THE MIGRATION CRISIS IN THE

MEDITERRANEAN SEA

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Content

1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………………….....……….. 3

1.1 From MDGs to SDGs………………………………………………………………………………………… 3

2. The UNHCR’s work………………………………………………………….……….......………..… 5

2.1 History and function……………………………………………………………...…………….. 5

2.2 Structure…………………………………………………………………………….....…….……….6

2.3 Useful definitions…………………………………………………………………….……….…… 7

3. The mass migration in the Mediterranean Sea…………………………….......…………7

3.1 Context…………………………………………………………….…………………….….……….. 7

3.2 A multidimensional issue……………………………………………….…………….………… 8

3.3 Response…………………………………..…………………………………...…………………… 9

4. Specific topic………………………………………………………………………....……….………... 10

4.1 Relating your topic to MDGs ……………………....………………….……….………………. 11

4.2 Relating your topic with SDGs…………………..…………………………..………………….. 12

5. Items to be discussed during the simulation………………………….......…………….. 12

5.1 Items to be considered in order to propose possible solutions ……………………………. 13

5.2 Useful tips for the debate………………………………………………………….....…………. 13

6. Learn more about your topic……………………………………………........…………….…. 14

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1. Introduction

The Model of United Nation is a simulation of the UN General Assembly, UN Security Council, or other multilateral body. In your case, you should be able to understand what are the concerns and objectives of UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees) and how it works. The specific topic you will have to learn about is: “The mass migration Crisis in the Mediterranean Sea”. You are asked to get to know the context that has led to the current situation, and how the international community is reacting to it. The objective of this research process is that the delegate can identify the country's position on the issue representing, in order to build policies and workable solutions. To achieve this, the participant must study history and topicality, its legal framework (treaties, resolutions, agreements, etc.), positions and decisions that have arisen in favor or against this, groups or blocks that have been created, proposals and solutions that have been presented, among others and write a position paper that describes the topic, it becomes known and the position taken and propose action to solve the problem is warranted. You will discuss this topic about the migrants from North Africa and the Arabic Peninsula fleeing to find security in Europe. You will discuss consequences and possible solutions, to get your proposals. You also must to take into account documents from other organizations that work in this topic, for example, IOM (International Organization for Migration), OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development). In this dossier you will also find the UNHCR’s functions, objectives, programs, member states, etc and how this organization works on the specific issue of refugees in the Mediterranean region. Moreover, you will have a better idea of how to achieve the MDGs (Millennium Development Goals) 1,7 and 8, and how the Post 2015 Agenda is transitioning towards SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals), in our case, goals 1,2, and 10.

1.1 From MDGs to SDGs

In September 2000, leaders of 189 countries gathered at the United Nations headquarters and signed the historic Millennium Declaration, in which they committed to achieving a set of 8 measurable goals that range from halving extreme poverty and hunger to promoting gender equality and reducing child mortality, by the target date of 2015. The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were:

1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger 2. Achieve universal primary education 3.Promote gender equality and empower women 4.Reduce child mortality 5. Improve maternal health 6. Combating HIV/AIDs, malaria, and other diseases 7. Ensure environmental sustainability 8. Develop a global partnership for development

The MDGs were revolutionary in providing a common language to reach global agreement. Substantial progress has been made regarding these goals. The world has already realized the 1st MDG of halving the extreme poverty rate by 2015. However, the

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achievements have been irregular. The MDGs have expired this year and there was a need to start working on a post-2015 agenda (Sustainable Development Goals–SDGs). As opposed to the MDGs, which were more oriented towards the developing countries, the focus is now on building a sustainable world where environmental sustainability, social inclusion, and economic development are equally valued throughout the globe. This emphasis on “sustainability” comes from the concern of the viability of our planet in the long term. The approach is also different in the fact that it is people-centered in a sense that we are all, as citizens of the world, invited to contribute, along with Organizations, Institutions, Scientifics, the Private Sector,… To help you out, here are two of the many definitions of “sustainability”. Remember a definition is never completed as for such a broad concept as this one, there are always new elements that can be added with time.

“Sustainable development meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”

“A sustainable global society is founded on respect for nature, universal human rights, economic justice, and a culture of peace.”

We agree that in all cases, it requires the reconciliation of environmental, social and economic demands - the "three pillars" of sustainability.

Following the Rio+20 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012, a 30-member “Open Working Group” has been selected to work on the Sustainable Development Goals. These proposals are the following:

1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere

2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture

3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages

4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all

5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls

6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all

7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all

8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all

9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation

10. Reduce inequality within and among countries

11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable

12. Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns

13. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts

14. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development

15. Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss

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16. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels

17. Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development.

