The New EraThe New Era

Chapter 24Chapter 24

I. The New EconomyI. The New Economy

Economic GrowthEconomic Growth Huge economic boomHuge economic boom in early 1920s in early 1920s

• output up 60%output up 60%• per capita income up a thirdper capita income up a third

CausesCauses• debilitation of European industrydebilitation of European industry• technologytechnology• automobiles connected to everything elseautomobiles connected to everything else• radioradio• cheap and readily available energycheap and readily available energy• STUFF (home appliances, plastics, synthetic fibers, STUFF (home appliances, plastics, synthetic fibers,

aluminum, aviation, electronics)aluminum, aviation, electronics)

Economic OrganizationEconomic Organization

ConsolidationConsolidation: U.S. : U.S. Steel and “Little Steel”Steel and “Little Steel”

Administration and Administration and expansionexpansion: General : General MotorsMotors

CooperationCooperation: trade : trade associationassociation

Limiting competitionLimiting competition connected to fear of connected to fear of overproductionoverproduction

Labor in the New EraLabor in the New Era Strong economy, but uneven distribution of Strong economy, but uneven distribution of

wealthwealth• 2/3 lived no better than “minimum comfort”2/3 lived no better than “minimum comfort”• 1/3 of the population “subsistence and poverty”1/3 of the population “subsistence and poverty”• lack of political organization limited power of the poorlack of political organization limited power of the poor

Positive Changes for LaborPositive Changes for Labor• rise in the standard of living (STUFF)rise in the standard of living (STUFF)• improved working conditionsimproved working conditions• many employers wanted to avoid labor unrest: allowed many employers wanted to avoid labor unrest: allowed

trade unionstrade unions• paternalistic paternalistic “welfare capitalism”“welfare capitalism”

U.S. Steel: improved safety and sanitationU.S. Steel: improved safety and sanitation Ford: shortened workweek, raised wages, instituted paid Ford: shortened workweek, raised wages, instituted paid

vacationsvacations

Labor in the New Era ContinuedLabor in the New Era Continued

Limited / Negative Changes for LaborLimited / Negative Changes for Labor• unions feebleunions feeble

• ““welfare capitalism” survived only as long as welfare capitalism” survived only as long as industry prospered… when 1929 hit, the entire industry prospered… when 1929 hit, the entire system collapsedsystem collapsed

• limited increase in salary due to large supply of limited increase in salary due to large supply of workersworkers

• making ends meet with more than one jobmaking ends meet with more than one job

• unemployment 5-7%unemployment 5-7%

Union movement looked at as best Union movement looked at as best hope, but weakhope, but weak

• William Green, head of AFL 1924 frowned on strikesWilliam Green, head of AFL 1924 frowned on strikes

Women and Minorities in the Work Women and Minorities in the Work Force Force

increased number of women working increased number of women working “pink collar” jobs“pink collar” jobs

• salesclerks, telephone operators, secretariessalesclerks, telephone operators, secretaries• underpaidunderpaid• not represented in unionsnot represented in unions

African AmericansAfrican Americans• janitors, dishwashers, garbage collectors, janitors, dishwashers, garbage collectors,

laundrylaundry• not represented in unionsnot represented in unions• Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters 1925 all Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters 1925 all

black unionblack union

Women and Minorities in the Work Women and Minorities in the Work Force ContinuedForce Continued

Asians in the West and SouthwestAsians in the West and Southwest• excluded from Unionsexcluded from Unions• Chinese Exclusion Acts (Angel Island)Chinese Exclusion Acts (Angel Island)• Japanese success as truck farmers, laws passed in Japanese success as truck farmers, laws passed in

response to make it difficult for them to buy landresponse to make it difficult for them to buy land• Filipinos: Anti-Filipino riots led to legislation in 1934 Filipinos: Anti-Filipino riots led to legislation in 1934

eliminating immigration from the Philippineseliminating immigration from the Philippines Hispanics in the West and SouthwestHispanics in the West and Southwest

• major part of unskilled labor force in the major part of unskilled labor force in the Southwest and CASouthwest and CA

• ½ million Mexicans entered US in the 1920s /½ million Mexicans entered US in the 1920s / total over 1 milliontotal over 1 million

• concentrated in urban cities “barrios” without concentrated in urban cities “barrios” without plumbing or sewageplumbing or sewage

