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The Long 19 th Century 1789-1900

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Page 1: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1900. Liberal spill over… Europe after the French Revolution experiences continued turmoil… New ‘liberal’ policies – refining

The Long 19th Century

1789-1900

Page 2: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1900. Liberal spill over… Europe after the French Revolution experiences continued turmoil… New ‘liberal’ policies – refining

Liberal spill over…Europe after the French Revolution experiences

continued turmoil… • New ‘liberal’ policies – refining its meaning• Nationalist- Independence Movements• Continued discontent among the lower classes• Continued calls for political reform • English legislation and a realigning of political

partiesPalmer ...’a vicious circle was set endlessly

revolving’

Page 3: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1900. Liberal spill over… Europe after the French Revolution experiences continued turmoil… New ‘liberal’ policies – refining

Evolution of Liberal Ideology • Pre 1789: John Locke, Adam Smith

– ‘Enlightenment-like’• Post 1815: “types of liberalism”

– Classical English Liberalism– New moderate French Liberalism– Liberalism as expressed through right

to self-government – independence movements

• Post 1848:– More radical after the failure of the

revolutions (emergence of Marxist philosophy)

Page 4: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1900. Liberal spill over… Europe after the French Revolution experiences continued turmoil… New ‘liberal’ policies – refining

Original LiberalismBourgeoisieLocke

British Model

Liberalism after 1848:MarxismSocialism

ConservatismMonarchyAristocracy

Liberalism after 1789:Democratic reformRepublican Government

Evolution of Liberalism

Page 5: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1900. Liberal spill over… Europe after the French Revolution experiences continued turmoil… New ‘liberal’ policies – refining

Early 19th Century

1815-1848

Page 6: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1900. Liberal spill over… Europe after the French Revolution experiences continued turmoil… New ‘liberal’ policies – refining

British Liberalism• John Stuart Mill : Utilitarianism, On Liberty

– Women’s suffrage, graduated income tax• Political Parties (Whigs & Tories)

– Tories (liberal reform) Robert Peel, George Canning• Catholic Emancipation Act 1829• Repeal of the Corn Laws 1846 (anti-mercantilist)• Factory Act 1833, Slavery Abolished

– Whig (political reform) -Rotten Boroughs, Voting Rights – Reform Bill 1832 (1 of 6 males)

• Chartists (Charter of 1838) universal male suffrage, secret ballot, 1 person, 1 vote (Populists of England)

Page 7: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1900. Liberal spill over… Europe after the French Revolution experiences continued turmoil… New ‘liberal’ policies – refining

Potato Famine

1847 – Black ’47 Peak

1841 census recorded an Irish population of 8.2 million.

By 1851 this figure had been reduced to 6.5 million

Page 8: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1900. Liberal spill over… Europe after the French Revolution experiences continued turmoil… New ‘liberal’ policies – refining

Revolutionary Movements 1820s

Page 9: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1900. Liberal spill over… Europe after the French Revolution experiences continued turmoil… New ‘liberal’ policies – refining

Revolutionary Movements 1830s

Page 10: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1900. Liberal spill over… Europe after the French Revolution experiences continued turmoil… New ‘liberal’ policies – refining

The Eastern Question

What will become of the Ottoman Empire?

Page 11: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1900. Liberal spill over… Europe after the French Revolution experiences continued turmoil… New ‘liberal’ policies – refining

Bourbon Restoration

1830

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_La_libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg
Page 12: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1900. Liberal spill over… Europe after the French Revolution experiences continued turmoil… New ‘liberal’ policies – refining

Challenges to early 18th C Liberalism

•The Conservative upper class–Too many changes

•The Lower urban working classes–Not enough changes

•Organized religions–Too secular

Page 13: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1900. Liberal spill over… Europe after the French Revolution experiences continued turmoil… New ‘liberal’ policies – refining

Revolution & the Revolution & the birth of the Nation birth of the Nation

StateState1848-18711848-1871

Page 14: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1900. Liberal spill over… Europe after the French Revolution experiences continued turmoil… New ‘liberal’ policies – refining

Why 1848?

