T H E N E W N A T U R A L I S T

WILD FLOWERS Botanising in Britain

JOHN GILhlOUR M.A., V.M.H.

Former Director of the University Botanic Garden and Fellow of Clare College, Cambridge

MAX WALTE.RS M.A., PH.D.

Director of the University Botanic Garden and FelIow of King's College, Cambridge

Bloomsbury Books London

CONTENTS

CHAPTER

1 THE ANATOMY OF FIELD BOTANY

2 How OUR FLORA WAS DISCOVERED

3 THE BIOLOGY OF OUR FLORA

4 How OUR FLORA CAME TO BRITAIN

5 WOODLANDS AND HEDGEROWS

6 MOORS, HEATHS AND COMMONS

7 CHALK Downs AND LIMESTONE UPLANDS

14 How TO Go FLTRTHER

APPENDIX I: WAYS AND MEANS

PAGE

xi ...

Xll l

I N D E X - G,LOSSARY

All page-references to wild plants are given under their Latin names. Some of the commoner Latin synonyms are also indexed, followed by the name used in this book. English names are indexed under their Jirst word, e.g., '' great burnet " under " great ", and are followed by their Latin equivalents, under which page-references will be found.

Books are, as a rule, indexed under authors, and not titles. Only place-names of particular botanical interest are indexed. The'more important page-references are in bold type; references to illustrations are in italics. Words which have been defined in the text are not, as a rule, defined again. Names of the principal parts of a flower, e.g., petal, sepal, etc., are not defined.

AARON'S ROD, see Verbascum thapsus

Abbot, C., 18 Abies alba Mill., 48,55 achene: a small, dry,

indehiscent, single-seeded fruit

Acorus calamus L., 142, 161 Actaea spicata L., 72, 106 adder's tongue fern, see

Ophioglossm Adoxa moschutellina L., 64 Aegopodium podagaria L., I 91,

212,214 Aethusa cynapium L., 212, 214 agave, 30 agg. (aggregate) = sens. lat.

(sensu lato); written after the name of a species to indicate that the name, as there used, includes two or more closely allied taxa which have been treated as distinct species (cf. sens. strict.)

Agrofiyron junceiforme (A. & D. Uve) A. & D. Love, 168f, 176; pungens (Pers.) Roem. & Schult., 176; repens (L) Beauv., 191

Agrostemma githago L., 191 Agrostis, 83, 98 Ajuga reptans L., 39, 66 Alchmilla, I 10; alpina L., 117,

119, III~, 130; arvensir see Aphanes amensis; conjuncta Bab., 122; faeroensir Bus., 1n2f; glabra Neyg., 125; glaucescens Wallr., 108; tiulgaris agg., I 22

alder, see Alnw glutinosa alder-buckthorn, see Frangula

alnus alexanders, see Smyrnium algae, 148, '54, '74 alien plants, 1g8f AlisnzagramineumC. C. Gmel.,

162f; lmeolatum With., 162f; natam see Lwoniwn

natans; plantago-aquatica L., rt i9f -v- -

Allium, 184; ursinm L., 72f allo-~olyploid~, 45, 163, !74 all-seed, see Radzola lzmzdes Alnw glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.,

5.49 76f alpine butterwort, see Pin-

guicula alpina; club-moss, see Lycobodium albinum: meadow, i I 3, I z5 ;m&dowi grass, see Poa alpina; saw- wort, see Savsswea alpina; sow-thistle, see Cuerbita al@na

Althaea oficinalis L., 177; rosea (L.) Cav., 177

Ammophila arenaria (L.) Link, 39, 159, 166, 168f

Anacamptis pyramiddis (L.) L. C. Rich., I04

Amgallis, go; arvensir L., I 70, 180

~ Z z m e d a polifolia L., 140 Anemone nemorosa L., 59, 60,

62, 67; pulsatilla L., 203 Angelica sylvestris L., I 25, 2 I 2,

214 annual meadow grass, see

Poa annw; plants, 30, I I I,

1x5, 149, 164, 167, 1706 '94, 195f.

Antennana dzoica (L.) Gaertn., 95

Anthrism neglecta Boiss. & Reut., 213, 214; sylvestris (L.) Bernh., 58, 79, 2x2; 213, 214

Anthyllis vulneraria L., I 01 Aphanes mensir L., 111;

mictocarba Boiss. & Reut.. I11

apomixis: reproduction by seed formed without fer- tilisation; sometimes ex- tended to cover all asexual reproduction, including vegetative, 33, 45, 56, 65, 110, 122, 186

229

Aquilegia uulgaris L., 64 Arabidopsis thaliana (L.)

