rankedorder amount taxes assessed ranking

completed divided five equal divisionsquintiles total share taxes paid

each division calculatedgini coefficient concentration

precise means comparing relative inequality withincommunities coefficient G vairesbaires between 0.00000oo

landholders same amount land wealth1.010iolo landholder land

116

TABLE 2.52525

MORMON WEALTH concentration 1835183911835 18391percent

quintiles giniyear 1 2 3 4 5 total coefficient

1835 69.7697 16.0160igo 8.88888 4.44444 1.212 11338 0.63206321836 67.7677 16.6166 10.3103 4.54545 1.919lg19 13524 0.61506151837 65.5655655 14.9149149 10.9109109log 6.66666gg 1.91919lg 20785 0.58605861838 72.9729729 14.7147147 7.87878 3.23232 1.41414 17549 0.66706671839 84.5845845 8.88888 3.33333 2.02020 1.31313 9235 0.7530753SOURCE mormon wealth concentration data see table2.42424 source

las table 2.42424 wealth dividedquintiles

117

TABLE 2.62626

NON MORMON WEALTH concentration ACRESLAND 1827 1830183018391839

percent

quintilesQuintilt5s ginitinipiniC

year 1 2 3 4 5 total coefficientoefboef ficienfc

1827 69.8698698 22.5225225 5.85858 1.616lgig 0.00000oo 7200 06910.691oggi0 691.6911830 58.5585585 25.8258258 13.8138138 5.95959 0.70707 6944 05890.5890 589589.5891832 58.0580 29.2292292 11.0110iloiio 1.31313 0.101oloi 7630 05970.5970 597597.5971833 58.7587 29.4294294 10.9109log 0.60606og 0.50505 8720 06000.6000 goo600600.6001834 58.7587 29.1291 11.7117 0.90909og 0.50505 911191111gill 05880.5880 588588.5881835 57.9579579 26.7267267 14.4144144 0.87087 0.20202 9827 05870.5870 587587.5871836 57.6576 29.0290 12.4124124 0.909og09 0.50505 10000 05970.5970 597597.5971837 64.5645 25.6256 8.68686 0.90909og 0.50505 8716 06280.6280 628628.6281838 63.6636 27.9279279 5.95959 2.02020 0.70707 7743 06390.6390 639639.6391839 62.3623 31.6316 4.04040 1.313 0.80808 8878 06360.6360 636636.636

SOURCE wealth concentration data see table 2.42424source

table 2.42424 wealth dividedquintiles

118

TABLE 2.72727

MORMON WEALTH concentrationconcentrationby ACRESLAND 1835 18391

quintilesqilintilelentile land giniyear 1 2 3 4 5 total coefficient

1835 70.7707 17.8178 0.72072 0.60060ogo 0.101oloi 1141 0.76007601836 94.4944944 4.34343 0.15015 0.77077 0.30303 1299 0.80808081837 90.1901goi901 1.81818 6.60660 1.18118 0.40404 2405 0.85008501838 81.1811811 11.0110iioilo 6.60660 1.02102 1.010lo10 3329 0.72907291839 83.6836836 12.0120120 2.40240 0.89089 1.111li11 1768 0.7660766SOURCE see table 2.42424 source

las table 2.42424 wealth dividedquintiles

119ilg

xomamean

cre

14310143.10

oromrsiri iooxcrt

428742.87 436043.60 479547.95 517251.72 481748.17

birrlerriirr425242.52

ct377737.77 355135.51

rirln

i

LQ Q Q VQ rocsfnr r ioocmrin leeleo omooko i U usypin arqrq 1 4 4 G rir i

rh records0 U i C M rlr l

u en see3 iii i 0 0 families

i

Q C U familyrpzalo

personal

IQ establishedrierrihie0 H e c i ja eelTCI

dividing lii141kli14 1 0 H U 040411

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M oolooimi8719758719.75

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1839

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vorooycrocorcoydi7630 grilli fcooiroo9827

100208716 7r743 8878

property

414

0i

1

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average

curicu r i

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number0.06

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ili l 13 rlrdeterminationl 0 nan3 30 ar ig c 111 1 EO C18301839

ili l C familyH sii U 0 CleoathenleocC CL H e U seeseo C C 013

1830 13 0 W e04 ujju4j 4 cormonsmormonsgudetermined bothu

mormone u rir i i 414 1 U 0 H aj4jP stt H 0 0 13 51037103 0.0 0 0fo 0 rir i i icoooocomino c 4 i U c wamwmsro SEestimated

estimatede families

H 161 age178 800200600oocrioooin190 190 808208 805205 805205bem 850250personal0 u cru using 6

H I1 5 i rharrhcr r CNMCN M 13 n3ctoheeheo 0 CPC P4 C 3 1l averagemam& H ili l aoanoncon002 zonnonzoa0 fa 0 Q U 0 141tiieil14 1

KIRTLAND H Z wmswam0 axiicilxinumber1

3 3 E 212.1 13 13 U

282.868 13 03 3 218101 U C smolmojaj3

cadcaeC W U C C ropro PU tat3 U lmalmo U C Ucr0 Q Q

koclnm000ooinorocskOCLnm r lihcmo13 r

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done0 torlorielorlelorIQtableiedetermined

ili l CQ i

8628.62 8658.65 6057057.05gem 6966.96 5515.51mma 7617.61 9329.32 families heoehebsTABLE average

0moweacreu

ownedc 188618.86

cocooorvomr chrchi13120131.20

ilandCro

H62iualuytuyiu3

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4U

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0eiaei30 r 1 13l 3 faf0 &0wmswam U H 0

FARM i B lal4 lr 13 1411314 113 0 ownedC212.181ba

group0 0CC ll11l l MO M 0

0 0 c70y U dasfo HH eu hodHOO

dewe1840wewe

ili l lolmor0 MSIZE ttt t 0 looinmr ohio

imormon

oriorl i lillriiiiii i th 3 414 1 ui 1 omi crcldoo 0 ajarojartable i

families

Hfigure

0110 acresntotalaj4j0

moweacreKU

13200132.00nocornooor1465146.525075250.75 50020500.20

1141251141.25loi1299251299.25 2r4o457

ayco2700yyco3329023329.02 1968001968.00

Efo

ietocffamily 6l3 l

t acresiiiU

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U0

0 U rqmootoc i 13 34 i u acressiieiE i r li iollorhtn moimot 4 0414104 14 1 cac0 U 1

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0 estimatedeuiaeui4eulsomeomo rq4j iii i 0H U H uau4 foco

ampe1830amre

populationfopfooropro totalp records0 crpcr p

73 M aj4j ili l estimatedearemrhariohar lo U ta0 C U 0 CQ figuresneinhi 1 34 U average4 U

P 0 H en 1I ITOPITOtto P & 1 I D smesmo

0 6 r 1 7rr iyior ln 3 H CQO 0 U 4mormon families 17 29 71 15 geaughgeauga

estimatede n H i ntvdrqi164 mrm236 mam316loilor357ini 0 uau4 44 UCN1820

ezi XH 0 6 r icnmm Usl1 oheeithejs 11theeiE i taxoio i 01P 2 0 U eiE i C 13 C iii i OH das4 m c10 talltjll 0 0 U 0 OH H HH