Ending poverty through new challenges as the Post 2015 Development Agenda and not leaving anyone behind and providing decent living standards, should also be a priority for our youth. Achieving these ideals can only be done by a youth committed with dialogue and better mutual understanding. A social harmony enhanced by tools that strengthen their ability to manage, to understand, to choose and work with their emotions and the emotions of the others in an efficient way, will generate positive outcomes such as conflict resolution, decision making, empathy, encouragement of values or creativity. All of these goals are also main objectives of Global Classrooms Cantabria.

2. The UNHCR’s work

2.1 History and function

The United Nations is an international organization founded in 1945 after the World War II by 51 countries committed to maintaining international peace and security, developing friendly relations among nations and promoting social progress, better living standards and human rights. The Charter established 6 principal organs of the United Nations: the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, the International Court of Justice, and the Secretariat. The United Nations family, however, is much larger, including 15 agencies and several programmes and bodies. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees is one of the Agencies. Towards the end of World War II, the international community, concerned about the economic, social and geographical damages and the increasing number of refugees, displaced persons, and asylum-seekers, took the necessary steps to create a specific organism that would be in charge of providing and monitoring humanitarian aid for the millions of people that lacked access to basic needs and fundamental human rights as a consequence of the international conflict. Subsequently, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), also known as the United Nations (UN) Refugee Agency, was established on December 14th 1950 as a principal organism to lead and coordinate international action towards protecting refugees’ fundamental rights, including asylum-seeking and protection from persecution. Moreover, UNHCR also assists refugees in helping them with the integration and resettlement in a third country, as well as with the option to return home voluntarily. For its contribution in these spheres, the UN Refugee Agency has been recognized with the Nobel Peace Prize twice, in 1954 and in 1981. With only 34 staff members when the UNHCR was founded, the work of the current 9,300 national and international staff members in 126 countries has become fundamental to provide an international legal framework and emergency response to assist some 33.9 million of people (comprising 14.7 million internally displaced people, 10.5 million refugees, 3.1 million returnees, 3.5

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million stateless people, more than 837,000 asylum seekers and more than 1.3 other persons of concern, all of them in need of shelters, nutrition, sanitation, transport and education among other basic needs). Specific departments, most of which are based at headquarters in Geneva, supervise key areas such as operations, protection, external relations, human resources and finance. Regional offices link between overseas offices and headquarters.

2.2 Structure

Regarding the structure, the UNHCR, as defined in its Statute of 1950, is governed by the UN General Assembly and the UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC). The High Commissioner is appointed by the General Assembly and this position has been held by Mr. António Guterres since 2005. The Executive Committee (ExCom) is currently composed of 98 members that meet annually in Geneva to give advice on international protection and discuss other logistical matters linked with the objectives of the agency. In order to fulfill its functions, UNHCR receives funds from numerous donors, most of them Member States of the UN. The agency works closely with partners (particular government departments or agencies, inter-governmental organizations, non-governmental organizations and the private sector. Recently, the UNHCR has been mostly involved in assisting refugees from Syria and the resettlement of around 2 million Syrian IDPs, while also strengthening emergency humanitarian responses for refugees displaced due to natural disasters, as in Pakistan in 2010, and other remaining conflict zones, such as South Sudan, Mali, the Horn of Africa or the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Furthermore, the UN Refugee Agency also invests its resources in monitoring and resolving public health issues in several of its refugee camps.

2.3Useful definitions

Before moving forward with our topic, it is highly important to accurately define the terms we are handling with. During this simulation we will be tackling the issue of migrants who will, if they succeed crossing the Mediterranean Sea, become referred to as refugees. - Refugee: The 1951 Refugee Convention, establishing the Office of the United Nations

High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), defines refugee as a person who, “owing to a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinions, is outside the country of his nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country”.

Other definitions add that it is a person “owing to external aggression, occupation, foreign domination or events seriously disturbing public order in either part or the whole of his country or origin or nationality; who flee their country because their lives, security or freedom have been threatened by generalized violence, foreign aggression, internal conflicts, massive violations of human rights or other circumstances which have seriously disturbed public order”.

- Asylum Seeker: This term is closely related to “refugee”: “a person who seeks safety from persecution or serious harm in a country other than his or her own and awaits a

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decision on the application for refugee status under relevant international and national instruments”.

- Migration crisis (short for “crisis with migration dimensions”): A migration crisis may be sudden, slow, or chronicle, and can have natural or man-made causes, and can take place internally or across borders.