• A.J.P. Taylor, "history reached its turning point and failed to turn".

• Hans Rothfels, "Failure or not, 1848 was a genuine turning point. The year 1850 no more restored 1847 than 1815 had returned to 1788". . . .

• Lewis Namier, “1848 remains a seed-plot of history. It crystallized ideas and projected the pattern of things to come; it determined the course of the following century."

Page 15: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1900. Liberal spill over… Europe after the French Revolution experiences continued turmoil… New ‘liberal’ policies – refining
Page 16: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1900. Liberal spill over… Europe after the French Revolution experiences continued turmoil… New ‘liberal’ policies – refining

France 1848France 1848• Louis Phillipe’s government ignored the

needs and demands of the workers in the cities.

• February 1848– 3 days of fighting– King abdicated

• December 1848: Louis Napoleon elected – Second RepublicSecond Republic– (Napoleon III –nephew)– Napoleonic Legend

Page 17: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1900. Liberal spill over… Europe after the French Revolution experiences continued turmoil… New ‘liberal’ policies – refining

June Days

Page 18: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1900. Liberal spill over… Europe after the French Revolution experiences continued turmoil… New ‘liberal’ policies – refining

Napoleonic Napoleonic LegacyLegacy

Arc de Triomphe

•Started during Napoleonic Rule 1808

•Completed under Louis Philippe 1833-1836

Page 19: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1900. Liberal spill over… Europe after the French Revolution experiences continued turmoil… New ‘liberal’ policies – refining

"When France sneezes Europe catches a cold".

Metternich

Page 20: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1900. Liberal spill over… Europe after the French Revolution experiences continued turmoil… New ‘liberal’ policies – refining

Compare and Contrast political liberalism with

political conservatism in the first half of the nineteenth

century in Europe.

Page 21: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1900. Liberal spill over… Europe after the French Revolution experiences continued turmoil… New ‘liberal’ policies – refining

Springtime of the Springtime of the PeoplePeople

VölkerfrühlingVölkerfrühling Revolutions of 1848Revolutions of 1848

Page 22: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1900. Liberal spill over… Europe after the French Revolution experiences continued turmoil… New ‘liberal’ policies – refining
Page 23: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1900. Liberal spill over… Europe after the French Revolution experiences continued turmoil… New ‘liberal’ policies – refining

Austria 1848Austria 1848• Hapsburgs @ Vienna• Ethnic minorities (Hungarians, Slavs,

Czechs, Italian, Serbs, Croats)• Serfdom, feudal order• Authoritarian rule, no liberal

institutions• Metternich dismissed by Hapsburgs,

fled the country• Series of Rebellions throughout empire

– Vienna: abolition of serfdom– Bohemia: (Prague Conference – Panslavism)– Hungary: Nationalist Movement

Page 24: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1900. Liberal spill over… Europe after the French Revolution experiences continued turmoil… New ‘liberal’ policies – refining

Slavic Nationalism

"The Slavs ask nothing but justice; they rest upon moral force only....It is only by struggle that we pass from slavery to liberty. Let us therefore be victors, and we shall be free in a free nation, or let us die with honour, and glory will follow us to the grave."

Pavel Jozef Šafárik

Page 25: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1900. Liberal spill over… Europe after the French Revolution experiences continued turmoil… New ‘liberal’ policies – refining
Page 26: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1900. Liberal spill over… Europe after the French Revolution experiences continued turmoil… New ‘liberal’ policies – refining

1815

Page 27: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1900. Liberal spill over… Europe after the French Revolution experiences continued turmoil… New ‘liberal’ policies – refining

German Confederation, German Confederation, 18481848

• Liberals demanded a constitutional government & a union of German states (Nationalist movement)

• Frankfurt Parliament (1848)– Called for elections to a constituent

assembly for purposes of unification– Sought war to annex Schleswig & Holstein– Presented Constitution & Invited Prussian Frederic

k William to serve as King– Humiliation of Olmutz: Austria demanded

Prussian allegiance to German Confederation (German Dualism)

Page 28: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1900. Liberal spill over… Europe after the French Revolution experiences continued turmoil… New ‘liberal’ policies – refining
Page 29: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1900. Liberal spill over… Europe after the French Revolution experiences continued turmoil… New ‘liberal’ policies – refining

Why did Frederick William reject offer?