001839.0000ro paeleaaelapaeaag

4 Hmormon

lolmor0iemortolamormola

1propertytaxP

idividing1H

hr 1 oe04 1 0population determined

U 18301839I1 i 1Property

U HU ocrqinvoroocri cdo 3 U I1 U I1 & 13faf0 fncnromrrororqro SOURCEdm app N C 0yearU

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1832 1833

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0z 1 63263.2 75575.5 67267.2 48548.5

10 n 655 r wem

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0 Q iii i

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iKIRTLAND 1r 1 ro r- o 866r 414 1

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Q 1l&i4j18351838I1 city0 0 H199 HS r 1 ch vo 0 u u

2 gs1835 1019

1001 151.5

15amr 1

090.9090464.6gmwg 494.949wm

pap4U

i 1 i J

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01

TABLEg g 0personalzaz5 0 0 414 1g 49 00 CS 00 ili l i 10 Z 20491 444.4 282.8 929.2 989.8 0 maatsaltmall

0lil i COMMUNITYD 0 44wwr 2888cs 9298 98mm

20MDCQ 0 0

distribution mcmmcqCll11l l U 1

0 ili l

cic i 0 399rar1 ro vo r rir i library111 1

Q5099

500I1

10310.30r 1

767.666gmr353.535mmro

373.7mgpgro mocarealmoxa0U

jaj3ri

3

r

omzaLAND

QZ

CT 414 1

ipU

i

amm199CTcountyC societyH

rhr H iai1 r r 3 u100199

01 747.4gw64r

575.757mg 353.5

35mmro373.7mgpgro u0 0

pee100wee0rir i 0 r 1

geaughgeauga3cac7

0Ur

0

1

0 en0 0 0 r oo00 002000cs

000.0000

000.0000

171.7agwgi i

181.8aewmr 1

genealogical

r

00

1

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vo i oo00 m U0 rar1 ro ro ro

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Dyear 1835 1836 1837 lehm1838mehm

0 00 00 00 0 CH rir i rh r 1 r 1 rir i

121

TABLE 2.10210GROWTH RATE NONMORMONNON MORMON MORMON

KIRTLAND 183018391830 1839percent

years non mormonsimormons1mormonti mormon

1830 1832 23623.6236 100.010001832 1833 5.95959 22.22222221833 1834 4.94949 2083208.320831834 1835 5.15151 83.88388381835 1836 3.53535 55.95595591836 1837 9.39393 64.26421837 1838 18318.3183 11.0110iloiio1838 1839 loo10.0100 36.2362362

SOURCE geaugageaugh county realpersonal property owners tax list1830 1840 genealogical societylibrary salt lake city utah

itheithe number non mormonfamilies used measurement

calculated subtracting thosedid persist during given

year total number fam-ilies taxed during year thus

1833 175 families taxedminus 29 taxed familiesdid persist equaled 144 famicamilies T e 144 families thenused calculating growthrate

122

TABLE 2112.112 11

KIRTLAND LAND PRICES CURRENT

dollars1830DOLLARS 1830 1839

year current dollars

1830 6546.546 54.54541831 5775.775 77.77771832 7247.247 24.24241833 111811.1811 .18181834 162116.2116 21.21211835 15.75157515 75.75751836 255925.5925 59.59591837 444844.4844 48.48481838 255925.5925 59.59591839 17.53175317 53.5353

SOURCE marvin hillC keith rooker larryT wimmer kirtlandeconomy revisitedmarket critiquesectarian economicsprovo brigham young

universtiy press 1977p 21

123

TABLE 2.12212NON MORMON persistence 182718391182718391827 183918391

percent

year number persistence nonpersistencepersistencenon

1827 13123 89.5895895 10.51051051830 18128 86.0860860 14.01401401832 14150 90.7907 9.393931833 29173 83.2832832 16.81681681834 30167 82.0820 18.01801835 25169 85.2852852 14.81481481836 56194 71.6716716 28.42842841837 73199 63.3633633 36.73671838 51200 74.5745 25.52552551839 42205 79.6796 20.4204204

SOURCE persistence data geaugageaugh countyreal personal property owners tax list183018401830 1840 genealogical society salt lakecity utah

ipersistencepersistence measure how manypeople left tax list during given year

example 1833 83.2832832 percent popula-tion remained kirtland while 16.8168168 percentememmigratedemmigrafcedmigratedimmigrated

124

TABLE 2.13213213

NONMORMONNON MORMON TURNOVER RATIO 1832 18391

year incomingoutgoingIncoming Outgoing ratio

1832 3914 2.792791833 3629 1.241241834 2530 0.830831835 2825 1.121121836 5156 0.91091ogi1837 5673 0.770771838 7251 1.411411839 8942 2.12212SOURCE turnover ratio datageaugageaugh county real personalproperty owners tax list183218391832 1839 genealogical societylibrary salt lake city utah

ithe turnover ratio demo-nstrates number people

entering area versus thoseleaving

125

TABLE 2.14214NON MORMON SOCIAL MOBILITY

1827 1834 18391percent

familiesyears upward downward stable tax list total

182718281827 1828 22722.722227 7.7 10010.0loo10 0.0 67367.367673 3.3 110 1000100.0100loo 0.0

183418351834 1835 26226.226226 2.2 11.811811811 8.8 62062.062062 0.0 137 1000100.0100loo 0.0

183518361835 1836 13813.813 8.8 4.848484 8.8 81.481481481 4.4 145 1000100.0100loo 0.0

1836 1837 24 1.1 10.6106log10 6.6 65365.365 3.3 141 1000100.0100loo 0.0

1837 1838 21821 8.8 10510.510510 5.5 67767.767 7.7 124 1000100.0100loo 0.0

1838 1839 17117.117117 1.1 10310.310310 3.3 72672.672672 6.6 146 1000100.0100loo 0.0