3. The mass migration crisis in the Mediterranean Sea 3.1 Context

The migration crisis today is a growing challenge for the international community. The human mobility dimension of humanitarian crisis is becoming more relevant, as it produces increasingly complex and often large-scale migration flows, which typically expose affected populations to significant vulnerabilities and generate serious and longer-term migration management challenges for the countries that receive the migrants, whether they want to deal with it or not. In the case that we are focusing on, the Mediterranean crisis is of big concern because 75% of migrants that have perished trying to reach a better life have died in the Mediterranean Sea. This crisis has been booming because of the context in many non-European countries across that sea. It first began in 2011 with the Arab Spring that brought many migrants from Egypt and Libya, fleeing the instabilities and riots provoked by these revolutions.

But later, the crisis has taken a proportion that no one could have had imagined. In most of the cases, especially in Syria which is the country where most of the migrants flee from, Civil War is the main cause. Insecurity such as dictatorship, famine, the recent rise of the Islamic State, poverty, human rights abuse and other factors are pushing thousands of families to risk their lives, paying thousands of euros to traffickers, hoping to reach Europe to feel safe and have a better future. The nationalities of migrants crossing by sea are mainly Syrians, Eritreans, and Somalis, along with many people originally from other sub-Saharan

countries. This situation leads to the dramatic death of thousands of migrants, due to rising of people attempting to escape their country, and a situation where Europe cannot deal with the arrival of such a huge amount of refugees and asylum seekers.

3.2 A multidimensional issue

The problem in this situation is therefore not only the mass migration, but the obvious lack of organization between the European countries, and their disagreements on the measures to adopt to tackle this issue, both during the crossing of the sea, and after the

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arrival of migrants at the borders of Europe. In addition, the influx of migrants trying to reach Europe is very uneven in terms of in which countries they end up at first. Italy and Greece are the frontline for the migrants fleeing by boat. Only this year, these countries have received respectively 62,000 and 63,000, with a total of 153,000 migrants for all of illegal entrances in Europe. There would be 36,390 migrants that have reached European coasts since the 1st of January 2015, and more than 22,000 would have died attempting it since 2000. Italy and Greece, two of the countries that have been hardly affected by the 2008 financial crisis, are left on their own to deal with the mass inflow of refugees. The infrastructure that hosts them and the care that needs to be provided upon the arrival of the boats (food, shelter, medical care) is very expensive and the governments have to deal with that problem without the help of other European States. The capacity of the reception centers is limited and the coastal cities are overwhelmed with the massive arrival of migrants. However, most European countries don’t agree on sharing the “burden” with these two countries who suffer from there geographical location. The consequences of the economic crisis in Europe and the growing success of right-wing parties fighting against the entrance of migrants in their countries and in the European territory made many countries reluctant to accept mass migration within their borders.

3.3 The response

The Italian government started the operation called “Mare Nostrum” in 2013, to search and rescue the migrants crossing the Mediterranean Sea by boat, often losing their lives in the attempt of reaching Europe. During the operation at least 150,000 migrants, mainly from Africa and the Middle East, arrived safely. The Italian government had requested additional funds from the other EU member states in order to continue the operation, but it did not receive the requested support. The operation ended on 31st October 2014 and was replaced by Frontex's, (the agency of the European Union -EU that manages the cooperation between national border guards that is undertaken to secure the external borders of the union, including from illegal immigration, human trafficking and terrorist infiltration) Operation Triton. Unlike Mare Nostrum, Operation Triton focuses on border protection rather than search and rescue, and operates closer to the Italian coast rather than going all the way to Libya to try and dismantle the traffickers. The end of Mare Nostrum has been criticized as a cause of the

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increased death rate among migrants to Europe in the Mediterranean, which increased by 10 times between 2014 and 2015. For years the EU has been struggling to harmonize asylum policy. That is difficult with 28 member states, each with their own police force and judiciary system. In April of this year, the European Commission has proposed 10 actions to tackle the Mediterranean migration Crisis within which: the reinforcement of operation Triton, the confiscation of traffickers’ boats, the help to Italy and Greece to treat asylum applications, the equal repartition of migrants throughout Europe,… On the 26th of June, during the EU Summit in Brussels, the UN High Commissioner for Refugees, Antonio Guterres stated:

Western nations must also commit to creating more legal alternatives for refugees to find protection, such as expanded resettlement and humanitarian admission schemes, enhanced family reunification, private sponsorship arrangements, and work and study visas. Without realistic alternative channels for people to reach safety, the much-needed increase in international efforts to crack down on smugglers and traffickers is unlikely to be effective. He added that the European Union was founded on fundamental principles of humanity, solidarity and respect for human rights, the statement said: We urge EU member States to demonstrate moral and political leadership in adopting a forward-looking action plan centered upon these values.EU leaders must look beyond the present situation and work closely with transit and origin countries both to lighten the immediate struggle of migrants and refugees and address in a more comprehensive way the many factors that drive them to resort to such desperate journeys by sea.

