the journey of self

8/10/2019 The Journey of Self

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by Frank OCollins


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The Journey of Self by Frank OCollins

page

01. The personal quest 12

1.1 What is it you seek?1.2 A personal quest1.3 The prizes sought on a journey of self1.4 The dangers to be faed on a journey of self1.! The tools "e ha#e to use1.$ The journey of self leading on fro% the journey of &'A1.( The hallenge of the journey of The )ourney of *elf1.+ Authorship, opyright and authentiity1.- The need for so%e order to the journey1.1 /espet for the personal nature of the journey to kno" oursel#es

02. What we know about Self 232.1 The parado0 of self2.2 What is *?2.3 What do "e need? "hat do "e "ant?2.4 What do "e %ean by the "ords needs and "ants?2.! The historial lassifiation and #arious theories of %oti#ation2.$ What is happiness?2.( What is seurity, ertainty and safety?2.+ oes "hat "e "ant %ake us happy? %eet our needs?2.- The * kno"ledge "e seek

2.1 /oadbloks in our "ay to * kno"ledge

03. Belief systems and Self 423.1 5elief syste%s and self3.2 A re#ie" of the onept of belief3.3 The onept of right and "rong, good and bad3.4 5elief syste%s and philosophy3.! 6hilosophy $ to 2 5'7 the anient Asia8%inor %ind3.$ 6hilosophy 2 to + 5'7 the enlightened Asia %ind3.( 6hilosophy ( to 4 5'7 the anient 9reek naturalist %ind

3.+ 6hilosophy ! to 4 5'7 *orates and 6lato %ind3.- 6hilosophy 4 to 1 5'7 the global 9reek %ind3.1 6hilosophy 1 5' 4 '7 the /o%an :ind3.11 6hilosophy 4 ' to 12 '7 the early hristian %ind3.12 6hilosophy 12 ' to 14 '7 the refor%ed hristian %ind3.13 6hilosophy 14 ' to 1( '7 the renaissane of the "estern %ind3.14 6hilosophy 1( ' to 1- '7 the e%pirial "estern %ind3.1! 6hilosophy 1- ' to 2 '7 the sientifi %ind3.1$ 6hilosophy 2 '7 the enlightened self8a"are %ind

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04. eli!ion and Self "#4.1 /eligion and self4.2 The onept of religion

4.3 The o%%on o%ponents to all religions4.4 'o%%on o%ponent8entral deity4.! 'o%%on o%ponent8anestral religious heritage4.$ 'o%%on o%ponent8sared o#enant;agree%ent4.( 'o%%on o%ponent8%essiahs ;saints4.+ 'o%%on o%ponent8sared te0ts4.- 'o%%on o%ponent8sared sy%bols4.1 'o%%on o%ponent8sared loations4.11 'o%%on o%ponent8sared objets4.12 'o%%on o%ponent8sared rituals4.13 'o%%on o%ponent8hurh ad%inistration4.14 'o%%on o%ponent8funda%entalists;fanatis4.1! &ni#ersal religious onepts4.1$ &ni#ersal religious onepts8negati#e instru%ents of po"er4.1( &ni#ersal religious onepts8positi#e instru%ents of po"er4.1+ &ni#ersal religious onepts8"isdo%4.1- &ni#ersal religious onepts8e#il4.2 &ni#ersal religious onepts8the reation story4.21 &ni#ersal religious onepts8the soul story4.22 &ni#ersal religious onepts8the ross4.23 &ni#ersal religious onepts8reptilian and "inged gods4.24 &ni#ersal religious onepts8golden rule4.2! &ni#ersal religious life ages4.2$ religious %odel

0$. So%iety and Self 12#

!.1 *oiety and self!.2 The i%portane of soiety and self!.3 The o%%on o%ponents of all soieties!.4 'o%%on o%ponent8The si0 le#els of organised self a"are life!.! 'o%%on o%ponent8The 12 rules of reation of all soieties!.$ 'o%%on o%ponent8/eligion!.( 'o%%on o%ponent8 9o#ern%ent and la"s!.+ 'o%%on o%ponent8 :ilitary po"er!.- 'o%%on o%ponent8 6ri%ary ele%ents of ono%y



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!.1 'o%%on o%ponent8 *eondary ele%ents of eono%y!.11 'o%%on o%ponent8 'ities and itizens!.12 *oio8politial %odels!.13 The ore types of soio8politial %odels!.14 *oio8politial %odel8itatorship!.1! *oio8politial %odel8:onarhis%

!.1$ *oio8politial %odel8litis%!.1( *oio8politial %odel8*oialis%!.1+ *oio8politial %odel8>ationalis%!.1- *oio8politial %odel8'onser#atis%!.2 *oio8politial %odel8iberalis%!.21 *oio8politial %odel8*ynergis%!.22 The stiky "eb of soial #alues and onstants!.23 Top 1 *oial Trends!.24 9eneral soial trend 18 The shift of intelligene by geography!.2! 9eneral soial trend 2 8The ageing population!.2$ 9eneral soial trend 3 8The rise of re%ote and non8personal interation!.2( 9eneral soial trend 4 8The rise of personal and ho%e entertain%ent!.2+ 9eneral soial trend ! 8The gro"ing gap bet"een the #ery rih and lo"er8%iddleino%e earners!.2- 9eneral soial trend $ 8 The gro"th in personal, fa%ily and inherited debt!.3 9eneral soial trend ( 8 The gro"ing dependene on syntheti drugs!.31 9eneral soial trend + 8 The rise in %ental illness!.32 9eneral soial trend - 8 The rise of urban radialization and e0tre%is%!.33 9eneral soial trend 18The rise of big brother sur#eillane

0&. 'eople and Self 1#0$.1 =ntrodution$.2 The influene of relationships8 "ho are you?$.3 Types of relationships$.4 9uilt, fear and an0iety$.! 6ereption of others, o%%uniation and the assu%ption of trust$.$ The onept of personality$.( The historial de#elop%ent of personality theories$.+ =%pat and influene of personality theories on hu%ans li#ing today$.- Analysis of personality theories #s understandings of &'A$.1 o#e, lust and hu%an relationships$.11 efinitions and philosophies of indi#idual hu%an relationships

0". (ind and Self 200

(.1 Where is the light through the %aze?(.2 *u%%ary of influenes on self disussed so far(.3 A re#isit on the definition of t"o inner #oies8 ego and onsiene(.4 An understanding @ larifiation of perspeti#e, ego and judge%ent(.! =dentifying beha#iour and nature of ego(.$ A greater analysis on the onept of happiness(.( The nature of desire, antiipation and ego

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(.+ The nature of depression, loss of desire and ego(.- The ti%e effet of antiipation;fulfill%ent of desire;depression(.1 The effet of different haraters, ego and %e%ory(.11 The bases of ego8 "ords onepts of desire and depressionB(.12 reud, psyhoanalysis, ego and the de#elop%ent of se0ual dri#e8 lust(.13


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10. , new be!innin! 2$41.1 A ne" beginning1.2 The greatest e#il8 deliberate self ignorane1.3 The infetion of histori %odels1.4 The need for a ne" beginning

1.! 'hange and the questions "e ask1.$ *ynergy1.( onCt belie#e &'A1.+ An understanding of 6ath1.- ight to dark7 dark to light1.1 Eur heritage1.11 The "ise guide1.12 :essage of the old re#ealed1.13 The ne" beginning of *1.14 A greater e0planation of the no" %o%ent1.1! #ery thought %atters

1.1$ eonstruting good intentions and pro%ises1.1( eonstruting denial1.1+ eonstruting guilt;regret1.1- The o%%on failings of any F"ayF1.2 There is no superior F"ayF

11. Sol-irthe luminous mind 2#211.1 Where do "e start?11.2 A re#isit to the onept of #alue syste%s11.3 A re#isit to the onept of #irtue

11.4 A re#ie" of the onept of faith11.! A re#ie" of the onept of hope11.$ A re#ie" of the onept of prudene11.( A re#ie" of the onept of justie11.+ A re#ie" of the onept of fortitude11.- A re#ie" of the onept of te%perane11.1 *earhing for &'A8aligned #irtues11.11 A re#ie" of the onept of "isdo%, "ise11.12 A re#isit of the onept of o#e11.13 The onept of respet11.14 The onept of honesty

11.1! The onept of onsisteny11.1$ The onept of enthusias%11.1( The onept of o%passion11.1+ The onept of heerfulness11.1- The path of G=/11.2 The re8aligned #irtues11.21 The G=/s as goals

12. The messiah syndrome 30#

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12.1 The %essiah syndro%e12.2 What is a %essiah?12.3 The ultural i%portane plaed on %essiahs12.4 The history of %essiahs12.! The po"er of %essiahs

12.$ *igns of %essiahs12.( *igns of %essiahs8 anient propheies12.+ *igns of %essiahs8nu%erial;elestial e#ents12.- *igns of %essiahs8li%ati e#ents12.1 *igns of %essiahs8great kno"ledge and "isdo%12.11 *igns of %essiahs8#isions ;drea%s12.12 *igns of %essiahs8bloodline12.13 9reat positi#e %essiahs12.14 9reat negati#e %essiahs12.1! Testing for %essiahs12.1$ The &'A=A> %odel and %essiahs12.1( :essiah syndro%e12.1+ *igns of %essiah syndro%e12.1- :essiah syndro%e and inner onflit12.2 :essiah syndro%e and %ental illness12.21 :essiah syndro%e and e#il beings12.22 A ure for %essiah syndro%e12.23 The a"areness of being hu%an and %ore12.24 The a"areness of being %ore than a %essiah12.2! >o %ore %essiahs

13. 'S/S lo!os of mind 32&

13.1 A o%plete %odel of %ind13.2 The benefit of e0periene13.3 The ino%plete %odel of psyhology13.4 The fla"s and dangers of %odern psyhology13.! The need for a better %odel of %ind13.$ 6*H9E*13.( 6*H13.+ 6*H A>=:&*13.- 6*H 'E/6&*13.1 6*H 9A=A13.11 6*H *E

13.12 6*H 9A13.13 6*H &>=TA*13.14 6*H &'A13.1! 6*HA13.1$ 6*HI13.1( 6*HG=/13.1+ 6*H*T13.1- 6*HG=W13.2 6*H*>*

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13.21 6*H::13.22 6*H'E913.23 6*H*TAT13.24 6*H5=E*13.2! 6*H*TAT

14. +S %ommon sense of mind 34214.1 The onept of E9E*14.2 The reast pri%e uni#ersal onstants8 the 6/=:&* A14.3 The &'A=A14.4 The E/E*14.! The reation of physial for% J reation of rules go#erning physial for%