Heynh., 195 Arabis turrita L., 1g7f Arber, A-, 153, 154, I59 Arbutus unedo L., 10 Arctostaphylos uua-wsi (L.)

S p r ~ g . , E7 Arenana, 169 Anneria maritima (Mill.)

Willd., 125, 127, 176, 176, I 78

~rmbracie r u s t k m Gaertn., Mey. & Schr*., 196

Arnoseris minwna (L.) Schweigg. & Koerte, 221

arrowgrass, see Trigochix arrowhead, see Sagittaria sag-

ittifolia Artemisia mrvegka Fr., I24 Arum rnaculatum L., 46, 80;

neglectum (Towns.) Ridl., 80 ash, see FrwQYEnus excelsior Ashby, M., 210 Asperula ~ h i c a L., 70f;

odorata L., 70 Asplenium, 197; viride L., 125 Aster tripolium L., 175; var.

discoideus Rehb., 175 Rrtragalus danicus Tetz., IOI~ ,

187; glycyhyllos L., r87f Atlantic distribution: a dis-

tribution in Western Europe, not extending far ilito Central or Eastern Europe, 55, 62, 87, 95, 168, 169, 180; penod, 53, 54, 56, '29

Atriplex glabriuscula Edmonst., 167; hastata L., 167; laczniata L., 167; patula L., 167

Atropa belladonna L., 190, 196 autecology, 202 auto-polyploidy, 45 autumn crocus, see Colchicum

mcsWnnale autumnal hawkbit, see Leon-

todon autwnnnlis

d~vebury , Lord, 210 Avem pratensis see He1ictot~-

chon f l a t m e Avon Gorge, 98, 198 awlwort, see Subularia aquatica Azolla, 155 BABINGTOX, C. C., 13,21,22,

209 back-cross: fertilisation be-

tween the progeny of a cross and one of the parents

Baker, H. G., go Baldellia ranunculoides (L.) Yd., 143, 162

Ballota nQra L., 80 balsam, see Impatiens bamboo. 90 banebe&$ see Actaea spicata Banks, J., rg Barbarea vulgaris R. Br., 196 barren strawberry, S&

Potentilla sterilis Bartsia a@im L., 14 Bauhin, C., 16 beaked hawks-beard, see

Crepis vesicaria subsp. tarau- . acifolia

bearberry, see Arctostaphylos uva-ursi

beech, see Fagus sylvatica bee orchid, see Ophrys apijiia bell-heatlier, see Erica cinerea Bellis perennis L., 40, 44 Fkn Lawers, 107, 111, 121 bent, see Agrostis Bentharn, G., 20, 22, 209 Beny Head, I 02, 105 Beta maritim L., 168 betony, see Stmhys o#cimlis BeMa, 52, 53, 76, 84, "4,

129; tenta L., 75; pendula Roth, 74;pubescemEhrh., 74

biennial, 30,167, rggf bilberry, see Vaccinium

rnH1lu.s bindweed, see Convolvulus

arvensis Biological Flora of the

British Isles, 27, 202 birch, see Betula birchwood, 74, 14, 129 bird's-eye primrose, see

Primutc~ farinosa bird's-foot trefoil, see Lotus

comiculutus bird's nest orchid, see Neottia

nidus-m's bishop's weed, see Aegopodivm

qodag~aG bitmg stonecrop, see S e d m

acre

INDEX

black horehound, see Ballota Blackstone, W., 17 bladder campion, see Silene

vulgaris bladdenvort, see UtriGularia Blakeney Point, 168, 169,

172, I73 blanket bog, 37, 82, 129, 132,

133f Blechnum spicant (L.) Roth, 93 bloody cranesbill, see Geran-

ium sanguineum bluebell, see Endymion blue moor-grass, see Sesleria bog, 37, 82, 129, I 1, 1326

Z42, 147, !52; %phodel, see .Narthecaum osiijiragum; whortleberry, see Vaccin- ium uligimsurn

bombed site plants, 194 Bonnier, G., 209 Boreal period, 53E, 76, I 10,

129 Boswell, J. T. I., see Syme,

J. T. I. B. Botanical Society of the

British Isles (B.S.B.I.), qf, 25, 201, 202, 204

Botrycliium lunaric (L.) SW., 931

Boulger, G. S., 210 Bowles, E. A., 185 Bowles, G., 10

Bra~igpodium pinnutuna (L.) Beauv., 99; sylvaticum (Huds.) Beauv., gg

bract: a leaflike organ in an inflorescence

bracteole: a small brad bramble, see Rubus fruticosus Brassua oletpcea L., 158, 178f Braunton Burrows, 168 Brean Down, Ior Breckland, 53, 76, W, go,