There is no power on earth that can succeed in making me transform the natural relationship between prince and people ... into a constitutional relationship, and I never will permit a written sheet of paper to come between our God in heaven and this land ... to rule us with its paragraphs and supplant the old, sacred loyalty."

Page 30: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1900. Liberal spill over… Europe after the French Revolution experiences continued turmoil… New ‘liberal’ policies – refining

New Toughness of MindNew Toughness of MindPalmerPalmer

• Failure of 1848• Idealism and romanticism discredited• A return to realism, science, skepticism• Positivism – August Comte (sociology)• Emergence of Marxist Communism (as a

philosophy – not a reality)• Realpolitik: politics of reality

– Follow practical interests

Page 31: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1900. Liberal spill over… Europe after the French Revolution experiences continued turmoil… New ‘liberal’ policies – refining

Nationalism:Nationalism:1815-1900

But what did nationalism But what did nationalism mean to people in the mean to people in the nineteenth century? nineteenth century?

From France and across the central and southern portions of the continent, proponents

of nationalism vigorously pushed their agendas

Page 32: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1900. Liberal spill over… Europe after the French Revolution experiences continued turmoil… New ‘liberal’ policies – refining

Nationalism: Nationalism: Early Early Stirrings…Stirrings…

prior to 1848prior to 1848Revolutionary!Revolutionary!

Rulers throughout Europe believed that Rulers throughout Europe believed that nationalism would be a destabilizing nationalism would be a destabilizing force in existing governments-Therefore, force in existing governments-Therefore, they did all they could to crush they did all they could to crush nationalist sentiments within their own nationalist sentiments within their own domains and sometimes helped their domains and sometimes helped their neighbors put down nationalist uprisings neighbors put down nationalist uprisings

Page 33: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1900. Liberal spill over… Europe after the French Revolution experiences continued turmoil… New ‘liberal’ policies – refining

Nationalism: after Nationalism: after 18481848

•A more practical approach developed

•More Machiavellian than romantic •Realpolitik

–Germany – Bismarck’s Blood and iron–Italy – Cavour

•Turning Point: Crimean War ended Concert System

Page 34: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1900. Liberal spill over… Europe after the French Revolution experiences continued turmoil… New ‘liberal’ policies – refining

Crimean War 1854-Crimean War 1854-18561856• Russia wanted further breakdown of

Ottoman territories (clash of liberal nationalism and conservative nationalism)

• Under pretext of protection of Christians in Near East (traditionally role of France)

Russia

OttomanFranceBritain

Piedmont

CRIMEA PENINSULA

Austria (protect Balkans)

Page 35: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1900. Liberal spill over… Europe after the French Revolution experiences continued turmoil… New ‘liberal’ policies – refining
Page 36: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1900. Liberal spill over… Europe after the French Revolution experiences continued turmoil… New ‘liberal’ policies – refining

Charge of the Light Brigade

Alfred, Lord Tennyson

"Forward, the Light Brigade!"

Was there a man dismay'd?

Not tho' the soldier knew Someone had blunder'd:Theirs not to make reply,Theirs not to reason why,Theirs but to do and die:Into the valley of Death Rode the six hundred.