1$. ),+ uni-ersal model 3$01!.1 The &nified theory of the uni#erse e#erythingB

1!.2 The struture of the &'A unified theory of the uni#erse1!.3 The key attributes of the &'A unified theory of the uni#erse1!.4 'o%parison of the &'A unified theory to other theories1!.! &'A standard %odel of uni#ersal ele%ents1!.$ &'A standard %odel of uni#ersal ele%entary properties1!.( &'A standard %odel of rules of reation1!.+ &'A standard %odel of rules and relationships =KE*B1!.- &'A standard %odel of uni#ersal fores fortisB1!.1 &'A standard %odel of uni#ersal ergons energy partilesB1!.11 The four approahes to %o#e%ent of a for%1!.12 'atalyti proesses for ergon release1!.13 A unified look at the four types of fusion and their appliation in the uni#erse1!.14 or%ula

1&. 56S rules of 37 awareness 3&0

1$.1 =KE*1$.2 =KE* as a %odel1$.3 6ri%e onepts of =KE*1$.4 ogos1$.! >u%eris1$.$ &niset1$.( 9eole01$.+ *y%eris1$.- A0io%atis1$.1 Kinesis

1". T68,S intelli!ent te%hnolo!y 3"3

1(.1 The i%portane of tehnology

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1(.2 Tehnology and kno"ledge1(.3 Kno"ledge.:atter1(.4 Kno"ledge.'o%puting1(.! Kno"ledge.igital Kno"ledge1(.$ Kno"ledge.non8


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1+.12 6ubli /egisters1+.13 KE* and eono%is1+.14 KE* definition1+.1! KE* 6ri%e onepts1+.1$ KE*1+.1( E9E*

1+.1+ KA1+.1- GG=/8 #irtue1+.2 KG=/8 hu%an needs1+.21 KG=/ 8 hu%an rights1+.22 KG=/8 hu%an responsibilities1+.23 KG=/ 8 hu%an pri#ileges1+.24 TK>A*1+.2! =KE*1+.2$ KA*H*1+.2( '=G=A1+.2+ &>=I1+.2- *H>/9=*:

1*. 595+, happy li-in! %ities 41#1-.1 A "orld of ities1-.2 The onept of a ity1-.3 'ities and hu%an life1-.4 Luality of ity life1-.! 'o%%on o%ponents of ities1-.$ 'ity :odel1-.( Work life and ho%e life in ities1-.+ :odern ity %odels1-.- The origin of orporate8suburbia1-.1 The result of orporate8suburbia ity %odels1-.11 The future of orporate8suburbia ity %odels1-.12 The theory of urban planning1-.13 The reality of urban planning1-.14 A #ery dark future ahead for ities1-.1! oes ity life ha#e to be hell?1-.1$ o future generations ha#e to die fro% ity disasters?1-.1( 'an ities %odels on arth be hea#enly?1-.1+ F&topiaF is not enough1-.1- =ntrodution to '=G=A

1-.2 '=G=A1-.21 '=T=1-.22 '=T=A1-.23 '=T=G=/8>*1-.24 '=T=G=/8/=9

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1-.2- '=T=*=9>1-.3 '=T=*H*1-.31 TK>A*1-.32 =KE>='*1-.33 *H>/9=*:1-.34 =KE*

1-.3! KE*1-.3$ KA1-.3( KA*H*

20. 6, enterprise knowled!e 44#2.1 *trutures of kno"ledge2.2 letroni kno"ledge2.3 'o%puter hard"are2.4 'o%puter soft"are2.! 'o%puter net"orks2.$ 5usiness proesses hierarhy2.( efinition of eletroni kno"ledge arhiteture ekaB2.+ KA.kno"ledge priniples2.- KA.design priniples2.1 KA.de#elop%ent priniples2.11 KA.lassifiation syste%s2.12 KA.te%plate syste%s2.13 KA.neural arhiteture2.14 KA.syste%s arhiteture2.1! KA.net"ork arhiteture2.1$ KA.business arhiteture2.1( KA.kno"ledge lass2.1+ KA.de#ie lass2.1- KA.agent lass2.2 KA.eletroni kno"ledge objets2.21 KA.database tables and eletroni kno"ledge objets2.22 KA.na%ing on#entions "ith lasses, objets and database tables

21. 6,S/Sintelli!ent work systems 4&0

21.1 =ntelligent "ork syste%s21.2 The i%portane of %eaningful "ork21.3 The i%portane of "ork8life balane

21.4 The onept of "ork21.! Types of "ork21.$ The onept of "ork related kno"ledge21.( The onept of tasks21.+ The onept of issues21.- The onept of unique infor%ation reords21.1 Work as the %anage%ent of tasks, issues, reords21.11 A brief history of "ork21.12 Work history.6re8'i#ilization



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21.13 Work history.Anient 'i#ilizations21.14 Work history.3 8 11 '21.1! Work history.11 8 14 '21.1$ Work history.14 8 1+ '21.1( Work history.1+ 8 1+- '21.1+ Work history.1+- 8 1-3 '

21.1- Work history.1-3 8 1-$ '21.2 Work history.1-$ 8 1-- '21.21 Work history.1-- 8 present21.22 Work history.uture of "ork21.23 Types of "ork assoiations21.24 The orporation21.2! 'harateristis of the %ost suessful orporations21.2$ 'urrent key business issues21.2( KA*H*

22. +uni-ersal laws of so%iety 4#4

22.1 e08 &ni#ersal la"s of soiety22.2 The onept of a"22.3 The i%portane of la" and soiety22.4 'i#il la"22.! 'o%%on la"22.$ 'usto%ary la"22.( /eligious la"22.+ 6ri#ate la"22.- 6ubli la"22.1 6roedural la"22.11 =nternational la"22.12


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22.32 &adian 'ri%inal 'ode22.33 &adian *er#ie 'ode22.34 &adian )udiial 'ode22.3! &adian :ilitary 'ode22.3$ &adian 6olie 'ode22.3( &adian 6rison 'ode

23. The key purpose of your life $3123.1 The key purpose of your life23.2 To understand "ho you are23.3 To understand "hat you are23.4 To e0ist as a hu%an being23.! To li#e and e0periene e#ery %o%ent of life23.$ To for% relationships "ith other hu%an beings23.( To learn and be %ore a"are of the uni#erse23.+ To learn and understand your self23.- To be free of the hains of %ind23.1 To be an agent of hange23.11 When all else fails, laugh and be happy23.12 Thank you

The :ourney of Self

01. The personal quest

1.1 What is it you seek;

ets begin "ith a si%ple question8 "hat is it you seek?

=s it to find the partner of your drea%s? #en if you are urrently %arried and;or in a longter% relationship, di#ore rates ha#e ne#er been higher. :aybe finding your Csoul %ateC theperson you are supposed to spend the rest of your life "ith is the destiny you seek.

Er is it to "in a great fortune? 6eople in ountries suh as Australia, 9reat 5ritain and the&nited *tates spend thousands of dollars eah year on lottery tikets and other types ofga%bling in the hope of one day Fstriking it rihF. =s being rih the ans"er to your heartsdesires?

=t ould be you seek to be %ore attrati#e to other people, in ter%s of your physialappearane, your "eight, the thinness of your thighs and under your ar%s? The 'os%eti,iet, ashion and 6lasti surgery industries are eah billion dollar %arkets in their o"n right,pushing the o%%on the%e that you are ne#er good enough unless you buy the latest fashion,or gi#e in to the push to hange your fae to look like so%eone else.

:aybe you seek si%ply to be reognized and appreiated by the people around you, like apro%otion at "ork? *tudies in %ost de#eloped ountries ontinue to sho" that %ost peopleare generally unhappy at their plae of "ork not neessarily beause of "hat they earn but



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beause they feel generally CunappreiatedC.. :aybe this is i%portant to you and is on your listof C"antsC?

Er %aybe you seek so%e "ay of esaping the e#er inreasing pressures of the "orld aroundyou, the bills, the aggression, the onstant pressure to do as %uh as possible in the li%itedti%e a#ailable.

What is it then you are seeking?

1.1.1 ooking for a Clittle bit of happinessC

:aybe %ost of us are seeking so%e kind of happiness, so%e kind of peaeM in a "orld that isridden "ith tur%oil, "ars, ontention, strife, "e "ant a refuge "here there an be so%epeae.

This is probably "hat %ost of us "ant. *o it is "e go fro% one diet to another, fro% one guruto another, fro% one self8help theory to another, fro% one possession to another, fro% onefad to another.

>o", it is that "e are seeking happiness, or is it that "e are seeking gratifiation of so%e kindfro% "hih "e hope to deri#e happiness? There is a differene. 9ratifiation is a fleeting%o%ent of pleasure8 a ChighC "e get "hen "e ha#e ahie#ed the goal of our desires. Eur%odern "orld is a finely tuned %arketing %ahine geared to pu%p out as %any "atts ofgratifiation as you an onsu%e, so long as you ha#e the %oney and donCt die in the proess.

>e#er in the history of hu%anity has there been suh a situation that literally tens of %illionsof hu%an beings in de#eloped ountries are Feating the%sel#esF to death. The stories of greatfeasts of gluttony and "aste during the /o%an %pire "as reser#ed for a pri#ileged handful.5ut in ountries suh as the &nited *tates, obesity is no" finally rated as a national health

alert.

We see% to ha#e no proble% in finding "ays to instantly gratify our "ants, but struggle tofind the elusi#e key to long ter% happiness.

1.1.2 Hou are not unique if you ha#e general feelings of unhappiness

While "e annot pro#ide an instant gratifiation to the ans"er to the desire to be happy, "ean say that you are not unique if you ha#e general feelings of unhappiness and of feeling less.

epression and lo" self estee% are at ende%i proportions aross the "orld. ar fro% being

alone if you feel depressed and lo", you are in the %ajority. =t see%s fe" people. :aybe thatis "hy books and ourses that pro%ote instant gratifiation to sol#ing self8estee% proble%sand unhappiness ha#e ne#er been %ore popular.

Het it is not just this ti%e, or this generation that are unique in feeling unhappy or less. *inethe earliest hu%an "ritings, there are lear signs that it is a histori hu%an ondition to feelunhappy of our lot in life, of oursel#es and "hat "e %ight ha#e been, or %ight ha#e beo%e.Gast periods of hu%an history are littered "ith depressing and so%ber "ords. The period

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fro% around 4 ' o%%on eraB to around 12 ' used to be e#en alled the FarkAgesF8 a period of suppression and general unhappiness throughout urope.

1.1.3 What an this site do to help?

While it is i%possible and arrogant for anyone to assu%e they ha#e the ans"ers to your

questions, beause other people ha#e tra#eled the sa%e road looking for the sa%e ans"ersbefore, "e %ight be able to pro#ide so%e ideas.