SOURCE see table 2.11211 source appendix B containstables above data based

lali non mormonscormons ranked orderpersonal real property assessment rank

ing completed divided five divisionscompared subsequent year individual

changed higher category consideredupwards mobile changed lower category

downwardly mobile changecategory year next considered

stable

126

TABLE 2.15215NONNONMORMONMORMON nontpersistersNON persisters WEALTH

distribution 1827 1835 1839

year 1 2 3 4 5 total number

1827 7.777777 7.7 30830.830830 8.8 15.415415415 4.4 7.777777 7.7 38738.738 7.7 131830 11111.1liilililliii11 1.1 5.656565 6.6 11111.1illili11 1.1 27827.827827 8.8 44444.444444 4.4 181832 14314.314 3.3 21.421421421 4.4 7.171717 1.1 57157.157 1.1 141833 3.535353 5.5 6.96969gg6 9.9 10310.310 3.3 31031.031 0.0 34534.534534 5.5 291834 10.0100loo10 0.0 6.767676 7.7 23323.323 3.3 20020.020020 0.0 43343.343 3.3 301835 8.080808 0.0 56056.056056 0.0 36036.036036 0.0 251836 8.989898 9.9 10710.710 7.7 16116.1igiigl16 1.1 26826.826826 8.8 37537.537537 5.5 561837 8.282882 2.2 8.282882 2.2 21921.921219 9.9 31531.531 5.5 30130.130 1.1 731838 8.989898 9.9 5.959595 9.9 17617.617617 6.6 35335.335 3.3 37337.337337 3.3 511839 7.171717 1.1 7.1717 1.1 26226.226226 2.2 33333.333333 3.3 26226.226 2.2 42

SOURCE wealth distribution data geaugageaughcounty real personal property owners taxlist 182718391827 1839 genealogical society librarysalt lake city utah

laillaii11ll non mormonscormons left kirtlandduring year specified ranked order

personal real tax assessed rank-ing completed divided fivedivisions showing percentage wealtheach category 1 being highest 5 beinglowest

127

TABLE 2.16216NONMORMONNON MORMON NEWCOMERS WEALTHWEALTM

distribution 1835 1838percent

year 1 2 3 4 5 total number

1835 3.73737 3.73737 7.47474 33.3333333 41.8418418 271836 8.18181 2.02020 10.2102102 26.6266266 53.1531531 491837 3.33333 6.76767 13.4134134 43.4434434 33.4334334 601838 6.36363 898.989 18.9189189 30.4304304 35.4354354 79

SOURCE wealth distribution data geaugageaughcounty real personal property owners taxlist 1835 1838 genealogical society librarysalt lake city utah

laillaiiailali non mormonscormons movedkirtland during year specified ranked

order personal real tax assessedranking completed divided

five divisions showing percentagewealth each category 1 being highest5 being lowest

128

TABLE 33.131POST MIGRATION PATTERNS KIRTLAND

SAINTS 183718381837 1838

locations probable1probablelProbableProbablel1 Possipossible11possiblellPossibleblell11

where kirtland kirtland totaillltotal iiiillmormonscormons lived saints saints saintssain ts

1838 Totaltotal329tofcal329329 total127Total 127 total456tohaltotal 456

apostates 50 15.2152 33 2.424242 4.4 53 11.6116116ilg1 church 14 4.34343

leaders2 36 10.9109log

members

missouri 227 69.0690 97 76076.076076 0.0 327 71

nauvoo 250 76.0760 65 51.051051051 0.0 315 69.0690vicinitymissouri 273 83.0830830 ill111iiiliilil 87.0870 384 84.0840nauvoovicinity

both

Kirtkirtlandladdlaud 13 4.040404 0.0 1 1.010loio1 0.0 14 3.030303 0.0

1840lv18401v1840 lv

utah 148 45045.045045 0.0 28 22022.022 0.0 176 39039.039039 0.0plainsvplainse

total indi 290 88088.088 0.0 109 86086.086086 0.0 399 87587.587587 5.5

vidualsvisualsabove listsSOURCE journals diariesdiarle autobiographies familygroup sheets

iprobableimprobableprobable saints those actually iidentifieddenti fiedfledlivinlivinginlivinyinvinginli binyin kirtikirtland

possible saints members re eithertravelinavelingravelintrtravelingthroughtraveling through livilivingng near kirtland

breadshreadsheads 0 f househouseholdsholdsvkirtlandkirtland census 1840

vthosehose either died enroute salsaisaltsaitt lake citynebrasknebraska ioiowalowawa during mormon trek west

introduction

levaievaeva L pancoast mormonscormonsMor mons kirtland MAthesis department history western reserve university1929 milton V backman jr heavens resoundhistory latter day saints ohio 1830 1838 saltlake city deseret book 1983

2anyoneanyone knowledgeable field mormonhistory observe my thinking stimulatedmarvin hill C keith rooker larry wimmers work

kirtland economy revisited provo utah brighamyoung university press 1977

130

CHAPTER I1

social origins kirtland mormonscormons

lhistohistoryry geaugageaugh lake counties ohioevansville indiana unigraphicsgraphicsUni 1973 p 248

2forifornextensive discussion rise

mormonism new york setting see larry C porterstudy origins church jesus christlatter day saints states new york

pennsylvania 1816 1831 phd dissertation collegereligious instruction brigham young university

1971 two interpretive articles new yorkperiod see leonard J arrington mormonismnmormonismnew york beginnings new york history 41 october 1980ppap 387410387 410 larry C porter church new york

pennsylvania 181618311816 1831 F mark mckeirnan etal ed restoration movement essays mormonhistory independence missouri herald publishing house1979 ppap 276127 61

3seeaseesee mark leone roots modern mormonismcambridge massachusetts harvard university press

1979 ppap 10 16 klaus hansen quest empirepolitical kingdom god council fifty

mormon history lincoln university nebraska press1967 p viii klaus hansen mormonism americanexperience chicago university chicago press 1981ppap 458345 83 mario de pillis ntheanthe social sourcesmormonism church history 37 may 1968 55 57 gordon

wood evangelical america early mormonism n newyork history 41 october 1980 359 386 marvin hill

shaping mormon mind new england newyork BYU studies 9 spring 1969 354 marvin hill

ntheanthe role christian primitivism origindevelopment mormon kingdom 1830 1844 phddissertation department history university chicago1968 ppap 454 5 william mulder mormonscormonsamerican history utah historical quarterly 27 january1959 59 77

4whitneyhifcney R cross burned districtsocial intellectual history enthusiastic religion

western new york 1800 1850 new york harper row1950 ppap 88 109 mario de pillis social sourcesp 79 both argued rural backgroundsdistinctive trait mormon convert study finds

approximately two thirds conversion locationsrural areas fifty percent converts

being farmers however eighty percent americanwork force engaged agriculture during 1830s

131

132

what does really tell us mormonscormonsMormonsmormon converts rural areas those

denominations religious historians long maintainedagrarian areas breeding grounds

sectarianism revivalism hence catalystmormonism yet works paul johnson shopkeepersShopkeeperlsmilleniummillennium society revivals rochester new york181518371815 1837 new york hill wang 1978 ppap 15 61

paul faler cultural aspects industrialrevolution lynn massachusettss shoemakersindustrial morality 1826 1860 n labor history 15 summer1974 367399367 399 point revivalism little do

rural maturation agrarianism both see revivalismtool employed urban ruling elite maintain

supervision insure orderly efficient workingclass alternatives rural thesis seemary P ryan cradle middle class familyoneida county new york 179018651790 1865 london cambridgeuniversity press 1981 ppap 60 104 glen C altshuler

jan M saltzgaber revivalism social consciencecommunity burned district trial

rhoda bement ithaca cornell university press 1983ppap 15 77 143169143 169

5 hansen american experience ppap 636863 68 hillhlllchristian primitivism ppap 37 79 wood evangelical

america ppap 375384375 384

6lawerencelawerence foster religion sexuality threethreamerican communal experiments nineteenth centurynewnewnex york oxford university press 1981 ppap 10 14123180.12318012 180318 i foster between heaven ehrearth9 th sunstone 7julyjuly august 1982 7 13