• no laws to exclude, necessity for ready pool ofno laws to exclude, necessity for ready pool of low-paid, unskilled, unorganized workerslow-paid, unskilled, unorganized workers

The “American Plan”The “American Plan” Strength of corporations was the principal reason for the Strength of corporations was the principal reason for the

absence of effective labor organizationabsence of effective labor organization Corporate leaders worked hard to label unionism with Corporate leaders worked hard to label unionism with

radicalismradicalism Protection of the “open shop” became “American Plan”… Protection of the “open shop” became “American Plan”…

principal behind harsh campaign of union bustingprincipal behind harsh campaign of union busting Government Assistance goes to corporate leadersGovernment Assistance goes to corporate leaders

• 1921 the Supreme Court declares picketing illegal and supported 1921 the Supreme Court declares picketing illegal and supported the right of courts to issue injunctions against strikersthe right of courts to issue injunctions against strikers

• 1922 Justice Department quells a strike of 400,000 workers1922 Justice Department quells a strike of 400,000 workers• 1924 courts refused to protect members of the United Mine 1924 courts refused to protect members of the United Mine

Workers when mine owners launched a violent campaign to break Workers when mine owners launched a violent campaign to break up a strikeup a strike

• union membership decreases as a responseunion membership decreases as a response

The Plight of the FarmerThe Plight of the Farmer number of tractors on American farms quadrupled in the number of tractors on American farms quadrupled in the

1920s… lead to 35 million new acres of cultivation1920s… lead to 35 million new acres of cultivation increased production did not increase demand… result increased production did not increase demand… result

was overproductionwas overproduction• decline in food pricesdecline in food prices• drop in income for farmersdrop in income for farmers• farmer only made about a quarter of the salary of the non-farmer only made about a quarter of the salary of the non-

farmerfarmer 3 million people left agriculture in the course of the 3 million people left agriculture in the course of the

decade… many that remained forced into tenancydecade… many that remained forced into tenancy most farmers moderate… few demanded gov’t reliefmost farmers moderate… few demanded gov’t relief American Farm Bureau FederationAmerican Farm Bureau Federation Parity: a formula for guaranteeing farmers a fair price for their Parity: a formula for guaranteeing farmers a fair price for their

crops regardless of national or international fluctuationscrops regardless of national or international fluctuations McNary-Haugen Bill… vetoed repeatedly by conservative McNary-Haugen Bill… vetoed repeatedly by conservative

presidentspresidents

ConsumerismConsumerism society in which people could buy things not society in which people could buy things not

just out of need, but out of pleasurejust out of need, but out of pleasure new products: electric refrigerators, washing new products: electric refrigerators, washing

machines, electric irons, vacuum cleaners, machines, electric irons, vacuum cleaners, wristwatches, cigarettes, cosmetics and wristwatches, cigarettes, cosmetics and automobilesautomobiles

how the automobile changed American lifehow the automobile changed American life• 30 million cars on American roads30 million cars on American roads• expanded geographical horizons of millionsexpanded geographical horizons of millions• vacations now available to more peoplevacations now available to more people

means of escaping rural isolationmeans of escaping rural isolation city dwellers able to escape from city lifecity dwellers able to escape from city life

• suburbs suburbs • social lives for younger, affluent peoplesocial lives for younger, affluent people

II. The New CultureII. The New Culture

AdvertisingAdvertising

advertising grows in response to advertising grows in response to success of WWI propagandasuccess of WWI propaganda

no longer just about sharing no longer just about sharing information… now about persuasioninformation… now about persuasion

The Man Nobody KnowsThe Man Nobody Knows, Bruce , Bruce Barton… portrayed Jesus Christ as a Barton… portrayed Jesus Christ as a super salesman… advertising looked at super salesman… advertising looked at as good businessas good business

new vehicles of advertisement: new vehicles of advertisement: newspapers, magazines… Saturday newspapers, magazines… Saturday Evening Post, Reader’s Digest and Time Evening Post, Reader’s Digest and Time MagazineMagazine

*Fake Smile**Fake Smile*

The Movies and BroadcastingThe Movies and Broadcasting FilmsFilms

40 million had seen films in 1922 / 100 million by 193040 million had seen films in 1922 / 100 million by 1930 First feature length “talkie” First feature length “talkie” The Jazz SingerThe Jazz Singer 1921: Motion Picture Association to set up “standards” on 1921: Motion Picture Association to set up “standards” on

filmsfilms• Will Hays uses broad powers to conform film industryWill Hays uses broad powers to conform film industry