1.2 , personal quest

The ro%anti notion of a personal quest %ay raise i%ages of Arthur, *ir 9alahad andanelot and the Knights of the /ound Table in their see%ingly endless searh for the


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We belie#e those that ahie#e the prize of o%plete self diso#ery hold in their %inds andhearts the keys to all "isdo% and the uni#erse. Theirs is the Kingdo% of 6aradise. To us,lesser %ortals, just sueeding in follo"ing %ost of "hat they "rite is hard enough.

1.3.1 9reat prizes a"ait those "ho suessfully %ake it through the journey

To those that sueed, it is o%%only belie#ed aross all ultures that great prizes a"ait.Kno"ledge, "isdo% and inner peae. These understandings are not ne". They ha#e e0isted inthe "ritings and praties of anient religions for thousands of years.

nlighten%ent, to Fsee and;or feel the %ind of 9odF is said to be that state "here "e trulyFtransendF our hu%anity onto so%ething else, so%ething %ore pure.

=t is "hy suh figures as 5uddha are so re#ered as a person "ho sho"ed an ability totransend the rihes and lass beliefs of anient =ndian nobility to be one "ith his uni#erse.

Then "e ha#e people, "ho si%ple are enlightened and bea% fro% their o"n natural goodness,"ithout assoiated dotrines or re#elations. *uh people as :other Theresa, a "o%an "hotirelessly "orked "ith the poor of 'alutta and al%ost single handedly raised the profile ofthe poor of =ndia.

Then "e ha#e the person, suh as :ihaelangelo, or eonardo a Gini, or *hakespeare,Albert instein, the person "ho see%s to ha#e the innate gift to ar#e, to reate, to onei#ethe di#ine.

1.3.2 The saint

The saint is the title gi#en to those fe" "ho "e belie#e ha#e reahed a point of higher selfa"areness and spiritual enlighten%ent. They are the %en and "o%en "ho, through deeds

and ations reflet a deeper understanding of self and of others.

While saints inspire us and "hile %any billions of hu%ans ha#e and still do all on #arioussaints to assist, interede or si%ply pro#ide o%fort, the road of sainthood is one rarelytra#eled.

'onsidering the basi teahings "ithin the >e" Testa%ent of the 'hristian 5ible of ho" toli#e a si%ple, austere and FsaintlyF life, less than .2N or one in e#ery fi#e %illionhristians that ha#e e#er li#ed are reognized offiially as saints. #en being generous aboutthose people "ho li#ed as saints but "ere ne#er reognized, the suess rate is still poor.

To be fair to all of us, the life of absolute po#erty, of "alking a"ay fro% e#erything "e ha#eearned, fro% our fa%ilies to be onstantly li#ing fro% day to day, is not so%ething that "eould or e#en should onsider. =t is si%ple too hard to onte%plate suh a radial approah tofinding happiness.

1.3.3 The %ysti

The %ysti is the label gi#en to those "ho ha#e sho"n an ability to tap into the "isdo% of theuni#erse and the earth, "hether or not they display FsaintlyF tendenies.

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:any people ha#e li#ed "ho displayed strong intuition "ith the deeper le#els of the drea%that is life, e#en though they sho"ed no apparent redee%ing spiritual tendenies. The/ussian :onk, /asputin is an e0ellent e0a%ple of a F%ystiF that to all aounts li#ed athoroughly unspiritual life, yet still possessed skills of prophey, healing and "isdo%.

:ystis are by far the %ost frustrating lass of indi#iduals for this reason. or their talents

see% so o%pletely unjustified "hen they li#e and beha#e in selfish and negati#e "ays. Theire0istene see%s to fly in the fae of the anient beliefs of strit disipline and selflessnesstaught by suh religions as 5uddhis%, Taois%, strit )udais% and e#en 'hristianity.

:ystis are often labeled as hyporites for this reason, e#en though they offer through theirgifts hints at the inner soul of the hu%an being. E#er ti%e, a ertainly after death, %any%ystis ha#e gradually been santified, by the sands of ti%e and the areful editing a"ayharateristis less FidealF.

The story of 'onfuius is an e0ellent e0a%ple of a thoroughly "orldly %an, "ho as a %ystipossessed an unanny gift at tapping into the strea%s of "isdo% of &'A. Today, there are%any hundreds of %illions of %ainly 'hinese "ho re#ere hi% as a *aint, e#en though his #eryfallible hu%an qualities are "ell dou%ented.

1.3.4 The artist

The artist is a label gi#en to those "ho through their e0pressi#e %ediu% ha#e helped andontinue to help us aess perspeti#es of life and oursel#es that "e "ould other"ise not beable to unlok.

:any great artists ha#e li#ed, fro% "riters, poets, painters, sulptors and so%eti%es all ofthese "ritten into one person. Artists and figures suh as :ihelangelo, eonardo a Gini,*hakespeare and :ozart are giants of ulture.


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While in our linial "orld today the onept of bi8polar disease an be diagnosed and treatedto so%e e0tentB "ith drugs, it is hard to distinguish "hether the %ania of the greatest %indsof hu%anity "as due in part to their pursuit of the unkno"n, or e0aggerated beause of it.

Whate#er the orrelation, deep onte%plation on thoughts of the inner self has al"ays had anele%ent of danger, that unheked in days gone by "ould ha#e been alled the risk of

F%adnessF.

1.4.3 The %essiah o%ple0

Another strange feature of the journey of self diso#ery is the pre#alene of religious euphoriathat is so%eti%es enountered. 6ut in another "ay, the F%essiah o%ple0F.

=n the "orld today, there are literally thousands of people "ho belie#e the%sel#es to be The:essiah, the Ene, the Ene "ho has o%e to sa#e the "orld.

=n a linial sense it is easy today si%ply lass these people as suffering aute delusion, a kindor religious zeal a F%essiah o%ple0F if you like. *adly, a great %any of these people findthe%sel#es plaed into %ental institutions. *o%e find a "ay of a#oiding these kinds of plaesand a fe" e#en %anage to harness this F%essiah o%ple0F and go on to found religions andreligious ults.

5ut is it enough si%ply to "rite off this pheno%ena as nothing %ore than a psyhologialondition? What if one of the dangers of inner refletion is the triggering of reations thatlead to these kind of feelings? We "ill e0plore this further in later hapters.

1.$ The tools we ha-e to use

The tools "e ha#e to use for this journey are our %inds, the "ords and lessons of others and

our language of %eaning. =t is i%portant to reflet for a %o%ent on the use of nglish in"riting these "ords, as eah and e#ery "ord "e use has %eaning.

1.!.1 #erything has %eaning8 has onte0t often to a speifi %odel of thought

5eause e#ery "ord has %eaning, "e need to be areful about the ontent of "ords andphrases "e use.

*o%e of the diso#eries in later hapters atually o%e fro% understanding the "ords "e areusing and "hat "e are saying. :any "ords "e use suh as happinessB "e "ill find atually%ean so%ething o%pletely different to "hat "e think they %ean.

*uh understandings suh as happiness originally o%ing fro% the "ord hap8 %eaningFhaneFB %ay atually e0plain a great deal about "hy "hen "e seek so%ething using that"ord, "e do not get "hat "e e0pet.

Eur language reflets our "orld, it is a tangled "eb of history, ulture and battles for %eaningas signifiant as any #isible battle or ultural history. =n the journey "ithin, language plays aritial role, for it is "ith language that "e onsider ideas, that "e learn the relationships

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bet"een beliefs and "ith "hih "e ulti%ately try to %ake sense of the "orld inside of our%inds.

1.& The =ourney of self leadin! on from the =ourney of ),

This book is the seond part to the book &'A8&nique 'olleti#e A"areness. While &'A seeks

to ans"er questions of "ho you are? "hat are you ulti%ately %ade of? What is the purpose oflife? The )ourney of *elf seeks to pro#ide the reader "ith ans"ers to questions of "ays to li#eand finding inner balane.

ike &'A, The )ourney of *elf is a book about an idea that desribes the uni#erse as a drea%,an idea in %otion. While &'A desribes in 23 hapters the detail of ho" the uni#erse a% intobeing and ho" it funtions, The )ourney of *elf desribes the nature of hu%an needs and"ants, histori approahes to life, an e0planation to the origin of the speies, hu%anphysiology in the onte0t of the onept of hu%an *E, the person and relationships andsoiety and ans"ers and %ethods to the questions first posed at the beginning of this hapter.

=n this "ay, :e is a su%%ary of the kno"ledge of "hat is often alled the soial sienes8 ophilosophy o history o literature o eono%is o politis o ulture. =n ontrast, &'A is thesu%%ary of all hu%an sienes.

As an idea about an idea, this book does not lai% to be fat. The benefits you deri#e fro%"hat you read is entirely up to ho" useful you find the insights.

1.$.1 The title and struture of The )ourney of *elf

*i%ilar to &'A, The )ourney of *elf is also di#ided into 23 hapters. The t"o books "heno%bined onstitute t"o hal#es o%pleting a "hole of 4$. The nu%ber 4$ is signifiant inthat a hu%an being requires e0atly 23 pairs of hro%oso%es to e0ist.

)ust as a hu%an being requires 23 hro%oso%es fro% a %ale sper% and 23 fro% a fe%ale eggfor oneption to take plae, &'A signifies the %ale aspet of understanding a"areness and&'A, "hile The )ourney of *elf signifies the fe%inine side of understanding oursel#es andatually li#ing. &'A the father and The )ourney of *elf the %other.

The title The )ourney of *elf is also signifiant as the sared translated letters of the *u%eriantradition of ertain FkeysF to using kno"ledge being trans%itted by the Fearth goddessF tohu%anity o#er + years ago "hih "e "ill disuss later in this bookB.

The na%e "as hosen as &'A e0pands a persons a"areness of the%sel#es8 taking the% out to

the furthest of understandings suh as the %eaning of A. The )ourney of *elf brings usbak ho%e to oursel#es.

T:>T E *The )ourney of *elfJ The unique soiety of olleti#ely a"are self= J The unique go#ern%ent of olleti#ely a"are selfThe )ourney of *elf is the return loop8 the o%pletion of the iruit begun "ith &'A. inally,by definition the "ord The )ourney of *elf and &'A are one and the sa%e8 absolute ideas.When you are The )ourney of *elf, you are the e%bodi%ent of an absolute idea.

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1.$.2 What an "e o%pare &'A to?

This is hopefully one of the key ahie#e%ents and understandings you ha#e gained fro% &'A8that the %ore you kno", the %ore you kno".