7crossacrossross burned district ppap 31093 109 138 150

8deadee pillis social sources ppap 61 72works attempt tie birth mormonismfrontier thesis see dean C mcbrien influence

frontier joseph smith phd dissertationdepartment history george washington university1929 milton R hunter mormonscormons americanfrontier salt lake city LDS department education1940 alexander evanhoff turner thesis mormonbeginnings new york utah n utah historicalquarterly 33 spring 1965 157 173

9deadeQde pillis expands concept religious

authority work quest religious authorityrise mormonism dialogue fall 1966 688868 88

lomarvinlo marvin hill rise mormonismburned district another view new york history41 october 1980 426

133

illawrenceallawrenceil lawrence yorgason demographic aspectshundred early mormon converts 183018371830 18371837r

thesis department history brigham young university1974 attempted analysis admittedlyinformation limited questionable representative

8000 converts located ah0hohioio n missouriss ourouni ifollowing table demonstrated large amount

kirtland saints born new york new englandseventy eight percent total provided

impetus using area examining pre conversionmigration however should noted thatthechurchchurchmemmembebembe rsrsatarsat jcijrtlandi andmayanamaymaynay nott berebeneberepresentarepresentativepresentazivetiyediyeentire church membbembmembershipership during time

birthplaces OP KIRTLAND SAINTS

C atyatefty mj percentpelpeircenfcstate mamalemaieae1e female combined total

new york 264 156 108 31.8318318

massachusetts 126 82 44 15.1151vermont 102 64 44 12.3123 78new hampshire 66 37 29 8.08080connecticut 66 37 29 8.08080 newmaine 24 13 11 2.92929 england

canada 42 23 19 5.05050 newohio 33 18 15 4.04040 yorkpennsylvania 33 15 18 4.04040england 19 6 13 2.32323

others 55 36 22idlidi 6.66666gg

totals 830 487 343 100.01000SOURCE biographies autobiographies family groupsheets

12the majority biographical dataavailable genealogical library churchhistorical department church jesus christlatter day saints family group sheet kept

church contains data each family memberbirth marriage death records contained

various diaries journals family histories

134

migration study four hundred twenty L thesegroup sheets found kirtland membership

group hundred ninety 22 percent836 members reconstituted based

nativity data first childs beingeither new york new england area

13walter131 0 walterwaiter nugent structures american socialhistory bloomington indiana university press 1981p 70 writing land rush vermont drawsconclusion

1810 thirty years firstmass waves settlers sons daughters

much same position emigrantsmassachusetts generation before

choices stay family farmprobably subdividing where resources

easily extend same levelthemselves third generation findnew land new frontier again newland 50 100 miles away newyork easily reachable timbered well wateredless remote usually fertilevermont land prices rose vermontouttoutmigrationmigration began even migrationstill going

14dwDW meinig geography expansion178518551785 1855 geography new york state john henrythompson ed new york syracuse university press1977 p 145

15meinig15meinig expansion p 144

161bidibid17andrew17 andrew W young history chautauguachautauquaChautaugua county

new york first settlement present timenew york matthews warner 1875 ppap 446 535

18joeljoeijoel hills johnson journal sketchlife joel hills johnson TS special

collections harold B lee library brigham younguniversity hereafter cited special collections ppap1 3 land records pomfret township note ezekialjoel original purchasers 1824 1825 respectively

191bidibid p 3

20meinig20 meinig p 144 kirtland membership recordsshow sixty percent converts sharedcommon surname further work kinship ties relating

migration conversion position within mormon

135

church hierarchy see D michael quinn organizationalsocial origins mormon hierarchy 183219321832 1932

prosopographical study MA thesis departmenthistory university utah 1973

2lluman21luman andros shurtliff journal lumanshurtliff TS special collections ppap 1 12

22de pillis social sources n p 78

iftitticcifc possible historians often drawconclusion since joseph smith transient

bulk mormonscormonsMor mons however smithfather made significant amount moves smith

7 14 father24yorgason24yorgason hundred converts ppap 282928 29

argued since parents these convertsmigrated often children parentalmigration should taken account partconverts migratory experience thus demonstrated

average two moves per convert 190reconstituted families 59 31 percent themtrace parental migrations using pearson correlationcoefficient association between parental moves

convert children negligible 077.07707705.0505 level significance neither does seer1seerseera

correlation between number moveschanges religious affiliation seventy eight percent

converts eighty percent parentsmoved did change religions converts parents

did change religions seventeen percent sonsdid likewise based upon these measurements

difficult label children transients25the child step ladder method introduced

barnes lathrop study migration east texasaustin texas state historical association 1949

study persistence measured based upon lengthtime pre mormon convert stayed within geographical

area county mothers birth intervalchild born kirtland

26newfe newnev york census records 1800 revealed100000 inhabitants west old colonial regionbesides 10000 champlain area 1810 thesetotals increased 300000 50000 1820

700000 regionsrevolution 1820 just matter filling

overall pattern already established27hillhill burned district p 420 while

ultimate causes conversion supernaturalexperiences beyond scope social history

136

understanding social processes conversion doessay supernatural ideological

influences involved certainly those believeomnipotent god must believe work throughsocial processes environmental influencesappear natural detached social scientisthistorian see david 0 moberg church socialinstitution englewood cliffs NJ prentice hall1962 ppap 421444421 444

28ibidibid29woodwood evangelical america ppap 361 365

foster between heaven earth p 7 ryan cradleppap 7177 17 johnson milleniummillennium ppap 9511595 115

30ryanryan cradle ppap 545954 59 102

3libidibid ppap 565956 59 72 trend seenlarge numbers 32 percent momormonrmon conconvertst

worked different occupation fathersnotice twenty three percent fewer sons

employed farms excellent workdeals effect ofofthe industrial revolution

occupational social mobility see franklin Fmendels social mobility phasesindustrialization journal interdisciplinary history7 autumn 1976 193216193 216

137

CONVERTS FATHERS occupations

father convertoccupationoccupoccueatlon number percentperc ent number percentperc ent

farmerr 38 80980.980809 9.9 43 58millemiller r 5 10610.6log10610 6.6 6 8 1.1shoemaker 2 4.343434 3.3 1 1.212121 2.2

sailor 1 2.1212 1.1 0 0.00000oo0 0.0

i JL1 2.12121 24 32.5325totals 47 1000100.0100loo 0.0 74 1000100.0100loo 0.0

SOURCE see table 3

ithesethese occupations include teacher hattertanner carpenter lawyer clerk thomsonian doctordoctor merchant minister