Rudolph ValentinoRudolph Valentino RadioRadio

• most important new communications vehiclemost important new communications vehicle KDKA first commercial radio station in AmericaKDKA first commercial radio station in America

• National Broadcasting Company (NBC) first national radio National Broadcasting Company (NBC) first national radio networknetwork

• 1923 500 radio stations1923 500 radio stations• 1929 12 million families owned radio sets1929 12 million families owned radio sets• much less centralized than filmmakingmuch less centralized than filmmaking

self regulationself regulation more controversial than film industrymore controversial than film industry

Modernist ReligionModernist Religion movement to abandon some literal movement to abandon some literal

interpretation of the Bible for a belief system interpretation of the Bible for a belief system that would help individuals live more fulfilling that would help individuals live more fulfilling lives in the present worldlives in the present world

Harry Emerson Fosdick: aim of Christian religion Harry Emerson Fosdick: aim of Christian religion was not unexamined faith, but a fully developed was not unexamined faith, but a fully developed personality… liberal Protestantismpersonality… liberal Protestantism

many stopped well short of embracing this new many stopped well short of embracing this new religion… but pointed to general trend: the religion… but pointed to general trend: the devaluing of religion to a secondary roledevaluing of religion to a secondary role

Sunday becoming a day filled with activities and Sunday becoming a day filled with activities and entertainmentsentertainments

Professional WomenProfessional Women

substantial group of women now combined substantial group of women now combined marriage and careers: 25% of all women marriage and careers: 25% of all women workers marriedworkers married

continued debate about what were suitable roles continued debate about what were suitable roles for women workersfor women workers

““new professional woman” was a vivid and new professional woman” was a vivid and widely publicized image in the 1920s… but widely publicized image in the 1920s… but reality was differentreality was different

most female workers were lower class and most female workers were lower class and unskilled… most middle class women in the unskilled… most middle class women in the homehome

Changing Ideas of MotherhoodChanging Ideas of Motherhood 1920s = redefinition of motherhood1920s = redefinition of motherhood ““behaviorist” psychology began to behaviorist” psychology began to

challenge the idea that women had an challenge the idea that women had an instinctive capacity for motherhoodinstinctive capacity for motherhood

• mothers should rely on assistance of experts mothers should rely on assistance of experts and professionals and professionals

• motherhood more connected to institutions motherhood more connected to institutions outside of the familyoutside of the family

women become less likely to allow children to women become less likely to allow children to intervene with development of marital intervene with development of marital relationshiprelationship

focus of sex shifts from procreation to focus of sex shifts from procreation to romantic expressionromantic expression

birth control = both a cause and an effect of birth control = both a cause and an effect of this new way of thinkingthis new way of thinking

Margaret Sanger = advocate of birth controlMargaret Sanger = advocate of birth control• working class womenworking class women• poor communitiespoor communities• spread to middle classspread to middle class

Many birth control devices banned in many Many birth control devices banned in many states… abortion illegal nearly everywherestates… abortion illegal nearly everywhere

Margaret SangerMargaret Sanger

The “Flapper”: The “Flapper”: Image and Image and

RealityReality some women believed that the in the “New Era” it was no longer necessary some women believed that the in the “New Era” it was no longer necessary

to maintain a rigid, Victorian female “respectability”… general release from to maintain a rigid, Victorian female “respectability”… general release from repression and inhibitionrepression and inhibition

• smoke and drinksmoke and drink• dancedance• wear seductive clothes and makeupwear seductive clothes and makeup

attend lively partiesattend lively parties flapper = term used to describe “New Era” woman whose liberated lifestyle flapper = term used to describe “New Era” woman whose liberated lifestyle

found new expressionfound new expression• dressdress• hairstylehairstyle• speechspeech• behaviorbehavior

huge impact on lower-middle class and working class single women who huge impact on lower-middle class and working class single women who were flocking to new industrial jobs in the service sectorwere flocking to new industrial jobs in the service sector

despite independent image of flapper, most women remained highly despite independent image of flapper, most women remained highly dependent on men: workplace and at homedependent on men: workplace and at home