&'A %ay be less than 1;1th the size of the nylopedia 5ritannia, yet its po"er in ter%s

of kno"ledge and depth is e#ery bit its equal. *i%ply a person "ho has o%pleted reading&'A fro% beginning to end, kno"s %ore than a roo% full of 6h professors, %ore than thebrain po"er in a roo% full of >obel 6rize "inning sientists, %ore than %ost people ouldhope in a lifeti%e to understand.

While fe"er than one in a %illion hu%ans ha#e superior kno"ledge of the %agnitude ofnylopedia 5ritannia, &'A has been designed so that e#ery person aged 14 and abo#e onthe planet arth "ill be able to learn, understand and retain the ontents of &'A.

1.$.3 The i%portane of reading &'A first

unda%ental onepts and ter%s defined in &'A are used throughout The )ourney of *elf.These hapters and ter%s are used in hundreds of e0a%ples throughout this book. 5y notreading &'A first, the reader runs the risk of %isunderstanding or being onfused by ertainpassages in this book.

:ost of the ter%s and onepts defined in &'A and used in The )ourney of *elf are onshorthand, i.e. just the ter% %ay be quoted "ithout e0planation.

Additionally, The )ourney of *elf adds greater depth and %eaning to %any of the ter%sintrodued in &'A. :uh of this if not all of it "ill be lost to a reader "ho has not read &'Afirst.

1." The %hallen!e of the =ourney of self

As you "ill re%e%ber, the journey through the #arious hapters and onepts of &'A "ere atti%es rough and diffiult. *o%eti%es, there "ere t"o to three onepts a page that requireddeep thinking, arrying e#en deeper i%pliations.

As "e ha#e already disussed, so%e of these onepts suh as 'h 1$8 the Erigins of


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"ithin us, our e0periene and those things that influene us that "e %ust in#estigate in thisbook.

As the title says, :e is about the journey to diso#er %ore about this onept of %e8 theunique soiety of olleti#ely a"are self. To understand the distintions bet"een that "hih"ould all itself =8 the go#ern%ent of the trillions of ell olleti#e8 the unique go#ern%ent of

olleti#ely a"are self. epending on a"areness, a go#ern%ent %ay be obli#ious to theonditions of its itizens8 as happens "hen F=F get drunk8 "hen F=F onsu%ers drugs.

#en though it initially %ay see% i%possible, the book The )ourney of *elf in fat ontains%any %ore onepts and ideas that are %ore dra%ati in their i%pliations than the book&'A.

The o%ple0ity that is self, the o%ple0ity that is %odern hu%an life is o%ple0 for a range ofreasons. As "e tra#el through and address these %ajor influenes "e "ill see issue after issue,re#eal itself for its essential nature.

Ene again you "ill probably find the need to put The )ourney of *elf do"n fro% ti%e toti%e, enabling the pre#ious reading to settle before %o#ing on. =n spite of this ne"infor%ation, the onsisteny sho"n in &'A ontinues throughout The )ourney of *elf.

1.(.2 The )ourney of *elf is just an idea like &'A

Whate#er your reation to the ontents of The )ourney of *elf, re%e%ber The )ourney of *elfonly e#er lai%s to be an idea about self. )ust like &'A, its usefulness is its o"n #erifiation.=n this "ay "e hope that The )ourney of *elf in no "ay insults you or your belief @ %odels.

With this in %ind, "e "ish you "ell on this seond and final part of the journey of &'A.

1.# ,uthorship> %opyri!ht

As "ith &'A, The )ourney of *elf has been o%plied and reated by rank EC'ollins. :any ofthe insights, %any of the ne" ideas are original8 that is, they ha#e not been published, noronei#ed in the sa%e "as as before.


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Eur journey to kno" A &'AB began at a ertain point and progressed along a ertainpath. While at ti%es the path %ay ha#e been steep, hopefully you found the order of haptershelped %ake sense of the order of A8 of &'A.

9i#en the o%ple0ity of the issues already identified, do you agree that "e also need toarefully onsider a path to tra#el along on our journey to Fkno" oursel#esF? Then this is "hat

"e do.

'hapters We no" fae the journey to kno" thyself. *hould "e also seek to de#elop so%e kindof order to the journey?

Then this is "hat "e do. E#er the ne0t fe" hapters "e "ill begin to outline a sense ofrelationships and order.

1.-.1 'hapters 4,!,$,( The influenes on your sense of self

=n the ne0t hapter through to 'hapter (, "e "ill disuss the #arious and %ajor influenes onyou and your sense of self, fro%7

belief @ #alue syste%srelationships "ith other people, past and present, tosoial organisations, fro% go#ern%ent to your plae of "orkreligious beliefs and their effet on our sense of self

1.-.2 'hapters +, - The kno"ledge of our anestors

=n 'hapters +, - "e seek to understand the kno"ledge of our anestors and the %ystis andteahers throughout the ages on F"ays of lifeF and #alues.

1.-.3 'hapter 1, 11 eeper physial understanding of self

=n 'hapters 1, 11 "e "ill re#ie" the kno"ledge fro% &'A on our physial sel#es as "ell asthe understandings of the 'hapters of The )ourney of *elf to seek a deeper understanding ofthe physial nature of self and speifi key o%ponents.

1.-.4 'hapter 12 on"ards

=t is fro% 'hapter 12 on"ards that the pre#ious 'hapters of The )ourney of *elf "ill enable usto understand profoundly i%portant insights into our sel#es and the ans"ers to the questionsthat "e seek. These hapters are truly po"erful beause of the understandings of &'A and the

first 1 hapters. We "ill let the% speak for the%sel#es.

1.10 espe%t for the personal nature of the =ourney to know oursel-es

6syhologists are orret in one respet "hen they "arn against the dangers of ertain self8help books and ourses8 for "e an be easily led up a blind alley and do %ore da%age thangood.

As "e "ill disuss, %ind is by nature inredibly fluid, analyzing eah %o%ent, %o%ent to



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%o%ent. As life an be endless yles of ontraditions, so too an our beha#iour to otherpeople.

We an be profoundly influened by "hat others say and others "rite. 0a%ples suh as)onesto"n,


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2.1.2 Why does happiness and fulfill%ent of "ants not neessarily o%e together

Why is it that "hen "e fulfil the "ant or desire that "e belie#ed "ould %ake us happy8 thathappiness does not neessarily follo"?

2.1.3 The 6arado0 of self

Thus "e are dealing "ith a parado0 "hen onsidering oursel#es8 "e say "hat "e "ant, yet"hat "e "ant turns out to be not "hat "e "ant. =t is not that "e do not kno" "hat "e "ant,beause "e are lear about the tangible objets and outo%es. 5ut is it really "hat "e "ant?

*ounds onfusing? =t is beause the %odern hu%an %ind is onfusing. The self kno"ledge "eseek is underneath the onsious ations and day to day thoughts.

2.2 What is self;

=n 'hapter 1+ of &'A, "e disussed the nature and beha#iour of the hu%an %ind, inluding adefinition outline of the onept of %ind, self and ego.

We onluded that the "ord self essentially desribes the u%ulati#e %e, "hat = a% at anyone ti%e. =n ter%s of ego, "e briefly introdued the onept of ego being a partiular state ofself, of %e%ories and e%otions "ith speifi desires and goals.

As "e ha#e seen, fro% this entral understanding "e ha#e been able to disuss the o%%onsense links bet"een e#ery partile, e#ery le#el and e#ery question of the &ni#erse.

7efinition of self

The origin of the "ord FselfF is unkno"n, lost during the during de#elop%ent of uropean

languages 2 to 1+ years ago. =ts original %eaning is #ery %uh the sa%e as it is today8 apersonal pronoun indiating the thing %entioned, not so%e other.

=n 6hilosophy the "ord self%eans FThat "hih in a person is really and intrinsially he indistintion to "hat is ad#entitiousM the ego, often identified "ith the soul or %ind as opposedto the bodyBF.

Around the end of the 1(th entury, the "ord took on t"o key definitions, frag%enting thenotion of self being so%ething onstant and unhanging, na%ely the definition7

A per%anent subjet of suessi#e and #arying states of onsiousness 1$(4B

What one is at a partiular ti%e or in a partiular aspet or relationM oneCs nature, harater orso%eti%esB physial onstitution or appearane, onsidered as different at different ti%es1$-(B.

Thus "ith these definitions, self is ulti%ately influened by the key onepts of onsiousnessa"arenessB and the no" %o%ent, "hih "e all The >EW. epending upon our state ofonsiousness a"arenessB and the partiular no" %o%ent, the definitions opened up the"ord self to i%ply the potential different states of being, depending on the iru%stanes.

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2.3.1 The o%ple0 task of finding a har%ony bet"een needs and "ants

The tasking of sifting through the #arious hu%an needs and "ants and %aking sense of the%has been a task of philosophers "ay bak to the ti%es of *orates, 6lato and Aristotle. :orereently, in the siene of 6syhology, the e0planation and lassifiation of hu%an needs and"ants has for%ed an i%portant branh of understanding alled %oti#ational beha#iour.

2.3.2 What do "e need?

=n What do "e atually need to get by?

The sa%e %ay apply to the hores around the ho%e you need to perfor% to %aintain a leanand tidy en#iron%ent8 suddenly ertain ati#ities not related to ino%e generation orhousehold hores %ay take priority and beo%e needs, rather than "ants.

The point "e "ish to illustrate here is the inherent onfusion in the use of language, e#enbefore "e onsider "hat do "e need and "hat do "e "ant? et us then look at the key "ordsnor%ally assoiated "ith the onept of needs and "ants and see if "e an larify a betterunderstanding of the %eanings of eah "ord.

2.3.3 What do "e "ant?

The "ord pain o%es fro% the %edie#al "ords peine, paine soured fro% the atin "ordpoena %eaning Fpenalty, punish%entF and later FgriefF.


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reently, in the siene of 6syhology, the e0planation and lassifiation of hu%an needs and"ants has for%ed an i%portant branh of understanding alled %oti#ational beha#iour.

2.4.1 What do "e %ean by the "ords need, "ant, desire, %oti#ation?

=n your e#eryday life you ha#e probably e0periened the effet of shifting #alues applied to the

attain%ent of ertain ite%s8 fro% needs to "ants;desires and fro% "ants;desires to needs. Alassi e0a%ple is any typial #isit to a large super%arket. What you atually need in ter%s offood to stay ali#e is #ery s%all and probably obtainable for only a fe" dollars. eessary;>eessity

The "ord neessary o%es fro% Anient atin "ord neesse %eaning Fthat "hih isindispensable, requisite, that annot be done "ithoutF.

eed also i%plies as the definition abo#e indiatesB a lak of so%ething, or in a position ofdiffiulty due to the lak of so%ething, i.e.