32see3 see george rogers taylor transportationrevolution new york rinehart 1951 ppap207228207 228

33ryanryan cradle ppap 565756 57 64

34william34william mcloughlin revivals awakeningsAwaken ingsreform chicago university chicago press 1978ppap 1 23 foster between heaven earth ppap 898 9hansen american experienceexperienceyExperiencexperiencedey ppap 464746 47

35mcloughlin35mcloughlin revivals p 10

36anthony36 anthony FC wallace revitalizationmovements american anthropologist 58 1956 266 267

37wallacewailace37 wallace revitalization movements p 267mcloughlin revivals ppap 122012 20

38wallacewailace38wallace revitalizationnrevitalization movements n p 269

39mcloughlin39mcloughlin revivals p 12

40wallacewailace40 wallace nrevitalizationrevitalizafcion movements ppap269270269 270

41woodwood evangelical america ppap 363367363 367

138

421bibidid ppap 361364361 364

43mcloughlin43 mcloughlin revivals p 21 donald G

matthews second great awakening organizingprocess 178018301780 1830 hypothesis american quartellquarterlQuarquarterlyterlteri21 spring 1969 p 27 argues second greatawakening revivalism little do religiousissues rather organizing processhelped give meaning direction people suffering

various degrees social strains nationmove new political economic geographical

areas two recent works using thesis johnsonsshopkeepers milleniummillennium expeciallyespecially chapter fiveryans cradle middle class p 1951 95 seefaler cultural aspects industrial revolutionp 370

44wallace44wallacewailace revitalization movements ppap267267268268 mcloughlin revivals p 14

45wallacewailace45wallace revitalization movements ppap270275270 275

46mcloughlin46 mcloughlin revivals ppap 16 23

47hansen47 hansen american experiencerexperience ppap 141 4 donnahill joseph smith first mormon new york doubleday

1977 ppap 155015 50 hill christian primitivismppap 37 51

48nkirtlandkirtland letter book church historiansoffice hereafter cited CHO 1835 1839 ppap 1 3

491bid491ibidbid ppap 232 3

50joseph50 joseph smith history church jesuschrist latter day saints ed BH roberts 7volumes salt lake city deseret book 1978 1111211 12

5libidibid ppap 111311 13

52klauskiausklaus hansen quest ppap xii xv 3233 23 hillchristain primitivism especially chapter 2 hillshaping mormon mind ppap 351372351 372 hansenamerican experience ppap 51 52 warren jennings

city garden social conflict jackson countymissouri F mark mckiernan et al restorationmovement essays mormon history independencemissouri herald publishing house 1979 ppap 99 119

530f fifty eight conversion accountsfound nineteen thirty two percent recorded

various tension forming criscriseses cohsiderlfigconsider ing hd many

139

accountaccounts written years conversionexperience significant these crisesrecorded

54mcloughlin54 mcloughlin revivals p 12

55joeljoeijoel hills johnson journal p 1

561bidibid p 2


58ibidibid59ibid591bid p 3

601bidibid611bid61ibid p 4

621bidibid p 5

631bid63ibid

64ibid641bid

651bidibid66ibid661bid ppap 5 7

67according67 according chautauguachautauquaChautaugua county census1840 commerce manufaturingmanufacturing made fifty threepercent labor force pomfret areafurthermore apporximately seventy five percent lesshomespun cloth produced 1845 1825 see

taylor transportation revolution ppap 211220211 220

68newnew york state census 1825

140

69see table below

SOCIAL MOBILITY POMFRET AREA 1825 1835

mobility number percent

upward 38 70.4704704downward 8 14.8148

change 8 14.8148totals 54 100.01000SOURCE new york statecensus chautauguachautauquaChautaugua county1825 1835

70joeljoeijoel hills johnson journal ppap 2 3

WEALTH distribution POMFRET 1825acres land

wealthdistribution number percent

0 93 17.21721721 9 155 28.5285285101910 19 103 19.0190igo204920 49 147 27.1271509950 99 35 6.56565100199100 199 9 1.616lgig200 0 0.00000oo

totals 542 99.9999999

SOURCE new york state censuschautauguachautauquaChaut augua county 1825

141

7lbenjaminbenjamin F johnson my lifes reviewindependence missouri zions printing publishing

ppap 8 10 joel hills johnson journal p 2

72benjamin72 benjamin johnson life review p 8

731bid731tat3 ibidbid p 12 benjamin recalls previousmormon missionaries arrival pomfret ezekial

working village fredonia northeast sectionpomfret carpenter undoubtedly leaving julia

children handle fifty five acre farm


751biibidd ppap 13 15 prior ezekialsezekielsEzekia ls leavingagaiagalagainstns t wisheswi ashesshes julia older

chilchiichildrengrenveredrenveredrenvere baptized mormon church

761bidibid p 20 benjamin writes motherleft hearing ezekial undoubtedlyappeared deserted eventually ezekialmoved kirtland lived separate family

continued unbelief oppositiontruth intemperencetemperenceintemperance

771bidibid p 8 disharmony homebenjamin sadly writes

yet fiend unhappiness enteredour home break bonds union betweenour parents destroy happiness

children looking back mychildhood almost seemed I1 bornchild sorrow my love bothmy parents troublesunhappiness my heart almost seem burst

sorrow grief feeling alwaysseemed me wish I1 died my

birth I1 never born

78benjamin78 benjamin brown testimonies truthTS special collections ppap 2 4

791bid791ibidbid p 7

8oibidibid ppap 787 8

8libidibid p 8

821bidibid p 8 9

831bid831ibidbid p 9 13

142

84josephpa84 joseph bates noble journal joseph batesnoble TS church archives ppap 343 4

851bidibid p 1

861bidibid ppap 131 3

871bidibid ppap 3 4

88mormonspomormonscormons post millenialistsmillenialists believedimminent return jesus christ concept

mormon kingdom building thoroughly discussed klaushansens quest empire lincoln nebraskauniversity nebraska press 1967

89sylvester89 sylvester J matthews antiquarian auburnnew york tabloid dated january 18 1902

90henryQAhenry hall history auburn auburn new

york 1869 ppap 12022120 22 richard F palmer karl D

butler brighamBricf ham young new york years midvale utahsignature books ppap 11 40

9lbrighambrigham young history brigham youngpresented serially latter day saints millenialmillennialMil lenial star132 volumes manchester liverpool latter day saintbook depot 1840 1870 25 423