919 94, 99 Brewer, S., 16 Briggs, D., 151, 210 bristly ox-tongue, see P h i s

echioides Britten, J., 210 B%a media L., 98 Broads, 76, 14% 143, $49,

152, 160 B r o w erectus see < e m erecta brookweed, see Samolus broom, see Sarothamnus broomrape, see Orobanche Brown, Littleton, 16

buckthorns, see Rhamnw cath- art ic~ and Frangula alnus

Buddle, A., 15 Buddleia davidii Franch.. IQ&

bugle, see Ajuga reptaw* " '

bulb: an undermound stor- age organ containing next year's bud and a stem surrounded by a number of fleshy leaf-bases or scale leaves

bulbil: a small bulb or tuber on the aerial part of a plant, e.g., in a leaf axil or in an inflorescence

bulrush, see Typha? and Schoenoplectus l d n s

Bunium brrlbocastanum L., 105 Buplerum ofmum (Ces.) Lange,

105; rotund$olium L., I 05 bur chervil, see Anthrism

caucalis burnet rose, see Rosa spinosis-

sima; saxifrage, see Pim- pinella saxifiga

bur-reed, see Sparganium Burren, 134 Butcher, R. W., 66, 209 Butomus umbellatu L., 8, 159 butterbur, seepetasites hybridus buttercup, see Ranunculus butterwort, see Ping2iicula B u m sempexuirew L., I og CABBAGE, see Brmsica oleracea Cactmeae, I gr Cairngorms, 87, I I@, I 16f.

I21 Cokile maritim Scop., 166f Calamintha ascendens Jord., 80 caicicole: usually growing

on, or confined to, limy soils calcifuge: not usually grow-

ing on limy soils Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull, 39,

67, 74, 81, 82, 84, 85, 86f, 953 98, 124

Caltha palustris L., 58, 183 Calysegia sepium (L.) Roem.

& Schult., 76, 78; soldanella (L.) R. Br., 170; sy1vesh.s (Willd.) Roem. & Schult., 78 I -

Cambridge, 7, 10, rnff, 15, 101, 143, 175, 183, 197; Professors of Botany, 16,252

Camden's " Britannia," 14 Campanula la t i jX i L., 64;

rotundiJolia L., 89, I 25; trachelium L., 64

Canadian waterweed, see Bloden canadensis

INDEX

CapselEa bursa-pastoris L., 30, 191, 1943 '95

Carboniferous, 47f; lime- stone, 71, 97

Cardamine hirsuta L., 195; pratensis L., 34, 183

Cardaria draba (L.) Desv., 196 Carex, zg7ff; arutiJormis

Ehrh., 139; arenaria L., 84, 139, 170; bigelowii Torr., 118; binervis Sm., 139; caryophyllea Latour., 99, 139; disticha Huds., 138; elata All., 138; e k e - torum Poll., 99, 129; extensa Good., 139; Jacca Schreb., 99, 106, 139; glauca see C.$adca; hirta L., 138; nigra (L.) Reichard, 139; otrubae Podp., 139; penduk L., 19, 66; praecox see C. caryo- phyllea; rigida see C. bige- lowii; riparia Curt., 139; rostrata Stokes, 52; sylvatica Huds., 139; vulpina see C. ~. otrubae

Carpinuj betulus L., 67 carr, 76f, - 143 carrot, see Dausus carota Carum' bulbocastanum see Bun-

ium bulbocastanum; segehwn see Petroselinum segetzcm

cat-mint, see ~Vepeta cataria cat's-ear, see Hypochaeris Caucalis spp., see Torilis Centaurea cyanus L., 53, 191 Centaurium erythraea Rain, 31, 71, I 71 ; littorale (Turner) Gilrnou, I 7 I

centaury, see Centaurium Centunculw minimus L., 8gf Cephabnthera damasonium

(Mill.) Druce, 69 Cernstium alpinum L., 126;

articum Lange, 126; cera- rtioides (L.) Britton, 126; semidecandrum L., 170; vul- gatwn L., subsp. f o n t a m Baumg., 126

Chaerophyllum temdum L., 79, 211, 214

chaffweed, see C e n t d u s minimus

chalk, 68, g6ff Clzamaenerion angustifolium (L.)