FA ondition of affairs plaing one in diffiulty or distressM a ti%e of diffiulty or troubleF EB

FA state of e0tre%e "ant or destitution.F

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2.4.4 Want

The "ord "ant originates fro% the old >orse "ord #ant Eld nglish "ana, :edie#al nglish"aneB %eaning Flaking, %issingF.

The original definitions of "ant follo" its original %eaning

Fefiieny, shortage, lak of so%ething desirable or neessaryBF

FThe state of laking the neessities of life7 penury also the state of laking foodM star#ationFThe )ourney of *elfB

Therefore to all intensi#e purposes the %eanings of the "ord need and "antby literaldefinitions %ean the sa%e thing, e#en though "e onsider the "ords to be quite distint.

2.4.! esire

The "ord desire o%es fro% the atin "ord desiderare o%posed of the atin de J =, sider Jonsider and ate J the atinized #ersion of the 9reek goddess of infatuation, onsidered thegoddess of %isfortune and rash destrutionB.

The original %eaning %eant F to ha#e a strong "ish for, to long for, ra#e, to feel the "ant of,to %issF.

=n the :iddle Ages, the %eaning "as refined further to F the fat or ondition of desiringM thate%otion "hih is direted to the attain%ent or possession of so%e objet fro% "hih pleasureor satisfation is e0petedM longingM ra#ingM a "ish, speifially physial appetite, lustF.

=nterestingly, the "ord desire %ore adequately desribes the onte%porary usage of the "ord

"ant, but is used less often than the "ord "ant to desribe so%ething that "e "ish to stronglyobtain.

2.4.$ :oti#e;:oti#ation

The "ord %oti#e originates fro% the atin "ord %o#ere %eaning Fthat "hih %o#es or tendsto %o#e a person to a ourse of ation.F

=n %edie#al nglish "ord %otyf "as %odified slightly %eaning Fso%ething %o#edM a %otion,propositionM espeially in to %o#e or %akeB a %o#e%ent.F

Thus in its si%plest sense, %oti#e and %oti#ation had t"o distint %eanings8 the at of%otion and the ause of %otion.Around the late :iddle Ages, the %eaning of the "ord "as refined to %ean FThat "hih%o#es or indues a person to at in a ertain "ayM a desire, fear, reason et, "hih influenes apersonCs #olitionM also applied to a result or objet "hih is desired.F

The "ord %oti#ation is a o%bined "ord of %oti#ere F%oti#esF and the atin tio 8ionB, theatin desendant of 8atione% or in Eld nglish orison %eaning FreasonF.

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Therefore the literal %eaning for the "ord %oti#ation is Fthe reasons or auses of ausesB%oti#esF.

=n psyhology, %oti#ation is defined as Fan internal state or ondition so%eti%es desribedas a need, desire, or "antB that ser#es to ati#ate or energize beha#ior and gi#e it diretionF.

Thus psyhology deleted the original %eaning of %oti#ation%otionB in fa#our of the ausesBof hu%an %otion.

2.4.( The i%portane of re#ie"ing these "ords

>o" that "e ha#e re#ie"ed the language "e use to desribe the #arious objets and things ofhu%an life, "e an see %ore learly that7

:oti#ation8 desribes all neessities, needs;"ants and desires>eessities8 those ite%s that "e annot do "ithout for sur#i#al>eeds;Wants %ean the sa%e thing i%plying a defiienyesire8 %ore adequately desribes our onte%porary %isinterpretation of "ant.

As you an see, in identifying the %eaning of these "ords, our original questions take on adifferent %eaning7 Are "e talking about things that "e see laking in our li#es defiieniesB,or are "e talking about those ite%s that annot do "ithout for sur#i#alneessitiesB?

We "ill disuss the i%pliations of the deeper %eaning of these "ords later in this hapter.

2.$ The histori%al %lassifi%ation and -arious theories of moti-ation

*ine the ad#ent of the first hu%an i#ilizations, there has been ountless "ritings assoiated"ith the lassifiation and ordering of hu%an needs and "ants.

ro% se#eral thousand years ago to today, there ha#e been literally thousands of syste%s thatha#e sought to pro#ide so%e order and fra%e"ork to the potential endless list of hu%anneeds and "ants.

&nfortunately "e ha#e neither the spae, nor the ti%e to in#estigate and disuss eah ande#ery syste% indi#idually on its %erits.


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'lassial onditioning states that biologial responses to assoiated sti%uli energize anddiret beha#ior. Eperant learning states the pri%ary fator is onsequenes7 reinfores areinenti#es to inrease beha#ior and punish%ents are disinenti#es that result in a derease inbeha#ior.

*oial learning theory suggests that %odeling i%itating othersB and #iarious learning

"athing others ha#e onsequenes applied to their beha#iorB are i%portant %oti#ators ofbeha#ior.

o!niti-e

There are se#eral %oti#ational theories that trae their roots to the infor%ation proessingapproah to learning. These approahes fous on the ategories and labels people use help toidentify thoughts, e%otions, dispositions, and beha#iors.

The first is ogniti#e dissonane theory "hih is in so%e respets si%ilar to disequilibriu% in6iagetCs theory. This theory states that "hen there is a disrepany bet"een t"o beliefs,ations or belief and ation, "e "ill at to resol#e onflit and disrepanies.

The i%pliation is that if an reate the appropriate a%ount of disequilibriu% this "ill in turnlead to the indi#idual hanging his or her beha#ior "hih in turn "ill lead to a hange inthought patterns "hih in turn leads to %ore hange in beha#ior. A seond ogniti#eapproah is attribution theory "hih proposes that e#ery indi#idual tries to e0plain suess orfailure of self and others by offering ertain FattributionsF. These attributions are eitherinternal or e0ternal and are either under our ontrol or not in our ontrol. The follo"ing hartsho"s the four attributions that result fro% a o%bination of internal or e0ternal lous ofontrol and "hether or not ontrol is possible.

A third ogniti#e approah is e0petany theory "hih proposes the follo"ing equation7

:oti#ation J 6erei#ed 6robability of *uess O Galue of Ebtaining 9oal

*ine this for%ula states that the t"o fators of 6erei#ed 6robability and Galue are to be%ultiplied by eah other, a lo" #alue in one "ill result in a lo" #alue of %oti#ation. Therefore,both %ust be present in order for %oti#ation to our.

2.!.2 Abraha% :aslo" and his hierarhy of needs

5y the ti%e of the 1-!Cs, the onfidene of pratitioners in the #arious fields of psyhologyhad gro"n to suh a point that the do%inant sientifi thinking being produed at the ti%e"as pre8oupied "ith beha#iouris% and psyhoanalysis to e0plain hu%an %oti#ation.

*ientists at the ti%e debated #igorously the auses of hu%an %oti#ation #ia fousingseparately on suh fators as biology, ahie#e%ent, or po"er to e0plain "hat sti%ulates,direts, and sustains hu%an beha#ior. :any psyhology te0ts to this day still rely on theseFlinialF areas of researh and data to e0plain "hy people need "hat they need.

Then during the %id 1-!Cs a hu%anisti psyhologist alled Abraha% :aslo" published atheory stating that people are not %erely ontrolled by %ehanial fores the sti%uli andreinfore%ent fores of beha#iouris%B or unonsious instintual i%pulses of psyhoanalysis.

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%aslo" foused on hu%an potential, belie#ing hu%ans stri#e to reah the highest le#els ofonsiousness and "isdo%

6eople at this le#el "ere labeled by other psyhologists as Ffully funtioningF or possessing aFhealthy personalityF. :aslo" alled these people Fself8atualizingF persons.

:aslo" set up a hierarhial theory of needs in "hih all the basi needs are at the botto%,and the needs onerned "ith %anCs highest potential are at the top. The hierarhi theory isoften represented as a pyra%id, "ith the larger, lo"er le#els representing the lo"er needs,and the upper point representing the need for self8atualization. ah le#el of the pyra%id isdependent on the pre#ious le#el. or e0a%ple, a person does not feel the seond need untilthe de%ands of the first ha#e been satisfied.

'hysiolo!i%al 8eeds.

These needs are biologial and onsists of the needs for o0ygen, food, "ater, and a relati#elyonstant body te%perature. These needs are the strongest beause if depri#ed, the person"ould die.

Safety 8eeds.

0ept in ti%es of e%ergeny or periods of disorganization in the soial struture suh as"idespread riotingB adults do not e0periene their seurity needs. 'hildren, ho"e#er oftendisplay signs of inseurity and their need to be safe.

+o-e> ,ffe%tion and Belon!in! 8eeds.

6eople ha#e needs to esape feelings of loneliness and alienation and gi#e and reei#eB lo#e,affetion and the sense of belonging.

steem 8eeds.

6eople need a stable, fir%ly based, high le#el of self8respet, and respet fro% others in orderto feel satisfied, self onfident and #aluable. =f these needs are not %et, the person feelsinferior, "eak, helpless and "orthless.

Selfa%tuali


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:aslo" published his first oneptualization of his theory o#er ! years ago :aslo", 1-43Band it has sine beo%e one of the %ost popular and often ited theories of hu%an%oti#ation. An interesting pheno%enon related to :aslo"Cs "ork is that in spite of a lak ofe#idene to support his hierarhy, it enjoys "ide aeptane Wahba @ 5ridge"ell, 1-($M*oper, :ilford @ /osenthal, 1--!B.

The fe" %ajor studies that ha#e been o%pleted on the hierarhy see% to support theproposals of Willia% )a%es 1+-2;1-$2B and :athes 1-+1B that there are only three le#els ofhu%an needs. )a%es hypothesized the le#els of %aterial physiologial, safetyB, soialbelongingness, estee%B, and spiritual. :athesC three le#els "ere physiologial, belonging,and self8atualizationM he onsidered seurity and self8estee% as un"arranted.

2.!.3 Alderfer 1-(2B 3 needs %odel

Alderfer 1-(2B de#eloped a o%parable hierarhy "ith his /9 e0istene, relatedness, andgro"thB theory. eed efinition 6roperties

?isten%e

=nludes all of the #arious for%s of %aterial and psyhologial desires. When di#ided a%ongpeople one personCs gain is anotherCs loss if resoures are li%ited

elatedness

=n#ol#e relationships "ith signifiant others. *atisfied by %utually sharing thoughts and

feelingsM aeptane, onfir%ation, under8 standing, and influene are ele%ents

rowth

=%pel a person to %ake reati#e or produti#e effets on hi%self and his en#iron%ent.*atisfied through using apabilities in engaging proble%sM reates a greater sense of"holeness and fullness as a hu%an being

:aslo" reognized that not all personalities follo"ed his proposed hierarhy. While a #arietyof personality di%ensions %ight be onsidered as related to %oti#ational needs, one of the%ost often ited is that of intro#ersion and e0tro#ersion. /eorganizing :aslo"Cs hierarhy

based on the "ork of Alderfer and onsidering the intro#ersion;e0tra#ersion di%ension ofpersonality results in three le#els, eah "ith an intro#erted and e0tro#erted o%ponent. Thisorganization suggests there %ay be t"o aspets of eah le#el that differentiate ho" peoplerelate to eah set of needs. ifferent personalities %ight relate %ore to one di%ension thanthe other. or e0a%ple, an intro#ert at the le#el of Ether;/elatedness %ight be %oreonerned "ith his or her o"n pereptions of being inluded in a group, "hereas an e0tro#ertat that sa%e le#el "ould pay %ore attention to ho" others #alue that %e%bership.