A solution was finally announced over where to settle 40,000 Syrian and Eritrean refugees arriving in Greece and Italy, and a further 20,000 currently outside the EU. Emerging from the often tense meeting, EU Council president Donald Tusk said the agreement was reached to show "solidarity with frontline countries" dealing with the migrant crisis. But taking into account much opposition to this decision, the deal will be voluntary -meaning will be no mandatory country-by-country quotas.

4. Specific topic The Crisis in the Mediterranean Sea is only one of the large scale mass migrations of our decade. But there are many different reasons that explain movements of populations, whether they are constant, regular, or by waves. Hunger and poverty are making people leave their home to look for more resources, lack of job opportunities have led people to go and live in countries where they can be, or get paid more than where they come from employed (East to West Europe, Central America to USA, Southeast Asia to Australia, Nepalese in the Arab Golf,…), political instabilities and lack of security have pushed people to cross borders (Burma to Thailand, West Africa and the Middle East to Europe,…) and now we are preparing for environmental refugees who will have to leave their home as a consequence to climate change (Rise of the water level in Bangladesh and many islands of the Pacific).

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All of these reasons are roots to extensive movements of people. All regions of the world are concerned, either seeing its population flee, either having to deal with migrants. This is why it is a crucial topic to be discussed by the United Nations in order to find solutions altogether that both prevent migration at first, and secondly deals efficiently with the migrants once they are at the doorstep of the countries where they seek protection.

4.1 Relating your topic with MDGs

MDG 1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Like mentioned previously, among the migrants, many are those leaving their home country because of poverty, itself leading to hunger. In the Sub-Saharan region, severe drought has been affecting millions of families whose land couldn’t provide enough food to survive. In countries such as Syria, Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, the recent wars and political situations have left people with no home, no jobs, and very little resource. In West Africa, political instabilities and the threat of the Islamic State growing in a big part of Africa and the Middle East have led people to leave the places where they had their lives, which also left them with no resource to live decently. MDG 7. Ensure environmental sustainability We are aware that the way of living of the Occidental World, which is taken as an example for most people on the planet, is pulling way more resource than the planet can produce on the long run. The industries we have created in the past century are not sustainable in the sense that if we keep on behaving like we are today, the Earth will not be able to generate enough natural resources for the future generations. Above this, the pollution we are creating is creating rapid climate changes, which unfairly affect regions that are already struggling. The impact of the global warming is visible on the whole planet but it affects many regions with natural disasters, which themselves prevent millions of people of producing resources. One direct example is the drought in the Sub-Saharan region that makes many people flee, in research of better climates where they can harvest food without risking losing their production. MDG 8. Develop a global partnership for development This MDG is very important because this is where an essential part of the problem has its roots. The fact that European countries can’t agree on specific ways of tackling the crisis together is what makes more migrants lose their lives in the sea every day that goes by. There have been decisions taken between the different states (such as the 10 points mentioned previously) but there is a lot of oppositions that makes it difficult to take decisions. Each country has its own point of view and tries to defend their national interest. That is why they need more meetings where they can discuss and make concessions to try and find solutions that fit the majority, while helping those in need. Solidarity is the highest value in this situation and it is essential that all countries realize that they can only come to solutions with the cooperation of all States.

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4.2 Relating your topic with SDGs

Although in your case, it is essential to relate your subject to the MDGs and argue during the debate towards these goals, it is important that you see the relation with the SDGs, these goals being the next step after 2015.

SDG 1.Reduce inequality within and among countries

Obviously, this goal is one of the hardest one to work on because of the scale of the inequalities and to the capitalist system our world has been following for decades now. The unequal world is unquestionably linked with the migrations all around the world. It is what creates poverty and the occidental, materialistically wealthier way of living in the west is shown around the world as the example to follow. There is no doubt people who live in less privileged regions try to reach the abundance our continent demonstrates. SDG 2. End poverty in all its forms everywhere SDG 10. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture. These two sustainable development goals are the continuity of MDG 1.

5. Items to be discussed during the simulation Key questions to answer:

What is the source of the problem? How has it been growing? What is the current state of affairs?