Pressing for Women’s RightsPressing for Women’s Rights realization that the “new woman” was a myth lead many realization that the “new woman” was a myth lead many

women to continue to press for reformwomen to continue to press for reform Alice Paul: National Women’s Party, continued to press Alice Paul: National Women’s Party, continued to press

for an Equal Rights Amendmentfor an Equal Rights Amendment League of Women VotersLeague of Women Voters 1921 Sheppard-Towner Act: provided federal funds to 1921 Sheppard-Towner Act: provided federal funds to

states to establish prenatal and child healthcare states to establish prenatal and child healthcare programs… 1929 program terminated due to opposition programs… 1929 program terminated due to opposition on many frontson many fronts

1929 discovered that female vote had done little change to 1929 discovered that female vote had done little change to electoral votes… women divided the same way as men… electoral votes… women divided the same way as men… thus male politicians felt little concern about the thus male politicians felt little concern about the consequences of opposing the demands of female consequences of opposing the demands of female reformersreformers

Education and YouthEducation and Youth

more people going to school than ever beforemore people going to school than ever before• high school attendance from 2.2 million to 5 million during high school attendance from 2.2 million to 5 million during

decadedecade• enrollment in colleges and universities goes up threefold enrollment in colleges and universities goes up threefold

from 1900 to 1930from 1900 to 1930• attendance increasing at trade and vocational schoolsattendance increasing at trade and vocational schools

emergence of separate youth culture: concept of emergence of separate youth culture: concept of adolescenceadolescence

• influenced by Freudian psychologyinfluenced by Freudian psychology• extended period of training and preparation was necessary extended period of training and preparation was necessary

before a young person was ready to move into the before a young person was ready to move into the workplaceworkplace

• school not just a place for academics, but school not just a place for academics, but extracurricular activitiesextracurricular activities

The Decline of the “Self-Made Man”The Decline of the “Self-Made Man” increase in the beliefs of increase in the beliefs of

education and adolescence lead education and adolescence lead to the gradual disappearance of to the gradual disappearance of this theorythis theory

crisis of self-identification and crisis of self-identification and dependence among many dependence among many American malesAmerican males

Different outlets for masculinityDifferent outlets for masculinity• sportssports• fraternitiesfraternities• warfarewarfare

Creation of three heroes… all of Creation of three heroes… all of which represented the triumphs which represented the triumphs of modern technology, but did of modern technology, but did not have formal educationnot have formal education

• Thomas Edison: inventor of light Thomas Edison: inventor of light bulb and other technological bulb and other technological marvelsmarvels

• Henry Ford: creator of assembly Henry Ford: creator of assembly line, one of the founders of auto line, one of the founders of auto industryindustry

• Charles Lindbergh: first aviator Charles Lindbergh: first aviator to make a solo flight across the to make a solo flight across the Atlantic OceanAtlantic Ocean

Thomas EdisonThomas Edison Henry FordHenry Ford

Charles LindberghCharles Lindbergh

The DisenchantedThe Disenchanted

generation of artists and intellectuals who found generation of artists and intellectuals who found new society disturbingnew society disturbing

rather than change society, they tried to isolate rather than change society, they tried to isolate themselvesthemselves

““Lost Generation” (Who’s Lost?)Lost Generation” (Who’s Lost?)• belief that modern America no longer provided belief that modern America no longer provided

individuals with avenues by which they could achieve individuals with avenues by which they could achieve personal fulfillmentpersonal fulfillment

• aftermath of war was shattering… war was a fraudaftermath of war was shattering… war was a fraud• saddened by repudiation of idealism with “business as saddened by repudiation of idealism with “business as

usual”usual”• disgust with materialism and consumerismdisgust with materialism and consumerism

The Disenchanted ContinuedThe Disenchanted Continued Ernest Hemmingway, Ernest Hemmingway, Farwell Farwell

to Armsto Arms ““debunkers” writers who wrote debunkers” writers who wrote

savage critiques of nearly savage critiques of nearly every aspect of societyevery aspect of society

• H.L. Mencken “why do people go H.L. Mencken “why do people go to the zoo?”to the zoo?”