2.!.4 >o uni#ersally aepted %odel yet e0ists on hu%an %oti#ations

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=n spite of the detailed "ork done in the past forty years on hu%an beha#ioral researh, therestill does not yet e0ist a uni#ersally aepted %odel for desribing and ategorizing hu%an%oti#ations.

While there is great %erit in the "ork of :aslo", Alderfer and others, the %odels thaturrently e0ist are unable to adequately aount for the depression of self8estee%, of people

see%ingly "ell ad#aned up the hierarhy of needs, nor the general antipathy of indi#idualsto"ards self atualization.

eades of detailed researh by the &* 5= sho"s that serial killers frequently ha#e an abo#ea#erage le#el of =L. =t does not follo" that "e all "ish to rise up the hierarhy, nor that greater"ealth aquisition and safety leads to happiness and e#entually to self8atualization.

=f anything, the hu%an %inds grasp and priority of needs and "ants see%s to be stubbornlyunique and onstantly hanging, so%eti%es as quikly as %oods.

5efore "e onsider then "hat %akes us happy?, let us onsider another i%portantunderstanding of hu%an %oti#ation8 the proess of goal setting.

2.& What is happiness;

Ene of the %ost uni#ersal of all "ants and desires of hu%an beings is to be Ffree fro% painF,%ost often e0pressed in the positi#e as the Fdesire for pleasure, gratifiation and happiness.F

or so%e, happiness and pleasure is sought through the purhase of %ore and %orepossessions, the au%ulation of %ore and %ore %oney.

or others, happiness, gratifiation and pleasure o%es fro% reei#ing praise fro% peoplearound the%. Then there is the seeking of pleasure through se0ual gratifiation for its o"n

sake that so%e seek. Ethers still find happiness in gi#ing to others, in li#ing a life of ser#itudefor the benefit of their fello" hu%an beings.

iterally there are ountless "ays in "hih "e all e0press our desires for happiness,gratifiation and pleasure. An in the ities, ountries and ultures in "hih "e no" li#e, thereare %any things on offer to satisfy our desires, fro% tele#isions, stereos, ars and gadgets to%ass entertain%ent and personal ser#ies.

Without %aking judg%ent o#er "hether our desires and "ants are aligned or %isaligned,"hat do "e %ean by these "ords freedo%, pain, happiness, pleasure and gratifiation?ike "e ha#e seen throughout &'A, e#ery "ord has %eaning, and often %ore than one

%eaning. =t %akes sense then that "e agree on "hat "e both understand as the %eanings forthese "ords.

2.$.1 The onept alled free, freedo%

The "ord free and freedo% o%e fro% the Eld nglish "ord freo and anient uropeantranslations of the anient *andskrit "ord prijas %eaning FdearF pri in *andskrit %eaningFlo#eFB.

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The earliest definition of the "ord is Fnot subjet as a sla#e to his %asterM enjoying personalrights and liberty of ation.F *i%ilarly, the definition Fe0e%pt fro%, not subjet or liable toFand FAt liberty, allo"ed to go any"hereM not kept in onfine%ent.F

Therefore "hen "e %ean Ffree fro% painF, "e an %ean7 o not being subjet as a Fsla#eF topain, ruling our li#esM and;or o e0e%pt fro%, not subjet to or liable to pain.

=n %ost ases, our understanding of e0atly "hat kind of freedo% "e "ant is unlear and notfully defined.

2.$.2 The onept alled pain

The "ord pain o%es fro% the %edie#al "ords peine, paine soured fro% the atin "ordpoena %eaning Fpenalty, punish%entF and later FgriefF.


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2.$.!


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Their e0istene is #ital to the operation of a o%%on di%ension the &ni#erseB.

2.(.1 'onsistent

The "ord onsistent o%es diretly fro% the atin "ord onsistere %eaning Fstand still,re%ain fir%, e0ist.F


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"ishes to feel safe, dis%isses it by enlosing the%sel#es in a %ind8set or en#iron%ent "herethe ideas or people annot get to the%.

2.(.! 'hange8 the o%%on ene%y of onsisteny, seurity, o%fort

=n ontrast then to the desire for seurity, for safety for ertainty is hange. 5y definition,

hange is the sole ene%y of "hat "e seek. When there is hange, there an be by definition,no ertainty, nor safety, nor seurity.

The "eather hanges, bringing "ith it "inter stor%s, "e fear the risk of flooding, of "indda%age, of terrible onditions. With the hanging yle of our solar syste% and our sun, "efear the inreases and dereases "ill affet the o#erall seasons. With the hange in the yle ofthe arth, "e fear earthquakes and tidal "a#es.

Het as "e ha#e disussed, hange, e0pressed as all things being in perpetual %otion isfunda%ental to e0istene of the &ni#erse8 to &'A8&nique 'olleti#e A"areness. Thereforehange is not the ene%y of life, it is life.

What then do "e %ake of our o"n desires see%ingly so in onflit to so%ething sofunda%ental in &'A? oes it %ean "e are "rong? oes it %ean "e need to hange the "ay"e think?

These ans"ers an only o%e fro% areful e0a%ination of e0atly "hat "e "ant, one "efinally kno" "hat "e "ant. To assist, let us begin fro% the beginning8 "hat are the essentialhu%an needs and "ants?

2.# 7oes what we want make us happy; meet our needs;

=n understanding that "e ha#e so%e sort of hierarhy; list of needs and "ants, in ans"ering

these desires for pleasure and a#oidane of pain, until no" "e %ight ha#e follo"ed the pathof %ost hu%an beings and sought ans"ers "ithout thinking F"hy do "e "ant "hat "e do?F.

2.+.1 The failure of %any short ter% pleasures and gratifiations

:aybe it "ould not be suh an issue to ask our %oti#ations for thinking the "ay "e do anddoing "hat "e do, if not for the e0periene that %any pleasures and gratifiations are shortter%.Whether it be se0ual pleasure, eating pleasure, aquisition of a ne" objet pleasure, praise ina "orkplae, these pleasures soon dissipate and lea#e us feeling e%pty in searh of so%ethingto fill that gap and need for happiness.

2.+.2 Why then the failure to find longer ter% pleasures and gratifiations?

Why then ha#e "e failed to find longer ter% pleasures and gratifiations "hen this see%s tobe "hat "e desire?

The ans"er %ay rest in our lak of kno"ledge as to F"hyF "e ask the question. *uh ans"ersan only o%e through self kno"ledge.

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2.+.3 To kno" thyself

The "ords FKno" ThyselfF "ere "ritten at the entrane to the fa%ous Te%ple at elphi,"here fe%ale orales "ould slip into a trane and i%part Fdi#ine kno"ledgeF to questioners,o#er 2! years ago.

What you feel no" in ter%s of seeking understanding as to "hy you feel the "ay you do, "hyyou think the "ay you do and the searh for so%e kind of balane in your life, are the sa%equestions that ountless philosophers, gurus and e#eryday people ha#e stri#ed to ans"er for%any thousands of years.

*aints and spiritual leaders ha#e struggled "ith these questions as hard as sientists ha#estruggled for the unifying kno"ledge of the &ni#erse FKno"ing AFB.

2.+.4 ooking into the endless %irror


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onsidered that in order to FKno" AF, one %ust FKno" thyselfF first.

Het as you kno", "e ha#e re#ersed this traditional belief and ans"ered the seond questFKno" AF first. =n taking the journey of &'A first , "e ha#e an idea on the physial self, thehigher %ind8self that is &'A and all the layers of &'A. We disussed the "orkings of thehu%an %ind as "ell as the proesses of learning, forgetting and %e%ory.

We see our onnetion to all things and all things onnetion to oursel#es8 that if one point of&'A eased to e0ist, di%ension "ould ollapse and the uni#erse "ould ollapse.

&'A then pro#ides us "ith a lear oneptual road %ap of the "orld "e li#e in, "hat "e ansee and feel and "hat "e anCt see. =n that sense &'A gi#es us the foundations upon "hih "ean dare to #enture into oursel#es and a#oid the risks of that ha#e befallen others.

This is the reason that &'A o%es before The )ourney of *elf, literally and in book for%. orof the t"o journeys to Fkno" AF and to Fkno" thyselfF, the seond is %anifestly %orehallenging.

2.* The @self@ knowled!e we seek

/eturning to the questions of oursel#es and the self kno"ledge that "e seek, "hat then is theself kno"ledge that "e see seek?. We no" seek to pro#ide so%e ategorization of thiskno"ledge.

2.-.1 1 The searh for understanding of self

9i#en that it is understanding of self that "e seek first, it %akes sense that our journey %ustbegin at the beginning.

Why do = feel the "ay = do?Why do = think the "ay = do?Why do = do "hat = do?

The ans"ers to these questions in#ol#e %ore than just the physial understandings of our%ind and body as introdued in &'AB, it also in#ol#es the understanding of our heritage, theheritage of the hu%an rae and the #ery beginnings of our >A progra%%ing.2.-.2 2 The searh for self "orth

eading on fro% understanding oursel#es is the ne0t %ost i%portant part of the journey8 the

searh for self "orth and self #alue.


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2.-.3 3 The searh for balane

=n finding ans"ers to the searh for self "orth, "e then seek to find ans"ers to the searh forbalane "ithin our li#es bet"een the o%peting interests that onstantly pressure us. =npartiular ans"ering questions suh as7


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=nfluenes suh as our i%%ediate fa%ily %e%bers play a profound and often per%anentinfluene on our sense of self and beha#iour. Without realizing it, "e "ill sho" that %any ofthe unthinking beha#ioral traits and #alues "e possess today are often FinheritedF fro% thebeha#iour of our parents. #en if "e belie#e oursel#es to be different to our parents, "e anfind oursel#es per%anently %olded beause of their beha#iour and #alues.