How did you try to solve the problem? What have been the consequences of these actions? What has been your country's position on these measures?

How have the different countries get involved in the problem? Which are the most important in the discussion? What are their positions?

Were there international organizations involved in resolving the issue? How?

What are the resolutions, treaties, conventions, agreements, etc., governing this matter? Which countries were those for and against?

What has been the historical position of the country you represent?

What measures proposed to your country deal with the issue? (particularly review the speeches of the representatives of the state)

What is the position of the country today?

5.1 Items to be considered in order to propose possible solutions

It is important that the measures that you propose to delegates into the debate, will be to achieve the MDGs 1, 7 and 8/ SDGs 1, 2 and 10.

The problem can happen in other places of the world, think of solutions that could be applicable in other regions.

In regard to the values promoted by the United Nations, it is of moral responsibility to protect those in need.

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To promote cooperation between the different bodies that can work together (Government with NGOs, NGOs with the private sector,…)

To fight against the reputation that migrants and refugees have in the countries where they seek asylum or protection.

Raise international awareness about the condition in which migrants cross

Increase the number of reception centres in Europe, to cope with the influx of migrants

Propose large-scale and long-term actions

Protect the migrants Human Rights: Article 25 of Human Rights states that “Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control.”

5.2 Useful tips for the debate

In order to have a fruitful debate, it is recommended that the delegates take into account the following recommendations to lead the discussions: At the beginning of the debate, make a general statement regarding the topic (it can

be a summary of your country’s position paper) Address the related topics through different perspectives: social, economic,

educational, environmental,… Take a look and comment the progress and failures of resolutions approved in the

past Propose new ideas and objectives (common and individual) for new resolutions Find out who are the key players on the international and regional level Find alliances between the present members (make agreements with States that have

a similar position to yours) – this will help you to cooperate

Find out which ideas your country is able to support and on which you will disagree Contemplate the possible road blocks of the objectives to prevent failure Present (written) ideas for a draft resolution Share why the country you represent supports or is against the draft resolution(s) Vote on proposed draft resolution(s)

Delegates should also take into consideration the following measures to take their decisions during the debate:

Is important that the measures that you propose to delegates into the debate, will be to achieve the MDG 1, 7 and 8/ SDG 1, 2 and 10.

6. Learn more about your topic In order to help you in finding out more information about your country’s position and to learn more about mentioned organisms and conferences to help you with taking decisions, you can take a look at the following information:

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State of the question in the media these past months to help you understand (with figures, numbers, graphics) :

http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=50677#.VY7OaPntmko

http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=50664#.VY7Ohvntmko

http://www.unhcr.org/553e41e66.html

http://time.com/3833463/unhcr-antonio-guterres-migration-refugees-europe/

http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-24583286

http://www.cfr.org/migration/europes-migration-crisis/p32874

http://time.com/3833333/ian-bremmer-europe-migrants-deaths/

http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/mediterranean-migrant-crisis-eu-leaders-agree-to-relocate-tens-of-thousands-of-refugees-on-a-voluntary-basis-after-heated-talks-10346894.html

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/04/24/mediterranean-migrants-greece_n_7128198.html

These are reports and resolutions that can help you to find possible solutions to

debate during the Model United Nations:

Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 19 December 2014 about “International migration and development” : http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N14/713/71/PDF/N1471371.pdf?OpenElement

Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 18 December 2014 about “Migrant children and adolescents” :http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N14/708/82/PDF/N1470882.pdf?OpenElement

Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 18 December 2014 about “Protection of migrants”: http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N14/707/10/PDF/N1470710.pdf?OpenElement

The IOM (International Organization for Migration)’migration crisis operational framework: http://www.iom.int/files/live/sites/iom/files/What-We-Do/docs/MC2355_-_IOM_Migration_Crisis_Operational_Framework.pdf

The 1951 convention relating to the status of refugee and its 1967 protocol: http://www.unhcr.org/4ec262df9.html

Protecting refugees and the role of UNHCR: http://www.unhcr.org/509a836e9.html

UN resolution about International migration and development: http://www.un.org/esa/population/migration/ga/A_C2_67_L15_Rev1.pdf

Central Mediterranean Sea Initiative (CMSI): Action Plan: http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=search&docid=5506a6ae4&skip=0&query=mediterranean%20refugee

This dossier has been made by the United Nations Association of Spain (ANUE) with the collaboration of Alisha van Bever

DISCLAIMER: This dossier is a mere compilation of data to serve Global Classrooms Cantabria for your Committee debate purposes and must not be cited as reference in academic research. For citable sources, please refer to the endnotes