Battle of Balaclava

Florence Nightingale

Page 37: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1900. Liberal spill over… Europe after the French Revolution experiences continued turmoil… New ‘liberal’ policies – refining

Technology• Photographs• Telegraphs

Page 38: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1900. Liberal spill over… Europe after the French Revolution experiences continued turmoil… New ‘liberal’ policies – refining

Impact of the Crimean War

• Weakened the authority of several rulers (Russia and Austria specifically weakened)

• undermined the existing balance of power system in Europe (Prussia & Italy especially wanted change)

• strained international relations so much that rulers would no longer come to the aid of a neighbor or friend in times of crisis (end of concert system)

• 1860s & 1870s see rebirth of nationalist sentiment • when nationalist movements arose again in

Europe in the 1860s and 1870s, they found much more fertile ground than they had twenty to thirty years earlier

Page 39: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1900. Liberal spill over… Europe after the French Revolution experiences continued turmoil… New ‘liberal’ policies – refining

Italian Unification

Risorgimento

Page 40: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1900. Liberal spill over… Europe after the French Revolution experiences continued turmoil… New ‘liberal’ policies – refining

Sardinia-Piedmont

NaplesKingdom of Two Sicilies

Lombardy

Venetia

Papal States

Sardinia- Piedmont ruled by House of Savoy (Victor Emmanuel II)

Naples ruled by Bourbon

Papal States possession of the Roman See

Venetia & Lombardy possession of Austria

North Central Italy were Duchies of:

TuscanyModena Parma

Page 41: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1900. Liberal spill over… Europe after the French Revolution experiences continued turmoil… New ‘liberal’ policies – refining

Italian UnificationItalian Unification• Early Leaders: Mazzini, Pius IX (until Syllabus of

Errors)• Count Cavour Sardinia-Piedmont (NW) - Realpolitik

– Prime minister, editor of Il Risorgimento (newspaper)

– Built a liberal and economically sound state (railroads, docks, agricultural improvements)

– Curtailed the influence of the Church (abolish church courts)

– Sought unification of Northern and Central Italy– Joined Crimean War– Plombieres 1859 – French Promise of support in

war with Austria – Provoked war with Austria (1859:Franco-

Austrian War)

Page 42: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1900. Liberal spill over… Europe after the French Revolution experiences continued turmoil… New ‘liberal’ policies – refining

Italian UnificationItalian UnificationBy 1860 – the North Unified

– Franco-Austrian War settlement•Lombardy to Piedmont

– Plebiscite: Tuscany, Modena, Parma to Piedmont

In the South…Armed expedition– Giuseppe Garibaldi & Red Shirts (1,150)– Landed in Sicily, moved to Mainland– Two Sicilies collapsed (Bourbons)

• Made move to Rome, agreed to endorse King Victor Emmanuel II– Plebicites (except Rome)

Page 43: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1900. Liberal spill over… Europe after the French Revolution experiences continued turmoil… New ‘liberal’ policies – refining

Italian UnificationItalian Unification• First Parliament of a united Italy in

1861• Excludes Venetia, Rome• Venetia added 1866 as result of

Austro-Prussian War• Rome annexed in 1870 after

withdrawal of French troops

Page 44: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1900. Liberal spill over… Europe after the French Revolution experiences continued turmoil… New ‘liberal’ policies – refining
Page 45: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1900. Liberal spill over… Europe after the French Revolution experiences continued turmoil… New ‘liberal’ policies – refining

German Unification

Page 46: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1900. Liberal spill over… Europe after the French Revolution experiences continued turmoil… New ‘liberal’ policies – refining
Page 47: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1900. Liberal spill over… Europe after the French Revolution experiences continued turmoil… New ‘liberal’ policies – refining

German Unification: German Unification: BackgroundBackground

• Napoleonic Germany – National Awakening– Intellectual Romantic thinkers– Herder: Volk or Volksgeist (Zeitgeist (zeit time + geist spirit)

• Stressed differences among nations• Cultural nationalism • Suspicious of anything that might corrupt the purity of

Volk

– Politically astute and aware of the paternalistic nature of German government

• Creating a German identity– Grimm Fair Tales (study of languages)– Hegelian Dialectic: history is a process.

