the interwar years age of anxiety. end of old order end of hapsburg (austria), hohenzollern(germany)...
TRANSCRIPT
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The Interwar Years
Age
of A
nxie
ty
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End of Old Order
• End of Hapsburg (Austria), Hohenzollern(Germany) and Romanov (Russian) Rule
• Emergence of Totalitarianism in Stalinist Russia, Fascist Italy and Fascist Germany
• The Great Depression in the 1930’s created political and social crises
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• Many people felt as if they had been turned upside down and they had little control to change things for the better
• People saw themselves living in a perpetual state of crisis
Age of Anxiety
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Friedrich Nietzsche (1844)-1900)• One of the most important critics
of the rationalism of the Enlightenment
• In Thus Sake Zarathustra (1883-1885), he blasted religion and claimed that "God is Dead” – Claimed Christianity embodied a
“slave morality,” which glorified weakness, envy, and mediocrity.
– Individualism had to be quashed• In Will to Power (1888) he wrote
that only the creativity of a few supermen – Ubermenschen - could successfully reorder the world.
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Henri Bergson (1859-1941)
• 1890s, immediate experience and intuition are as important as rational and scientific thinking for understanding reality.
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Georges Sorel (1847-1922)
• Syndicalism • Believed socialism would
come to power through a great, violent strike of all working people
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Sigmund Freud, 1856-1939
• Freud one of three most important thinkers of 19th century (along with Marx and Darwin)
• Traditional psychology assumed a single, unified conscious mind processed sense experiences in a rational and logical way.
• Freud views humans as greedy irrational creatures
• Popular throughout the world, especially in Protestant countries of Northern Europe and the U.S.
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Freudian Psychology• Shattered enlightenment view
of rationality and progress.
• ID: unconscious sexual and aggressive pleasure-seeking
– humans are NOT rational – opponents and some
enthusiasts think that the first requirement for mental health is an uninhibited sex life
• Ego: Rationalizing conscious mediates what a person can do.
• Superego: Ingrained moral values specifies what a person should do.
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Why do these philosophers and their beliefs gain popularity in the aftermath of
WWI?
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Logical Empiricism• Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-
1947)
– Writing in Vienna in the 1920s-1930s
– Philosophy = the logical clarification of thought
– Abstract concepts regarding God, freedom, morality... are senseless since they can neither be tested by scientific experiments nor demonstrated by the logic of mathematics
– Only experience is worth analyzing
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Anti-utopian Authors· Oswald Spengler (1880-1936) –
The Decline of the West– Every culture experiences a life
cycle of growth and decline; Western civilization was in its old age, and death was approaching in the form of conquest by the yellow race.
• T. S. Eliot, "The Wasteland": Depicted a world of growing desolation.
• Franz Kafka: Portrays helpless individuals crushed by inexplicably hostile forces.– The Trial; The Castle; The
Metamorphosis
• Reich Maria Remarque: All Quiet on the Western Front (1929)
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Existentialism· Existentialism: life is absurd with
no inherent meaning– the individual has to find his
own meaning; most were atheists
• Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980): Humans simply exist
• Albert Camus (1913-1960)– Individuals had to find
meaning in life by taking action against those things they disagree
• Martin Heidegger, Karl Japers and Albert Camus also prominent
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Christian Existentialism• shared the loneliness and despair
of atheistic existentialists.– Stressed human beings’ sinful
nature, need for faith, and the mystery of God’s forgiveness
• Soren Kierkegaard (1813-1855): rediscovery of his 19th century works led to revival of fundamental Christian belief after WWI.– Believed Christian faith could
anchor the individual caught in troubling modern times.
• George Orwell (1903-1950) – 1984: "Big Brother" (the dictator) & his totalitarian state use a new kind of language, sophisticated technology, and psychological terror to strip a weak individual of his last shred of human dignity.
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Why would people read such depressing sounding material and why did people
write about such ideas/topics?