921bidibid931bidibid 25 424

94lumanlunanluman shurtliff journal p 8


961bidibid p 11

971bidibid981bidibid p 12

991bidibid100loo100ibidibid p 13

loliollolibidibid ppap 131413 14

1021bid1021 bid ppap 172517 25

1030ff surnames 418 691 60460.4604 percentshared two heads households

143

104seven10 seventyicylcy percent converts movedless times similarly seventy eight percent didchange religious affiliation prior conversion

mormonism

105forF contrasting work mormonscormonsMor mons reasonsconversion see malcolm R thorp religious

backgrounds mormon converts britain 183718521837 1852 u

journal mormon history 4 1977 596559 65

106log106thesethese fifty eight journals mormon headshousehold represent fourteen percent

mormon heads household 58 415

107forq11oeJ recent study effects statusinconsistency religious commitment demonstrates

high correlation between sect likereligiosity lower social status person seesasaki status inconsistency religious commitment

robert wuthenow ed religious dimension newdirections quantitative research new york academics1979 ppap 152154152 154 wayne meeks recent socialhistory early christians argues statusinconsistent person perhaps likely join

early christian sects see wayne meeks firsturban christians social world apostle paul

new haven yale university press 1983 p 55 NJdemerath 111IIIlii work social class americanprotestantism chicago rand mcnally 1965 p 137sect like religiosity makes distinction between those

join established churches religious sectschurch type religious experience valuable

reinforcement secular values sect typereligion important alternative orientation

CHAPTER II11

impact mormon emmigrationmigrationimmigrationEm

kirtland ohio 183018391830 1839

lunitedlunstedunited states bureau census 5th5fchath censusunited states 1830 population washington DC

duff greene 1832 ppap 118 143 kirtland township1018 citizens compared clevelandsclevelandsrClevelands 1074

2foriforfoc detailed analysis mormonscormonsMormonsimpact kirtland see marvin hill C keith rooker

larry T wimmer kirtland economy revisitedmarket Cricrlcritiquetiquetigue sectarian economics provo utahbrigham young university press 1977

united states bureau census ath6th censusunited states 1840 population washington DC

blair rives 1841 ppap 289 344 kirtlandsKirt lands 1830spopulation 1018 compared 1840 population1778

41f mormonscormons stayed kirtlandexperienced least 317 percent growth population

5painesvillegainesvillepainesvillePaines ville telegraph 7 february 1834

6forifor good general history westernreserve see harlan hatcherscatchersHatchers western reservestory new connecticut ohio cleveland worldpublishing 1967

71bidbid p 14

8charlesacharlescharlescharies whittlesey early history clevelandohio cleveland fairbanks benedict 1867 p213

9virginiaavirginiaQvirginia billings kirtland nd exhibitbillings collection MSS lake county historical

societyloibidibidlichristopherlichristopher gore crary quoted william

brothers history lake geaugageauqageaugh counties ohiophiladelphia JB lippencott 1878 p 246

121bidibid additional work settlementkirtland see ann prushasprushalsgrushasPrus halshars history kirtland

144

145

ohio MA thesis department history kent stateuniversity 1971 ppap 1641 64

13richard13 richard henrie morley lifecontributions isaac morley MA thesis college

religious instruction brigham young university 1965ppap 161 6

14united14united states bureau census 4thath censusunited states 1820 populationpodulationmodulation washington

DC duff greene 1822 ppap 120 161

151bidibid16kirtland16 kirtland township record 181718381817 1838 1117clarence17 clarenceciarence H danhoff change agriculture

northern united states 182018701820 1870 cambridgemassachusetts harvard university press 1969 p 3

18percvpercy W bidwell john I1 falconer historyaqricultureaoricultureaquiculture northern united states 1601670167.0igo 186018150

washington DC carnegie institution washington1925 ppap 37 115 recent work sizesohio farms see lee soltow inequality amidst abundanceland ownership early nineteenth century ohio ohiohistory 82 spring 1979 133133151151

19geaugageaughgeauga county ohio land records 1826genealogical society library salt lake city utah

20danhoff20 danhoff p 114 danhoff provides good sketchwhat small farm looked like northern united

states during early nineteenth century

2lforalfor excellent description crops plantedkirtland see robert L layton kirtland

perspective time place BYU studies 11 summer1971 432 434

geaughgeauga county ohio personal property taxrecords 1826 genealogical society library salt lakecity utah

23francis239 francis P weisenburger passingfrontier vol 3 history ohio carl wittke ed

columbus ohio ohio state archeologicalarchaeologicalArche ological historicalsociety 1941 p 71

24danhoff24 danhoff agriculture p 31

25brothers25 brothers history p 247

26danhoff26n Cdanhoff agriculture ppap 293029 30

146

27tbidibid7 ft28newelnewel K whitney account book mssass

reorganized church jesus christ latter day saintsarchives independence missouri

29mslx29max H parkin kirtlandnkirtland strongholdkingdom n restoration movement essays mormonhistoryhisioryhistory F mark mckiernan ed independence missouriherald house 1979 p 66

30prusha30 prusha history kirtland ppap 485048 50

31 christopher G crary kirtland pioneerpersonal reminiscences marshalltownMarshall town iowa Marshallmarshalltownmarshallfcowntownprinting col 1893 p 20 additional workfocusing congregational church kirtland seemary B sims oidoldnoldnoid south congregational church n lakecounty historical society quarterly 2 summer 1960131 3

323max parkin nature causes internal

external conflict mormonscormons ohio between 18301838 n MA thesis college religious instruction

brigham young university 1966 dloplo 101310 13


34a hayden early history discipleswestern reserve ohio cincinnati 1876 ppap

445344 53

35 kirtland phase mormonismsubject several secondary works early study

period given eva L pancoast mormonscormonsMormonskirtland thesis department Histhistoryorv westernreserve university 1929 growth mormonchurch kirtland ohio phd dissertation department

history indiana university 1957 robert kentfielding provides major study economic situation

kirtland during mormon occupationexcellent critique fieldings approach well

findings see marvin hill footnote 2 max H parkinwork nature cause internal

external conflict mormonscormons ohio between 18301838 MA thesis college religious

instruction brigham young university 1966 discussesseveral reasons why mormonscormons persecuted geaugageaughcounty parkin written important interpretiveessay kirtland stronghold kingdomF mark mckiernan alma R blair paul edwards eds

restoration movement essays mormon historylawrence kansas coronado press 1973 ppap 639863 98 D

michael quinn written excellent re synthesis

147

kirtland experience article echoesfore shadowings distinctiveness mormoncommunity sunstone 3 march april 1978 121712 17

361oseph361josephoseph smith jr doctrine covenantschurch jesus christ latter day saints salt

lake city church jesus christ latter daysaints 1981 288 305 3213321 3 henceforth cited

dacd&c richard lloyd anderson impact firstpreaching ohio BYU studies 11 summer 1971 476496476 496

37doctrinal37 doctrinal history church 11201251120 125 dacd&csections 35 36

381bidibid p 128 see dacd&c sections 3536

dac39d&cd&c 382240for brief description mormon imgrationgrationim

ohio new yorkayorkfyork see larry porters churchnew york pennsylvania ppap 50 54

41 religion sexuality lawrence fosterdiscusses compares both social religious views

oneida perfection shakers mormonscormonsMormons

42for excellent article exexploresDloresdiores smithsincreasing authority well reaction bothmembers non members see marvin hillcultural crisis mormon kingdom reconsideration

kirtland dissent church history 49 september1980 286 297

43njournaljournal newell knight 24 november 1835historical department church salt lake city

day joseph smith performed wedding knightrecorded joseph said performed marriagemarriaqemarriane

authority holy priesthood gentilelaw power call me account marriagerecords geaugageaugh county recorded smiths name least18 marriage licenses during stay kirtlandkirfcland