2.1.3 The need to understand the influenes on The )ourney of *elf to gain a sense of selfkno"ledge

=n order to gain a better understanding of :e, "e need to ha#e a better understanding of thepri%e influenes of %e and %y sense of self. To this end, the follo"ing hapters onsider thepri%e influenes ategorized into7

5elief syste%s and *elf/eligion and *elf*oiety and *elf6eople and *elfgo and *elf

=t is hoped by the ti%e "e ha#e o#ered the onepts of all these pri%e influenes, you thereader "ill ha#e a better understanding of the influenes that go to %ake up your sense of"ho and "hat you are.

03. Belief systems and Self

3.1 Belief systems and self

At the beginning of hapter 4 of the journey &'A8 &nique 'olleti#e A"areness "e disussedthe onepts of %odels, and their %eaning. We onsidered that e#erything "e see and holdphysially real fro% the tele#ision, the internet to the lothes "ere "ear "ere at so%e ti%e,ideas in a persons head.

We also disussed the i%portane of beliefs and ho" our nature of the "orld around us isbuilt largely upon beliefs and ideas %odelsB on ho" things fit and ho" they relate. That e#enthough %any of the beliefs "e hold true are adopted fro% others reated by othersB, "eonsider the% as our o"n, e#en to the point of so%eti%es defending the% #igorously.

>o" that "e are onsidering the pursuit of "ho "e are, "hy "e think the "ay "e do, ho" an"e find inner peae and happiness, it is ti%e to re#ie" one again the onept of %odels,beliefs and their integration into syste%s. What are the beliefs that "e %ay ha#e

enountered?


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are 6ri%e &ni#ersal 'onstants8 onepts that ha#e "ithstood the test of ti%e8 suh as theonept of a higher po"er a godB, or the onept of truth, or faith for e0a%ple.

9i#en that organized syste%s suh as religions and soiety affet our onept of "ho "e think"e are and "hy "e do "hat "e do, it is #ital to return to this onept of pri%e uni#ersal

onstants and Fpri%e ideasF and onsider their origin and e#olution. This is the goal of thishapter.

This is the goal of this hapter. To understand the history of e#olution of pri%e ideas thatha#e in turn %ade up the syste%s of belief that ha#e underpinned the Fgreat ulturesF of astand West.

3.2 , re-iew of the %on%ept of belief

While "e introdued the onept of belief in 'hapter 2 of &'A, the "ord is so i%portant inunderstanding oursel#es and "hy "e do "hat "e do, that it is i%portant to re#ie" its %eaning

and its i%pliations

3.2.1 The onept of belief

The "ord FbeliefF is a %odern spelling of the early %edie#al nglish "ord bileafe, atranslation of the Eld nglish "ord geleafa, just one of the %any translations in old uropeanlanguages of the anient 9er%ani elti "ord8 zlaubjanhold dear, herish, trust inB fro%"hih the "ord Fbelie#eF also is deri#ed.

*o it is, one of the earliest reorded definitions of belief is Fthe %ental ation, ondition orhabit of trusting to or onfiding in a person or thingF.

After this definition, a%e the :edie#al period definition of belief as Fabsolute trust in 9odMthe #irtue of faithF "ith the "ord faith replaing the atin "ord for trust fides. Around thesa%e period the "ord also aquired the %eaning of Fa reedF, hene the later translations ofThe 5ible and the Apostles FreedF.

Then around 1!3, the "ord aquired its no" F%odernF understanding as F%ental assent toor aeptane of a proposition, state%ent, or fat, as true, on the ground of authority ore#ideneF.

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3.2.2 The i%portane in all definition of belief

While the %eaning of the "ord CbeliefC today is %ore appro0i%ately understood in theonte%porary %eaning of Faeptane of a state%ent or proposition being trueF, the olderFreligiousF definition of F"hate#er is in the 5ibleF re%ains a ore if not hiddenB %eaning.

There are t"o lassi sayings of Fblind faithF and Fblind beliefF reinforing the notion that for%any of us, those things that "e trust as being true and orret are not on the basis of ha#ing#ie"ed FproofF, but %ore on the Ftrust, or faithF that "hat "e ha#e been told is true.

5elief syste%s therefore ha#e a po"erful plae in our %inds, beause in these syste%s andatte%pt is %ade to plae the hu%an being, the hu%an %ind in the onte0t of the "orldaround.

3.3 The %on%ept of ri!ht and wron!> !ood and bad

=n onsidering belief syste%s, all syste%s of belief %ake #alues in so%e "ay ter%s of "hat isdee%ed true and orret and "hat is dee%ed inorret and inappropriate.

=t is therefore i%portant to onsider the %eanings of the "ords right and "rong "henonsidering the #alue struture that underpins any belief syste%7

3.3.1 The definition of right

/ight o%es fro% the latin "ord retus %eaning base, "hih itself o%es fro% the "ord reg J%o#e%ent in a straight line, e0tension.

>ot surprisingly, the first %eanings of the "ord %eant just that Fstraight, not bent, ur#ed orrooked.F

=t "asnCt until the early 1$th 'entury that the "ord had the additional %eaning of applyingsuh %athe%atial onepts to people Fof persons or dispositionM disposed to do "hat is justor goodM uprightM righteous.F

ater, there "ere further refine%ents to additional %eanings of the "ord na%ely Fof ations,ondut, etM in aordane "ith "hat is just or good, equitable, %orally fitting.F

Today, the %athe%atial origins of the "ord are generally lost on people, e#en though "ereadily aept the na%e Fright angel trianglesF. /ight in o%%on language is seen asinterhangeable "ith orret and e#en the "ord true.

3.3.2 The definition of "rong

Wrong o%es fro% Eld nglish and originally %eant Funjust, a"ryF.

&nlike the "ord right, the original %eaning of the "ord "rong "as based on the %orality ofhu%an ation, na%ely F that "hih is %orally unjust, unfair, a%iss, or i%properM the negationof equity, goodness or retitude.F

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=n opposite to the "ord right, the "ord F"rongF aquired its %athe%atial %eaning aroundthe early 1$th 'entury, the sa%e ti%e the "ord FrightF "as aquiring its hu%anisti and%oral %eaning. 5y the early 1(th 'entury, the "ord F"rongF no" also %eant F


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>ot surprisingly, the "ord %orals "as strongly linked to the onepts of right and "rong bythe beginning of the 1$th 'entury, "ith the definition FEf or pertaining to harater ordispositionM of or pertaining to the distintion bet"een right and "rong, or good or e#il, inrelation to ations, #olition or harater, ethial.F

A seond definition relating to the FsienesF also appeared at the ti%e na%ely FEf

kno"ledge, opinions, judg%ents, et relating to the nature and appliation of the distintionbet"een right and "rongF 1!B.

>o" a soial fra%e"ork "as learly in order8 on the one hand "as right and on the other8"rong.

3.3.$ The definition of bad

The "ord bad o%es fro% the Eld nglish "ords baeddel %eaning Fher%aphroditeF andbaedling %eaning Fsodo%iteF.

The definitions of the "ord essentially began "ith the onept of Fi%%orality and"ikednessF. Around the beginning of the 1$th 'entury, the additional definitions of Foffensi#e, disagreeableF "ere added. Then around the end of the 1(th entury the definitionFinorret "as added. inally by the end of the 1+th entury, the "ord had beo%e a legalter% %eaning Fnot #alidF .

3.3.( The definition of good

The "ord good is deri#ed fro% the "ord 9od The original definition of good %eant F bringtogether, unitedB e.g. gaderia %eaning gather, fitting, suitable.

The definitions of good e#entually e0panded to inlude7

thingsM being "hat they are alled or ought to beMof personal qualities o%%endable to the person%orally e0ellenteffetual, thorough, adequateuseful, reliable for a purpose, or effiient in a funtion, pursuit, reed, et

3.4 Belief systems and philosophy

=n Western 'ulture, the study of the history and nature of belief syste%s is kno"n by a far lesstehnial ter%8 6hilosophy. The "ord itself o%es fro% 9reek, by "ay of atin, philosophia,

Flo#e of "isdo%F and in essene %eans Fthe ritial e0a%ination of the grounds forfunda%ental beliefs and an analysis of the basi onepts e%ployed in the e0pression of suhbeliefs.F

The pursuit and study of philosophy is onsidered one of the ore ele%ents and FhigherpursuitF of both Western and astern ulture. 6hilosophy and the searh for truth in the%eaning of our "orld inside and outB is onsidered funda%ental to the "orld in "hih "eli#e. 6hilosophy underpins e#erything "e see around us, the ity in "hih "e li#e, theentertain%ent "e hoose to #ie", e#en the lothes "e buy and "ear are influened by it.

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3.4.1 The o%ple0ity in finding a lear understanding of "hat philosophy is

or so%ething so i%portant, it is frustrating then that a lear understanding of "hat isphilosophy an be so diffiult. =t see%s that the notion of FphilosophyF re%ains a highlysubjeti#e thing depending upon the audiene, the ti%e and the ulture. *o%e beliefphilosophy to %ean the searh for the "isdo% of life refleting the original %eaning of the

t"o greek "ordsB. To others, it is %ore an e%pirial journey of diso#ery and ataloguing ofthe e0ternal uni#erse and our position in it, fro% stars to planets, to %oleules to the #erysubstane of e0istene. To others again, it is the study of the intention, purpose andrelationships bet"een godsB, the "orld and %an plae in it.=t is pri%arily beause the "ord philosophy is used to desribe all these potentially quitedifferent syste%s of ideas that seuring a lear definition is al%ost i%possible.

3.4.2 A si%ple definition of philosophy

The si%plest definition of philosophy is the one at the beginning of this page8 the study of thehistory and nature of belief syste%s.

=t is beause the "ord philosophy is used to desribe so %any #aried and di#erse opinions thatthe onept of belief syste%s is used as an alternati#e desription.

3.4.3 A brief analysis of the history of philosophybelief syste%sB

E#er the follo"ing parts of this setion, "e "ill atte%pt to su%%arize a brief history of thedifferent philosophial belief syste%s that ha#e e#ol#ed sine anient ti%es to the presentday.

=n doing so, it is i%portant to highlight that our in#estigation of philosophial ontributors is

at best a rough su%%ary. To do justie to any belief syste% "ould take %any dozens of pages%ore than the roo% "e are li%ited to dou%ent.

3.$ 'hilosophy &000 to 2000 BAThe an%ient ,siaminor mind

The earliest found relis of anient northern he%isphere FWesternFB ulture fro% "hih "ean piee together the belief syste%s of our anestors are those prinipally found in the:esopota%ian basin no" =raqB and anient gyptian ities along the >ile.

