CHAPTER 9 SECTIONS 3 AND 4CHAPTER 10 SECTIONS 1-4

The New South

The Bourbon Triumvirate (Redeemer)

Three Democrats that controlled Georgia’s government after Reconstruction between the years of 1872-1890.

Powerful Democratic leaders (political power), known as the “Bourbon Triumvirate” were Joseph E. Brown, Alfred H. Colquitt, and John B. Gordon.

Their goals were: expand Georgia’s economy and ties with

industries (ex. Textile mills) in the North maintain the tradition of white supremacy.

The Bourbon Triumvirate (Redeemer)

Ideas they had in common White Supremacy- The belief that the

white race is superior to any other racesCriticized for these problems

Not helping the poor Not improving education Poor factory and jail conditions

Accomplishments: Expanding business and industry, reducing

war debts, and lowering taxes

Henry Grady (New South Era)

Challenged the Bourbon Triumvirate- wanted Georgia to be more industrialized.

Henry Grady was known as the “Voice of the South” because of his newspaper influence (coined the phrase “New South”)

Made African-Americans part of his economic growth

Helped plan the International Cotton Exposition.

Brought investors from the North which created jobs in Georgia.

International Cotton Exposition (p. 361)

Was a 3 month exposition (show) held in Georgia in 1895.

The Purpose was to: Show how cotton was made into a marketable

product Show off the economic recovery of the South Bring Northern investors (money) to Georgia. To highlight Georgia’s Natural Resources.

Major GA industries in the New South Era: Textiles, forest products, and mining

Led to the growth of the textile industry in GA Water resources, network of railroad lines, supply

of cotton, and coastal seaports

Rebecca Latimer Felton Independent Democrat who was against the Bourbon Triumvirate Involved in the Women’s Suffrage movement (trying to help

women get the right to vote)- 19th amendment Involved in the Temperance Movement -18th amendment (ban on

alcohol) Women and Men against alcohol abuse Leader of the temperance movement.

Columnist for Atlanta Journal for 41 years (focused on prison reform)

Prison Reform- Wanted to ensure people were obeying the rules of the Convict Lease System.

CLS- prisoners used for labor by private businesses/industry; Businesses openly violated regulations

Best Remembered for:She was the first woman in the U.S. Senate (she only served one

day at the age of 87)

Tom Watson and the PopulistsMembers of labor organizations joined to form a new political party

called the People’s Party. It was usually called the Populist Party.- (Supported 8 hour workday, graduated income tax, and Australian ballot) Made up of groups called “The Grange and Farmer’s Alliance”

Wanted to make life easier for the “common man” (all colors)Bring reform in agricultureElected to General Assembly (Ga. state legislature) as a Democrat

(supported by all people)Became a Populist(of the people)-Elected to U.S. House of

RepresentativesPassing RFD (Rural Free Delivery Bill) (Watson introduced this!)

This bill meant that rural farm families would now have their mail delivered to their homes for free.

Took several years to put into place, but farm families no longer had to travel to the nearest post office for their mail.

His views on Civil Rights “did a 180”

Jim Crow Laws (p. 351 -352)

Laws made by states and cities to segregate (keep separate) the African-Americans and whites

Separate-but-equal facilities for everything

People could be punished for “consorting” with members of another race

Intermarriage was illegal Businesses and public institutions were told

to keep their black and white clientele separated

Jim Crow Laws (p. 351- 352)

“Separate but Equal”African-Americans: Kept them from voting They had inferior facilities Made them feel they were not good enoughWhites: Segregation (separation of the races)-was

the way of life Made whites feel superior

Plessy v. Ferguson (p. 352) Case was known as ”Separate-but-

equal” ruling Georgia/other southern states

continued “separate-but-equal” in all forms of daily life.

This Supreme Court ruling gave the new “black codes” called Jim Crow Laws, a legal right to be enforced if violated by African Americans.