• Sinclair LewisSinclair Lewis• F. Scott Fitzgerald F. Scott Fitzgerald The Great The Great

GatsbyGatsby many went to live in isolated many went to live in isolated

places and engaged in places and engaged in hedonistic lifestyleshedonistic lifestyles

end result was one of the end result was one of the greatest decades of greatest decades of American LiteratureAmerican Literature

The Harlem The Harlem Renaissance Renaissance

once an affluent white suburb in northern Manhattan… by once an affluent white suburb in northern Manhattan… by the end of WWI: one of the largest and most influential the end of WWI: one of the largest and most influential African American communitiesAfrican American communities

““Harlem Renaissance” term used to describe a new Harlem Renaissance” term used to describe a new generation of black artists and intellectuals who created a generation of black artists and intellectuals who created a flourishing African American cultureflourishing African American culture

• nightclubs (The Cotton Club) featuring jazz musicians (Duke nightclubs (The Cotton Club) featuring jazz musicians (Duke Ellington, Jelly Roll Morton, Fletcher Henderson)Ellington, Jelly Roll Morton, Fletcher Henderson)

• theatres featuring musical comediestheatres featuring musical comedies• poetry (Langston Hughes, Claude McKay…)poetry (Langston Hughes, Claude McKay…)• visual art (Aaron Douglas)visual art (Aaron Douglas)

Brought African American products to the attention of Brought African American products to the attention of larger societylarger society

Some blacks combined there art with radical politicsSome blacks combined there art with radical politics

The Southern AgrariansThe Southern Agrarians centered around Vanderbilt Universitycentered around Vanderbilt University questioned modern industryquestioned modern industry ““Renegades” not originally connected to the Renegades” not originally connected to the

South, but eventually targeted the South South, but eventually targeted the South because it was underdeveloped… became because it was underdeveloped… became AgrariansAgrarians

I’ll Take My Stand… Agrarian manifestoI’ll Take My Stand… Agrarian manifesto• Justified segregationJustified segregation• Critique of industrializationCritique of industrialization

““backwards” South as model for a nation drunk backwards” South as model for a nation drunk with visions of limitless growth and with visions of limitless growth and modernizationmodernization

ProhibitionProhibition when passed, huge symbol of when passed, huge symbol of

progressivismprogressivism within a year “noble experiment” not within a year “noble experiment” not

working wellworking well did reduce drinking in some regions of did reduce drinking in some regions of

the countrythe country produced growing violations that brought produced growing violations that brought

integrity of the law into questionintegrity of the law into question in many places, easier to acquire illegal in many places, easier to acquire illegal

alcohol than it was to acquire legal alcohol than it was to acquire legal alcohol before prohibitionalcohol before prohibition

III. A Conflict of Cultures III. A Conflict of Cultures

Prohibition ContinuedProhibition Continued trade once operated by trade once operated by

legitimate businessmen now legitimate businessmen now operated by organized crimeoperated by organized crime

• Al Capone, ChicagoAl Capone, Chicago• Violent deaths of 250 people Violent deaths of 250 people

between 1920 –1927 between 1920 –1927 rural, Protestant Americans rural, Protestant Americans

continue to defend continue to defend ProhibitionProhibition

saw drinking to be connected saw drinking to be connected with Catholic culturewith Catholic culture

old stock Americans trying to old stock Americans trying to discipline new stockdiscipline new stock

““wets” v. “drys”wets” v. “drys” 1933 repealed during Great 1933 repealed during Great

Depression Depression • (21(21stst Amendment) Amendment)

Nativism and the KlanNativism and the Klan

again, old stock trying to discipline new again, old stock trying to discipline new stockstock

post war ideology: immigration post war ideology: immigration associated with radicalismassociated with radicalism

Spreading GrowthSpreading Growth 1921 immigration act establishing quotas: cut 1921 immigration act establishing quotas: cut

immigration from 800,000 to 300,000immigration from 800,000 to 300,000 National Origins Act of 1924 banned immigration National Origins Act of 1924 banned immigration

from east Asia entirelyfrom east Asia entirely Large communities of foreign peoples, threat to Large communities of foreign peoples, threat to

older more homogeneous America lead to rebirth of older more homogeneous America lead to rebirth of KKKKKK