44nletterletter benjamin F johnson georgegibbs 1903 n special collections BYU see danelW bachman new light old hypothesis ohioorigin revelation eternaieternal marriage journal

mormon historbistorhistoryy 5 1978 19 32

45parkin45 parkin kirtlandkirfcland stronghold tcheKingkingdomdomn p 89

461n46in kirtland dissentDissentn ppap 296 297 hillconcludes infallible authority smiths

148

led t0 o disillusionment both churchmembers kirtland community

47maxmax H parkin mormon political involvementohio BYU studies 9 summer 1969 485487485 487

48kirtland48kirtland township record 112949painesvillegainesvillepainesvillePaines ville telegraph 20 february 1835

50painesvillegainesvillepainesvillePaines ville telegraph 24 november 1836 19november 1840 results elections

geaugageaughkirtland county ohio

1836van buren 396 1487 96948harrison 116 3274 106405

1840 lake countyvan buren 103 653 124870harrison 191 1887 148141

5lpainesvillegainesvillepainesvillePaines villevilie telegraph 17 april 1835disgruntled kirtland citizen recorded opinionkirtlandsKirt lands political battles mormonscormonsMormons

now people townshipgoverned pretended revelations joesmith think comprehend designs

these religious imimpostersimposfcersimpostorsposters objectacquire political power fast

without regard means madeuse ready harnessparties willing degrade themselves

asking assistance now carrynearly majority township everyman votes directed prophetelders previous recent townshipelections here generally understoondunder stoond

mormonscormons jacksoniansJackson ians agreedshare spoilsSpoilspolisSn equally consequence

citizens thought uselessattend polls brought entire

mormon ticket calculated smuggleindependent democrats under

149

orders prophet causedcitizens rally make effort

small majority saved townshipbeing governed revelation year

come

52thesethese sentiments appear widespreadcitizen jackson county missouri recorded

requires gift prophecy tellday far distant civil

government courts handssheriff justices court

judges mormonscormonsMormons

statement robert johnson chairmanmob committee see doctrinal history church 1397

C 353mormonscormonsmormonsMormonsnons gained important town offices duringelection including office trustee town

clerk treasurer school examiner fence viewersee appendix 111IIIili names those held officesduring time period

54kirtland54 kirtland township record 176 seeappendix IV list latter day saintswarned

55dainesvillegainesvillepainesvillePaines ville telegraph 7 february 1834

56mormon56Cmormon poverty while condoned

reasonably explained previously noted mormonscormonsmigrated ohio expected endowment power

deity june 1 1833 revelation given josephsmith told church members endowment

received temple builtkirtland almost next three years mormonscormons

come kirtland spent much timemonetary resources building unlike manynon mormon settlers upon arriving kirtlandset build comfortable home start planting

managing farms works mormon templekirtland see clarence field history kirtland

temple MA thesis college religious instructionbrigham young university 1963 lauritz G peterson

kirtland temple BYU studies 12 summer 1978400 409

57caroline57caroline barnes crosby caroline barnescrosbysCrosbys autobiography church archives salt lakecity

c p58the latter day saints messenger advocatejuly 1836

15015 0

59 ohioohl40 observer 11 august 1836

60messenger600 messenger advocate december 1836

6lwilliswillis thornton gentile saintkirtland n ohio state Archearcheoloqicalarcheologicalarchaeologicalological historicalOuartquarterlyeriverly 63 january 1954 10 see milton V

backman quest restoration birthmormonism ohio n BYU studies 12 summer 1972 356 364

62painesvillegainesvillepainesvillePaines villevilie telegraph 18 january 1831

63thornton63thorntThorntonThornftoncon gentile saint p 10 davisbitton kirtland center missionary activity183018381830 1838 BYU studies 11 summer 1971 497497516516

64messenger64 messenger advocate july 1836

65by6 1836 mormonscormons seven mercantile firmscompared two non mormon firms kirtland

light industindestindustryrv kirtland mormon owned includingtannery brick kiln ashery these light industries

busily engaged producing necessary materialsbuilding temple heavy industry

sawmill grist mill carding factory ownednon mormonscormonsMor mons description kirtland industrysee marvin hills kirtland economy revisited p 13

66as previously discussed table 2.92929 demonstratesfew mormonscormons adequate farm land made them

extremely vulnerable both fluctuating market pricesstarvation measures employed

antogonistsantogonisfcsantagonists information average sizedfarm united states well ohio see footnote18

67wilford67 wilford woodruff wilford woodruff journal6 april 1837 church archives salt lake city deanC jessee kirtland diary wilford woodruff BYU

studies 12 summer 1972 365399365 399 further exhibitedoptimism kirtlandsKirt lands future wrote

joseph presented us degree plotcity kirtland strongholddaughter zion given him

vision great marvelousglorious city extended east westnorth south steam boats come puffing

city our goods conveyed uponrailroads kirtland many placesprobably zion houses worshipreared unto high beautiful streets

sic made saints walkkings earth come behold

151

glory thereof many glorious thingsnow named bestowed upon saints

68marvin68 marvin hill kirtland economy revisitedppap 414841 48 scott H partridge failurekirtland safety society BYU studies 12 summer 1972414377 454

69hills69hills work kirtland economy showedrising land prices linearly related increasingmormon population fact 1837 land values seetables 2.12121 2.42424 five times amount 1832

double 1836 price level see hill kirtlandeconomy revisited ppap 172417 24

70rather70 rather contend mormonscormonsresponsible increasing non mormon exoduskirtland factors westward expansion

panic 1837 should cited possiblefactors decreasing persistence

7lanalan exception group wealthycongregationalists moved boonesvilleboonesvillerBoones villevillervilie indiana

perceived mormonscormons breakingsociety kirtland information groupsee mary B sims old south congregational church n p21

72yearsyears 1834 1838 years whereland prices dropped wealthiest 40 percent remainedrelatively unaffected see table 215r2152.15 while pooresttwo quintiles began sell land leaveinstance years 183418351834 1835 saw increasepersistence see table 2.12212 upward mobility see table2.14214 decrease land prices while persistenceincreased overall see table 2.12212 those didpersist 92 percent lowest two quintilessee table 2.15215

731n 1840 part geaugageaugh county partcuyahogaCuya hoga county merged form new lake countygrowth rate combined counties 116 percent

152

74see74 see table below

populationtown 1830 1840 growth rate

kirtland 1018 1778 74774.7747painesvillegainesvillePainesville 1499 2580 72072.0720madison 1898 2800 47547.5475perry 1148 1339 16.6166SOURCE see footnotes 1 3