Booker T. Washington

Born a slave-raised as son of former sharecroppers

Civil rights leaderCollege professor and president of Tuskegee Institute

(Alabama)Gave speech at the International Cotton States

Exposition – “Atlanta Compromise Speech” 1895Proposed that blacks and whites should agree to

benefit from each other economicallyBlacks and whites did not have to mix sociallyBlacks should not push for equal rights but work to

improve themselves- learn a skill and no violence Get a job any job – “Equality will come overtime”

W.E.B. Dubois

Civil rights leaderProfessor at Atlanta University Wanted and pushed for social and political integration of races. Wanted equal rights for all

citizens immediately.Felt Washington’s ideas would keep blacks in a position

that was lower than whites. Wanted higher education for 10% of the black

population (“Talented Tenth”) so they could become leaders for all other blacks.

Organized the Niagara Movement to end Jim Crow laws- This movement was made of a group of black educators and professionals. Later became known as the NAACP.

Helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

1906 Atlanta Riot (p. 358)Newspaper articles, written by important business

men like Tom Watson added to racial tension.Based on reports about African-Americans

inappropriate interactions with white women and alcohol abuse (some true/some not)

The increase in population put pressure on race relations because of job competition.Response was to pass laws restricting African

Americans.Martial law (military rule) needed to bring Atlanta

under controlRiot lasted 3 days- 18 African-Americans killed, 3

whites killed, hundreds injuredHigh cost of property damage (buildings burned and

destroyed)

Racial Violence

Threat of racial violence was used to stop African Americans from voting or getting more power

KKK used violence such as beatings, burnings, and lynchings to enforce segregation

Lynching became common practice of the racial extremists; particularly the KKK. A lynching is an illegal hanging, usually by mobs, or

burning at the stake of African Americans in the United States.

Leo Frank (p. 359 -360)

Found guilty of killing 13 year old-Mary PhaganGovernor of Georgia Slaton commuted his sentence to

life in prisonA group of prominent men (ex governor, mayor, judge,

lawyers, business owners) took Leo Frank from his cell in Milledgeville, drove him to Marietta, and hung him from a tree in front of Mary Phagan’s house.

Rebirth of the KKK (Ku Klux Klan) This was a huge “setback” in Civil Rights

Other results:Governor had to leave stateProminent men became “vigilantes”People started thinking about “child labor” laws

John & Lugenia Burns Hope

Believed that black people should have the same quality programs as whites

John Hope was president of Atlanta Baptist College (Morehouse)

Was a friend of W.E.B DuBois and helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

Lugenia Hope fought for good housing, health care, jobs and recreational programs for blacks in Atlanta and the United States

Helped organize the Boys and Girls Club in AtlantaOrganized Neighborhood Union -to improve living

conditions for black people

County Unit System

1917 Main political party in Georgia was the Democratic party

County Unit System established by the McNeill Primary Act (allowed smaller, less populated counties in GA to have the same or greater power and influence in the GA General Assembly as larger, more populated counties)

Using the County Units, the smaller counties with only 1/3 of the voters could win an election

Candidates could win an election without a majority of the votes

CUS was declared “Unconstitutional” and ended in 1962

Alonzo Herndon

Born a slaveBlack businessman who owned many

barbershops and later bought a small insurance company and owned over 100 houses (for rentals)

Atlanta Mutual Insurance Company - hired black college graduates to run the company

Now called the Atlanta Life Insurance Company and is one of the largest African American owned businesses in the USA

Disfranchisement

Right to vote granted by 15th amendment Southern states made it difficult for African-

American men to vote 1900-47% of Georgia was AA Grandfather clause-only men whose grandfathers

voted in 1867 were allowed to vote Poll tax-tax to be able to vote Literacy test-had to be able to read Gerrymander- to draw up the voting district to

benefit a certain group White Primary Property Requirements

Video Links

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IOrsno4UYBQ

http://www.gpb.org/georgiastories/videos/new_south_and_leo_frank

http://www.gpb.org/georgiastories/stories/alonzo_herndon_family

http://www.gpb.org/georgiastories/stories/race_riot_of_1906