• The fragmentation of Germany ultimately bred a unified Germany

Page 48: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1900. Liberal spill over… Europe after the French Revolution experiences continued turmoil… New ‘liberal’ policies – refining

German Unification: German Unification: BackgroundBackground

After 1815: Prussia emerged as leading German State

Zollverein: customs union 1834 -included most of Germany except Austria and Bavaria

Debate…Grossdeutsch plan: unified Germany

including Prussia & Austria Kleindeutsche plan: unified Germany

excluding Austria

Page 49: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1900. Liberal spill over… Europe after the French Revolution experiences continued turmoil… New ‘liberal’ policies – refining
Page 50: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1900. Liberal spill over… Europe after the French Revolution experiences continued turmoil… New ‘liberal’ policies – refining

Realpolitik

The position of Prussia in Germany will not be determined by its liberalism but by its power ... Prussia must concentrate its strength and hold it for the favourable moment, which has already come and gone several times. Since the treaties of Vienna, our frontiers have been ill-designed for a healthy body politic. Not through speeches and majority decisions will the great questions of the day be decided - that was the great mistake of 1848 and 1849 - but by iron and blood.

Page 51: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1900. Liberal spill over… Europe after the French Revolution experiences continued turmoil… New ‘liberal’ policies – refining

German Unification: German Unification: BismarckBismarckJunker heritage

1862: Chief MinisterPrussian loyalties,

not GermanConstitutional Crisis“Gap theory”

Lückentheorie – favor with KingConservative

Page 52: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1900. Liberal spill over… Europe after the French Revolution experiences continued turmoil… New ‘liberal’ policies – refining

Realpolitik: Blood & Iron• 1864: Danish – German War

– Prussia & Austria defeated Denmark and gained both Schleswig and Holstein

• 1866: Austro-Prussian War (7 Weeks War)– Prussia defeated Austria and alliance of German

states to obtain Holstein– Annexed Schleswig, Holstein, Frankfurt, Hanover,

Nassau • 1867 North German Confederation

– Excluded Austria & German states south of the Main River

– Creation of Reichstag & liberal reforms (universal male suffrage) Prussian King is head of state

Page 53: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1900. Liberal spill over… Europe after the French Revolution experiences continued turmoil… New ‘liberal’ policies – refining

1870 Franco- Prussian WarCausesCauses

• Spanish Insurrection – invited Hohenzollern (Leopold II) to Spanish throne - declined

• Ems Dispatch – French required Prussians to never accept invite

• Prussian King had been insulted• Napoleon III declared war on PrussiaOutcomeOutcome• Two months – Napoleon captured, gov’t collapsed• Paris Constituent governments (Paris Commune)

declared Third Republic, continued fight• January 1871: Hall of Mirrors Bismarck declared the

German Empire• Last German States (except Austria) joined Prussia• Annexed Alsace-Lorraine

Page 54: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1900. Liberal spill over… Europe after the French Revolution experiences continued turmoil… New ‘liberal’ policies – refining

        Kingdom of Prussia in 1866

        Annexations after the Seven Weeks War of 1866

        Extensions towards forming the North German Confederation 1867

        Other Germanic territories agree to the formation of a Second German Empire after the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871

Page 55: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1900. Liberal spill over… Europe after the French Revolution experiences continued turmoil… New ‘liberal’ policies – refining

1815: German Confederation

•39 States

1848: Frankfurt Assembly

•Great Germans

•Little Germans

1867: North German Confederation

•Prussia & 21 other states

•Austria & southern states excluded

1871: German Empire

•Remaining German states and Alsace-Lorraine

Consolidation…

Page 56: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1900. Liberal spill over… Europe after the French Revolution experiences continued turmoil… New ‘liberal’ policies – refining

Europe 1871Europe 1871

Consider also, world events…

American Civil WarMeiji Restoration

Large powerful Nation States, with at least the appearance of liberal institutions…

What will be there influence on future world events??


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