CHAPTER III111liimormon exodus kirtland aftermath

ifor extensive work conflictarising kirtland see max parkin studynature external internal conflict mormonscormons

ohio between 1830 1838

2seeaseesee milton V backman heavens resoundhistory latter davday saints ohio 1830 1838

salt lake city deseret book 1983 327327329329 parkinsconflict kirtland ppap 279 328

3forifori events leading aposapostasytaSyn seebackman heavens resound ppap 327341327 341 parkinsnkirtlandkirfcland stronghold kingdom ppap 809380 93

parkins conflict kirtland devoted fcotcotto extensivediscussion tche specific reasons resulting dissensionwithin tche mormon ranks see marvin hills culturalcultCulfturalcuralturaicrisis tche mormon kingdom ppap 286 297 work

tche apprehension mormonscormons smithsincreasing ecclesiastical political power

4johnajohnjohn whitmer history john whitmer saltsaitlake citycitty modern microfilm nd p 21 charleswoodward first half century mormonism new yorkpublic library p 195

5geaugageaughgeaugaGeauga county ohio land records 1837genealogical department saltsait lake citycitty utah smithsmitchsmitth

accused taking advantage incoming mormonscormonscharging exorbitant prices real estatealternative explanations smiths land speculationssee hill rooker wimmer kirtland economyrevisited ppap 16 24

parkins conflict aftatt kirtland n p 312

7hebergheberheber C kimball tche journal discourses4108

harkinsparkins conflict attaft kirtland ppap 313 318

9ibid91bidbibid

loibidibid p 325 william E berrett restoredchurch 14th14fch ed saltsait lake city deseretDeserefc book 1969132 asserted tchan fifty percentpercenfc tche mormonmembership became dissdissaffecteddissaffecfcedaffected

lillmessenqerlimessengerMessenger advocate 3 july 1837 537 538

153

154

12hillhlllhill cultural crisis ppap 296297296 297

13manuscript13 manuscript history great lakesmission ohio january 17 1838 church archivesautobiography caroline barnes crosby 1838 churcharchives

14painesvillegainesvillepainesvillePaines ville telegraph may 31 1838 autobiogra-phy zera pulsipher brigham young university ppap 9109 10

15autobiography15autobiography luman andros shurtliff brighamyoung university ppap 303130 31 hezibahhezikah richards friendsmarch 23 1838 richards family papers church archives

16williamwliilam16william F cahoon cited stella cahoonshurtliff brent farrington cahoon reynolds cahoon

stalwart sons city publisher given 1960p 18 george smith mormon apostle estimatedloss million dollars journal discourses13 107

1717seesee chapter two table 2.12121

18joseph18 joseph smith doctrinal history church3 334545

191bidibid 439201bidibid times seasons vol 12921journal21 journal history church march 9 1840

compilation scrapbook form found churcharchives church jesus christ latter daysaints salt lake city utah

221bidibid april 27 1840

23almonalmonaimon whiting babbitt born berkshirecounty massachusetts october 12 1812 immediately

baptism called serve mision newyork served another mission new york well

indiana pennsylvania canada workchurch leader often caused contention called

before high council breaking word wisdomtraducing character joseph smith teachingfalse doctrine later two occasions kainesvillegainesvilleKaines villeiowa disfellowshippeddisfellowshipped once disagreeing

apostles another time giving liquorpeople finally excommunicated 1854

utah served territorial legislaturebabbitt killed 1856 defending federalgovernment supply train indian attackadditional work babbitts role kirtlandaftermath see davis bitton waning mormon

155

kirtland BYU studies 12 summer 1972 455464455 464 seejay D ridd almon whiting babbitt mormon emissary

thesis department history university utah1953

24njournal history july 22 1840

251bidibid26forafi9fi similar argument see robert bruce

flanders nauvoo kingdom mississippi urbanauniversity illinois press 1965 p 251

27joseph27 joseph smith doctrinal history church5 302 303

281bidibid 4 443443444444 see artel rickshyrumshyrams prophecy improvement era 57 may 1956 3057305 7

340 42

291bidibid 4 476

30journal30njournal30 Journal history october 30 1842

31timestimes seasons 16263162 63

321bidibid f 12822861282 286

33njournaljournal history january 18 1844

34manuscript34 manuscript history brigham young editedEJ watson salt lake city 1968 169

35njournal history december 17 1844

361bidibid december 21 1844



39timestimes seasons 68716871872872

40 letter dated august 7 1851 deseretnews december 13 1852

4lbittonalbittonbifcton waning ppap 459460459 460

42njournaljournal Histhistoryoryn april 5 1846

43richard43 richard W young wake church n

contributor 4 december 1882 105 108thorough discussion events leadingreorganized church obtaining deed kirtland temple

156

see paul E reimann reorganized church civilcourts salt lake city utah printing company 196149 100.100loo clarence L fields history kirtlandtemple ppap 89 107

441bidibid451bidibid p 108

46prusha46 prusha history kirtland ppap 137 138

47rebecca47 rebecca shepherd restless americansgeographic mobility farm laborers old middle

west 185018701850 1870 ohio history 89 winter 1980 25 45additional works decline population

kirtland area see harry F lupold rise fallforgotten lake port richmond ohio lake county

historical society quarterly 25 october 1983 fairportharbor bicentennial committee history fairportharbor ohio fairport harbor ohio lake photo engraving

1976 ppap 467948united48 united states bureau census 7th7fchath census

united states 1850 population washington DCrobert armstrong 1853 opportunitynopportunityinopportunity persistence

pacific northwest quantitative study earlyrosenburg oregon pacific historical review 39 august1970 296 william robbins finds lengthresidence directly proportional economic standingboth stephen Threthrestromthresfcromstrom poverty progress socialmobility nineteenth century city cambridgemassachusetts harvard university press 1964 merlecurti making american community case study

democracy frontier community stanfordcalifornia stanford university press 1959 73 76 foundsimilar results

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IMPACT MORMON MIGRATION COMMUNITY

KIRTLAND OHIO 1830183018391839

mark R grandstaff

department historyMA degree april 1984

ABSTRACT

early decades nineteenth centuryera cultural change disorientation many turnedrevivals displace insecure emotionalism

insure themselves place emerging societyothers mormonscormons sought encompassingplan dispel confusion restore order

decadent society search led mormonscormonsfollow prophet kirtland ohio once kirtlandvarious sociological conflicts developed affectedhow citizens kirtland perceive mormonneighbors tantamount these conflicts rapidlyincreasing mormon population triggeredcorresponding rise land costs thus affectedkirtlandsKirt lands social structure study found

during apostasy 1837 fewleadership disaffiliated finally shownkirtlandsKirt lands lack population growth 1840similar declines experienced areas

western reserve

e- i C lyyjlCOMMITTEE APPROVAL ftrobert C kenzercommittee hairmanchairman

keith W perkinscommittee member

lanier R britschgraduate coordinator

the impact of the mormon migration on the community of

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