Nativism and the Klan ContinuedNativism and the Klan Continued

KKKKKK Leo Frank, 1914 Jewish man lynched in Atlanta, GeorgiaLeo Frank, 1914 Jewish man lynched in Atlanta, Georgia Stone Mountain, near Atlanta in 1915Stone Mountain, near Atlanta in 1915 D.W. Griffith’s film D.W. Griffith’s film The Birth of a NationThe Birth of a Nation: glorified early Klan: glorified early Klan Originally connected to intimidating blacks, but after WWI, Originally connected to intimidating blacks, but after WWI,

primary concern shifted to Catholics, Jews and foreigners primary concern shifted to Catholics, Jews and foreigners Spreading in North (Indiana) and West (Oregon and Colorado)Spreading in North (Indiana) and West (Oregon and Colorado) 1923: 3 million members / 1924: 4 million members1923: 3 million members / 1924: 4 million members

Systematic TerrorismSystematic Terrorism boycott businessesboycott businesses threaten familiesthreaten families public whippingpublic whipping tarring and featheringtarring and feathering arsonarson hanginghanging

Nativism and the Klan Continued AgainNativism and the Klan Continued Again The Klan didn’t just fear “racial impurities” The Klan didn’t just fear “racial impurities”

they feared any challenge to “traditional they feared any challenge to “traditional values”values”

Provided poor whites with a sense of Provided poor whites with a sense of community and seeming authoritycommunity and seeming authority

secret language and excitementsecret language and excitement social “sphere” for womensocial “sphere” for women

Downfall of Klan 1925Downfall of Klan 1925 David Stephenson, Indiana: convicted of murderDavid Stephenson, Indiana: convicted of murder He had control of everyone in Indiana with written He had control of everyone in Indiana with written

agreementsagreements However, he breaks all of the rules of KKK (1. Prohibition However, he breaks all of the rules of KKK (1. Prohibition

2. Protecting White Women 3. Acting like a Christian)2. Protecting White Women 3. Acting like a Christian)• Drinking, Rape, Caniballism, and Murder!!!Drinking, Rape, Caniballism, and Murder!!!• Stephenson, individually, helped the rise and the Stephenson, individually, helped the rise and the

FALL of the KKK!FALL of the KKK!

Religious FundamentalismReligious Fundamentalism

American Protestantism divided into two American Protestantism divided into two campscamps

• Modernists: mostly urban, middle-class people who Modernists: mostly urban, middle-class people who had attempted to adapt religion to modern sciencehad attempted to adapt religion to modern science

• Traditionalists: largely rural, fighting to maintain the Traditionalists: largely rural, fighting to maintain the centrality of religion in American life “fundamentalists” centrality of religion in American life “fundamentalists”

i. strongly opposed Darwini. strongly opposed Darwin ii. literal interpretation of the Bibleii. literal interpretation of the Bible

Tennessee March 1925: adopted a law making it Tennessee March 1925: adopted a law making it illegal for any public school teacher to teach illegal for any public school teacher to teach evolution opposed to creationevolution opposed to creation

Religious Fundamentalism ContinuedReligious Fundamentalism Continued American Civil Liberties Union: founded in 1920 by American Civil Liberties Union: founded in 1920 by

citizens who were alarmed with the repressive legal citizens who were alarmed with the repressive legal and social climate of the war and it’s aftermath (Jane and social climate of the war and it’s aftermath (Jane Addams, Norman Thomas and Helen Keller)Addams, Norman Thomas and Helen Keller)

offered free council to anyone willing to defy the lawoffered free council to anyone willing to defy the law 24 year old biology teacher, John T. Scopes agreed to have 24 year old biology teacher, John T. Scopes agreed to have

himself arrestedhimself arrested

Trial pitted two famous lawyers against each otherTrial pitted two famous lawyers against each other Clarence Darrow: famous defense attorneyClarence Darrow: famous defense attorney William Jennings Bryan: important fundamentalist spokesmanWilliam Jennings Bryan: important fundamentalist spokesman Judge refused expert testimony by expert scholarsJudge refused expert testimony by expert scholars Scopes was fined $100, case later dismissed in a higher courtScopes was fined $100, case later dismissed in a higher court Bryan put on the stand as an “expert on the Bible”!Bryan put on the stand as an “expert on the Bible”! Scopes Trial = huge setback for fundamentalistsScopes Trial = huge setback for fundamentalists Who were the real winners??? Who were the real winners???

The Democrats’ OrdealThe Democrats’ Ordeal suffered in response to fractions between urban suffered in response to fractions between urban

and rural factionsand rural factions on one side: prohibitionists, Klansmen, and on one side: prohibitionists, Klansmen, and

fundamentalistsfundamentalists on the other side: Catholics, urban workers, and on the other side: Catholics, urban workers, and

immigrantsimmigrants 1924 Primary: 103 Ballots! Split between Alfred E. 1924 Primary: 103 Ballots! Split between Alfred E.