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Science"New Physics," much popularized after
WWI, challenged long-held ideas and led to uncertainty
• Max Planck (1858-1947): developed basis for quantum physics in 1900– matter & energy might be different
forms of the same thing.• Albert Einstein (1879-1955):
– 1905, Theory of relativity of time and space challenged traditional ideas of Newtonian physics (E=MC2)
– United apparently infinite universe with incredibly small, fast-moving subatomic world.
– Matter and energy are interchangeable and that even a particle of matter contains enormous levels of potential energy.
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Science• Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937):
1919, demonstrated the atom could be split.
• Werner Heisenberg (1901-1976): 1927, “principle of uncertainty”-- as it is impossible to know the position and speed of an individual electron, it is therefore impossible to predict its behavior.
– Heisenberg’s principle: The dynamics of an experiment alters the state of the subject.
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Science• Impact of “new physics” on the
common mind– The new universe seemed
strange and troubling.– Universe was now
“relative,” dependent on the observer’s frame of reference.
– Universe was uncertain and undetermined, without stable building blocks.
– Physics no longer provided easy, optimistic answers, or any answers for that matter.
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Art, Architecture & Entertainment• Functionalism in architecture• Late 19th century U.S.: Louis
Sullivan pioneered skyscrapers -- "form follows function"
• Bahaus movement: Walter Gropius broke sharply with the past in his design of the Fagus shoe factory at Alfeld, Germany.– Clean, light, elegant building of
glass and iron.– Represented a jump into the
middle of the 20th century.
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Painting• Modern art grew out of a revolt against French impressionism (firmly
established in 1890s)• Impressionists like Monet, Renoir, and Pissaro sought to capture the
momentary overall feeling, or impression, of light falling on a real-life scene before their eyes.
• Post-impressionists (also known as Expressionists) in 1890s were united in their desire to know and depict worlds other than the visible world of fact.
• Vincent van Gogh (1853-1890), Paul Gauguin (1848-1903), Paul Cézanne (1839-1906), Henri Matisse (1869-1954)
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Pablo Picasso (1881-1973) • Most important artist of the
20th century• Developed cubism along
with Georges Braque– Cubism concentrated on a
complex geometry of zigzagging lines and sharply angled, overlapping planes.
• Often tried to portray all perspectives simultaneously
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Art• Non-representational art
– Some expressionists like Wassily Kandinsky sought to evoke emotion through non-figural painting
• Dadaism: "Dada" was a nonsensical word that mirrored a post-WWI world that no longer made sense.
• Attacked all accepted standards of art and behavior, delighting in outrageous conduct.– e.g., Mona Lisa painted with a
mustache; .
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Art• Surrealism: Salvador
Dali (1904-1989) the most important Surrealist (influenced by Freud's emphasis on dreams)
• After 1924, painted a fantastic world of wild dreams and complex symbols, where watches melted and giant metronomes beat time in impossible alien landscapes.
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Music• Igor Stravinsky (1882-
1971): Most important composer of the 20th century
• "Rite of Spring" experimented with new tonalities (many of them dissonant) and aggressive primitive rhythms
• Arnold Schoenberg (1874-1951): pioneered "12-tone" technique (atonality).
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Movies• Moving pictures first shown
as a popular novelty in naughty peepshows and penny arcades in the 1890s, esp. in Paris.
• Charlie Chaplin (1889-1978), Englishman, became the king of the “silver screen” in Hollywood during the 1920s.
• German studios excelled in expressionist dramas—e.g., The Cabinet of Dr., Caligari (1919).
• Advent of “talkies” in 1927 resulted in revival of national film industries in 1930s, esp. France
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Movies• Motion pictures, like Radio,
became powerful tools of indoctrination, esp. in countries with dictatorial regimes.
• Lenin encouraged development of Soviet film making leading to epic films in the mid-1920s.
• Most famous directed by Sergei Eisenstein (1898-1948) brilliantly dramatized the communist view of Russian history.
• In Germany, Leni Riefenstahl directed a masterpiece of documentary propaganda, The Triumph of the Will, based on the Nazi party rally at Nuremberg in 1934.
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Is the art, philosophy, and entertainment of an era an accurate depiction of life during
that era?