The oldest of these, the *u%erians also happen to be one the rihest resoures of anientbeliefs ne0t to the gyptians. Their belief syste%s ha#e largely been lassified by "estern

sholars aording to the assu%ptions F1st, therefore %ore anient, therefore lessde#eloped.FB. Therefore, beliefs relating to 9ods and hu%an origins ha#e largely beenonsidered under the assu%ption of these anestors ha#ing less sophistiated %inds than "e.

3.!.1 The e0istene of physial gods fro% another physial plae

The earliest "ritings of the *u%erians are quite speifi about their belief struture of 9ods.There is none of the %ystial and often diffiult %i0ture of ethereal and fantasti "ritings that

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are found in say the 9reek :ystial *hools "hih "e "ill disuss laterB. The *u%eriansessentially belie#ed in gods that "ere as physial as you or =, that a%e fro% another plae.

There is no indiation in their "ritings that they onsidered this plae of origin to beso%ething ethereal as an Fother "orldF, or Funder"orldF as is interpreted by the gyptiansholars. What is lear is that their origin is fro% the physial hea#ens, not so%e other

di%ension. The anient gyptian %ythology on the other hand, is al%ost suffoated in%etaphor and sy%bolis%, quite possibly due to si%plisti translations.

5oth the anient gyptians and *u%erians belie#ed in a deity of gods and interrelated bloodfeuds bet"een the #arious gods.

3.!.2 All hu%an kno"ledge as a gift fro% the physial 9ods

>ot only "ere the *u%erians quite pratial in their onsideration of physial Fflesh andbloodF gods, but also in the origin of hu%an i#ilization their o"n i#ilizationB. Luite si%ply,they onsidered it a gift of the gods, nothing less. This is idential to the belief of the anientgyptian kingdo%s that their ulture "as due diretly to the physial blessing and gifts ofphysial gods.

3.!.3


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3.(.4 The uni#ersal singular a"areness

6ar%enides insisted that F"hat isF annot ha#e o%e into being and annot pass a"aybeause it "ould ha#e to ha#e o%e out of nothing or to beo%e nothing, "hereas nothing byits #ery nature does not e0ist.

The fa%iliar "orld, in "hih things %o#e around, o%e into being, and pass a"ay, is a "orldof %ere belief do0aB.

3.(.! &nique point of spiritual fire

Thus the %inds of 6ar%enides and


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3.(.( The uni#erse as unique olleti#e %ind a"arenessB

En the basis of this idea, e%oritus added the idea that all objets in the physial "orld anbe e0plained by analysis of their ato%i struture.

While euippus, e%oritus argued the struture of all things being ato%s, a differenttheory had e%erged fro% the end of the $th 'entury 5' #ia 6ythagoras of *a%os.

3.(.+ 6ythagorus and the %ystery of nu%bers

6ythagoras tra#eled e0tensi#ely throughout the anient "orld, in partiular gypt and parts ofAsia. At 'roton and :etapontu% he founded a philosophial soiety "here he gainedonsiderable politial influene.

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6ythagorean ideas influened the diso#ery of se#eral %ajor %athe%atial insights suh as


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uring the %iddle of the !th entury 5' sa" the e%ergene of a lass of people representingthe lassial prototype of the F"arrior8poetF, the professional soldier. These %en essentiallyser#ed the trading ity states of %erhants and often orrupt politiians as soldiers for hire,"hile allo"ing ti%e and suffiient funds to onsider the greater questions of life. *o%e ofthese a%e to be kno"n as the F*ophistsF.

The na%e is deri#ed fro% the #erb sophizesthai, F%aking a profession of being in#enti#e andle#er,F "ho, in ontrast to the philosophers that had preeded the%, also asked for %oneyfor philosophial instrution.

&nlike pre#ious philosophers, the sophists sa" less #alue in onte%plating the "orld outside,but rather than "orld "ithin. FWhat is the sense of suh speulations?F they asked, sine %endo not li#e in these so8alled real "orlds. This is the %eaning of the pronoune%ent of6rotagoras of Abdera %id8!th enturyB that F:an is the %easure of all things, of those "hihare that they are and of those "hih are not that they are not.F or %an the "orld is "hat itappears to hi% to be, not so%ething elseM and, though he %eant %an in general, he illustratedit by pointing out that e#en in regard to an indi#idual %an it %akes no sense to tell hi% that itis really "ar% "hen he is shi#ering "ith old, beause for hi% it is old88for hi%, the olde0ists, is there.

This hu%anisti and essentially pratial #ie" of the real "orld by the sophists "as al%ostertainly influened by the fat that %any killed for a li#ing and "ere therefore less inlined tobe found d"elling on big thoughts and big ideas than %ethods to ahie#e i%%ediate goals.

The *ophists "ere not only skeptial of "hat had by then beo%e a philosophial traditionbut also of other traditions. En the basis of the obser#ation that different nations ha#edifferent rules of ondut e#en in regard to things onsidered %ost sared88suh as therelations bet"een the se0es, %arriage, and burial88they onluded that %ost rules of ondutare on#entions. What is really i%portant is to be suessful in life and to gain influene on

others. This they pro%ised to teah. The sophist 9orgias "as proud of the fat that, ha#ing nokno"ledge of %ediine, he "as %ore suessful in persuading a patient to undergo aneessary operation than his brother, a physiian, "ho kne" "hen an operation "asneessary. The older *ophists, ho"e#er, "ere far fro% openly preahing i%%oralis%. They,ne#ertheless, gradually a%e under suspiion beause of their sly "ays of arguing.

Ene of the later *ophists, ho"e#er, Thrasy%ahus of 'haledon late !th enturyB, e#enlai%ed Fright is "hat is benefiial for the stronger or better oneFM that is, for the one able to"in the po"er to bend others to his "ill. Thus the sophists "ere responsible for laying out thefra%e"ork "ithin "estern thought for the purely entri and selfish #ie" of personal po"er"hih underpins %any of todayCs ourses and self8help and personal8po"er ourses to

sueed finanially.

3.+.2 *orates

:idst the selfish F%erenaryF "orld of the sophists, e%erged a great thinker and truephilosopher "ho is regarded as the prototype of the "estern notion of both the Fgood %an%artyrF and saint8 *orates.

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i#ing in the !th 'entury 5', *orates stands out against all other hu%anist philosophers forhis strit adherene to his %oral ode. Throughout his life he insisted that he possessed no"isdo% but "as stri#ing for it. =t "as lai%ed by his follo"ers that he ne#er tried to teahanything diretly. =nstead, *orates "as belie#ed to ha#e ati#ely sought dialogue "ith all%e%bers of 9reek soiety, regardless of age or status in an effort to bring into the open by his

questions "hat he belie#ed "ere the inonsistenies in their opinions and ations.

Het the singular differene of *orates to %ost philosophers before and after his ti%e "as hiso%%it%ent to upholding the priniples he had hosen by "hih to li#e his life. or e0a%ple,after the 5attle of Arginusae, *orates found hi%self the president of the Athenian asse%blythe day a popular %ob de%anded the death of the %ilitary leaders. *orates refused topartiipate beause he onsidered it "rong to onde%n any person "ithout a fair trial.

En another oasion during the te%porary reign o#er Athens of a olletion of orruptfa%ilies Dthe Thirty TyrantsPB, they ordered *orates to arrest a "ealthy innoent itizen inorder to seize his possessions. *orates just disobeyed.

*uh strit adherene to a personal %oral ode e#en in the fae of possible death and torture,ga#e *orates a hero status e#en a%ongst his fello" itizens and tra#elers during his o"nlifeti%e.

qually, suh stubbornness to #alues also reated deep hatred a%ongst the politiians andpo"er brokers of his ti%e. =n the end, it "as not the tyrants and the orrupt that killed*orates, but the de%orati syste% itself "hen he refused to reant his beliefs on an unjustharge of Dorrupting the youthP of Athens.

Het it "asnCt until after his death that the fa%e of *orates had its full i%pat. =n his life anddeath, he represented a re#olution in the thinking of life and the uni#erse, through personal

disipline and inner strength.

These sa%e qualities "ere e0e%plified by the 5uddha only a ouple of enturies before.


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"hih alone is per%itted to o"n pri#ate property.


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Aristotle hi%self had beo%e a %e%ber of the Aade%y at the age of 1(, in the year 3$(during 6latoCs absene in *iilyB, under the ating hair%anship of udo0us of 'nidus, agreat %athe%atiian and geographer. There he re%ained a %e%ber for so%e t"enty years.What is lear is that upon the general de#elop%ent of 6latoCs syste%s for lassifiation ofideas later in life, Aristotle began to see his o"n opportunity.

As si%ple as it sounds, the 9reek philosophers had traditionally foused their thinking uponthe debate and disussion of big questions8 life, the uni#erse, the purpose of %an, therelationship bet"een %an and the gods. 6lato assisted in breaking that %old by seeking toinfuse the holiness of *orates into the fabri of soiety.


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The fat that Ale0ander "as al%ost per%anently on the road and fighting bloody battlesdoesnCt see% to neessarily bother historians, "ho feel this young prine "as so%eho" able toalso %anage the affairs of a rapidly gro"ing e%pire fro% the a%pfires of eah ne" bloodyand grisly battlefield. Again, this fits the %odel that Aristotle "ith the aid of other influential%e%bers of ourt al%ost ertainly kept Ale0ander a"ay on ne#er ending a%paigns, "hilethey i%ple%ented the pratialities of the e%pire on his behalf.

With suh po"er and resoures at his disposal, Aristotle "ithout question is the %ostpo"erful philosopher to ha#e e#er li#ed. Thus "e an aount for the #olu%inous "orks in allkno"ledge areas historially attributed to one %an as belonging to the legions of "orkers "hotranslated te0ts fro% around the "orld into a o%%on syste%.

3.-.3 ogi as a %ethod for Flosing the gateF

=t is often forgotten that for around si0 to nine enturies after the death of Aristotle, %any ofthe "orks re%ained unhanged in ter%s of the assu%ptions and kno"ledge ontainedtherein. *uh "as the ao%plish%ent, sope and skill of argu%ent of Aristotle and his silentsla#es that the lassifiation of ne" kno"ledge in %any areas si%ply stopped.

As "e ha#e disussed in &'A, the reation of logi is largely onsidered the greatestontribution of Aristotle to "estern thought. 'ertainly, its per#asi#eness testifies to itsinfluene.


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#en the generations that i%%ediately follo"ed ontinued the task of odifying e#erythingthat ould be found into the syste% of logi7 *o%e in the lassifiation of literary history, inthe for% of histories of types of poetry, epi, tragedy, and o%edy, and of biographies offa%ous "riters, and physial siene. *traton of a%psaus reated a ne" kind of physisbased on e0peri%ents, and the

the journey of self

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