Smith (urban Catholic) and William McAdoo (rural)Smith (urban Catholic) and William McAdoo (rural) 1928: Alfred E. Smith secures party nomination 1928: Alfred E. Smith secures party nomination

and secures total division in Democratic party and secures total division in Democratic party (the next and last Catholic to receive a major (the next and last Catholic to receive a major party nomination would be JFK)party nomination would be JFK)

Herbert Hoover took office widely believed to be Herbert Hoover took office widely believed to be one of the most capable and well equipped to one of the most capable and well equipped to take office….take office….

Harding and Coolidge Harding and Coolidge two men who characterized the nature of 1920s politics: two men who characterized the nature of 1920s politics:

passivepassive Warren G. HardingWarren G. Harding

undistinguishedundistinguished easily controlledeasily controlled lacked the strength to abandon interests that made him presidentlacked the strength to abandon interests that made him president Scandal! Secretary Fall convicted of bribery for selling gov’t oil Scandal! Secretary Fall convicted of bribery for selling gov’t oil

preserves… one year in prison (TeaPot Dome Scandal)preserves… one year in prison (TeaPot Dome Scandal) died of “heart attack”died of “heart attack”

Calvin CoolidgeCalvin Coolidge• main advisers were from the advertising industrymain advisers were from the advertising industry• built a reputation as a simple man defending country virtues… but built a reputation as a simple man defending country virtues… but

was thoroughly urban man of modern sensibilitieswas thoroughly urban man of modern sensibilities• conviction that gov’t should interfere as little as possibleconviction that gov’t should interfere as little as possible• ““He aspired to become the least President the country ever had. He He aspired to become the least President the country ever had. He

attained his desire”attained his desire”• ““Silent Cal” but not governor of MassachusettsSilent Cal” but not governor of Massachusetts• Written statement “I do not choose to run for president in 1928”Written statement “I do not choose to run for president in 1928”

IV. Republican GovernmentIV. Republican Government

Warren G. HardingWarren G. HardingCalvin CoolidgeCalvin Coolidge

Government and Business Government and Business despite ineptness of presidents, much gov’t was working despite ineptness of presidents, much gov’t was working

effectively to adapt public policy to the widely accepted goal of effectively to adapt public policy to the widely accepted goal of helping business and industry operate with maximum efficiency helping business and industry operate with maximum efficiency and productivityand productivity

Business continued to work with gov’t… but in altered form Business continued to work with gov’t… but in altered form which was contrary to progressive idealswhich was contrary to progressive ideals

• Business Secretary of Treasury Andrew Mellon: cut taxes on Business Secretary of Treasury Andrew Mellon: cut taxes on corporate profitscorporate profits

• Herbert Hoover: believed public institutions had a responsibility to Herbert Hoover: believed public institutions had a responsibility to create a new, cooperative ordercreate a new, cooperative order

• William Howard Taft: Chief Justice 1921William Howard Taft: Chief Justice 1921• Lochner v. New YorkLochner v. New York: struck down a law limiting the number of : struck down a law limiting the number of

hours bankers in New York could be required to work.hours bankers in New York could be required to work.• Bailey v. Drexel FurnitureBailey v. Drexel Furniture: struck down federal legislation regulating : struck down federal legislation regulating

child laborchild labor• Adkins v. Children’s HospitalAdkins v. Children’s Hospital: nullified a minimum wage law for : nullified a minimum wage law for

womenwomen• Sanctioned trade unions as being hurtful to competition, but Sanctioned trade unions as being hurtful to competition, but

allowed U.S Steel to continue its monopolistic practices…allowed U.S Steel to continue its monopolistic practices…

Government and Business ContinuedGovernment and Business Continued Remaining progressive Remaining progressive

reformers lacked the reformers lacked the power to overthrow power to overthrow presidential vetoespresidential vetoes

Some progressives were Some progressives were encouraged with the encouraged with the election of Herbert election of Herbert Hoover… widely Hoover… widely regarded as the most regarded as the most progressive member of progressive member of the Harding and the Harding and Coolidge Coolidge administrations… but he administrations… but he would have little would have little opportunity to prove opportunity to prove himselfhimself