$COP., 194, '95 Chandler, M. E. J., 48 Chapman, V. J., 173 charlock, 'see Sinapis mzlensis Cheddar Gorge, 97, 98, 108,

log, 111

Cheddar pink, see Dianthus gratianopolitanus

Cheiranthus cfzeiri L., 158, 198 Chelsea Physic Garden, 15,

18 Chenopodium, 167, 176 Cheyne, Lord, 15 chickweed, see Stelloria;

wintergreen, see TrientalG europaea

chlorophyll : the green colour- ing matter in plants, 193

Christy, N., 61 chromosome, e f , 162, 163,

184, 185, 204 Chyanthemum leucan them

L., 125; segetum L., 191, '93

Cicendia filifonis (L.) Delarbre, go

Cicerbita alpina (L.) WalIr., '25

Circaea lutetiana L., 66 Cirsium anglinun see C. dis-

sectum; dissectum (L.) Hill, 73; eriophmum (L.) Scop., subsp. britannicum Petrak, 187; heterophyllum (L.) Hill, 73 ; palustre-(L.) .Stop., 73; pratense see C. dessectum

Cladium mariscus (L.) Pohl, 67,137f, 141, 14% 144, I45

clary, wild, see Salvia hor- minoides

Clapham, A. R., xiii, xiv, 207-9

Clarke, W. A., 11, 14 cleistoganaous fiowers, 3p,g1, - . = 35 Clematis vidalba L., 78f climate, 36f; changes in

British, 48ff, 95, 104, 142; mowtain, 114

dimax, biotic, 40, 182; climatic, 40, 59; edaphic, 40

climbing plants, 76, 77f Qinopodium vulgare L., 80 done: a group of individuals

derived ve etatively from a single infividual

closed community (habitat) : a community in which the plants grow close together and competition between them is heavy, 129

clover, see Tnyolium club-moss, see Lycopodh Cochlearia see Amoracia cock's-foot grass, see Dactylis colchicine, 45, 185 Colchicurn autumnale L., 184f

collecting, gf, 6, 2ogf coltsfoot, see Twsilago farfma columbine, see Aqdlegia cornfrey, see symphytum common butterwort, see Pin-

guicula vulgaris; calamint, see Calmninth accendens; lady's mantle, see Alchemilla mlgaris; gorse, see Ulex europaew; mallow, see Malva sylvestris; mullein, see V e r b m m thnpm; reed, see Phragmites communis; rock-rose, see Helianthemum chamaecistus; teasel, see Dipsums fullonurn subsp. svlvest7is

cokunity, plant, 26, 36, 38% 129

Compositae, 35, 122, 179, 187; yellow, 3, 71, 770, 186, 218ff

Conium maculatum L., n I I, 2 I 5 Com#odium rnajus (Gouan)

Lor. ; Barr., 212, 215 Continental distribution:

a distribution mainly in Central and Eastern Europe, 55, 85, 100, I O I ~

Cornallaria majalis L., 72, 102 Convolvulus men& L., 182,

19:; s e p k see Calystegia septum; soldanelZa see Caly- stegia soldanella

Cook, C. D. K., 151 Cook, W. R. I., 99, 210 Corallorhiza tnjrda Chatel., 74 coral-root orchid, see

Cwallorhiza trijida cord-grass, see Spartinu corm : a swollen, bulb-like

underground stem corn caraway, see Petrose-

l h segetum; cockle, see Agrostemma githago; grom- well, see Lithosjemum arveme; marigold, see Ch~santhemum segetum

cornflower, see Centawea cyaflU(

Cornish heath, see Erica v a g m L.

Coronopus didymus (L.) Sm., 195; spamatus (Forsk.) Aschers., 195

Corylus avellana L., 33, 34, 539 59

C O S ~ O S , 32 Coste, H., 201 cotton-grass, see Eriophorum Cotyledon umbilicus see

Umbilicus rupestris

couch grass, see Agropyron repens

Council for Nature, 5 Council for the Promotion of

Field Studies, 106 cow parsley, see Heracleum cowberry, see Vaccinium vitis-

idaea cowslip, see Primula veris Crabbe, G., 172 Crambe maritima, L., 167 cranberry, see O~cossus Cratatys, 29 creeping buttercup, see

Ranunculus re@; willow, see S d k repens; yellow- cress, see Rorippa sylvesl*

Crepis, 3; biennis L., 219, 221 ; capilloris (L.) Wallr., 218, 219, 221; foetida L., 221; mollis (Jacq.) Aschers., 221 ; ijaludosa (L.) Moench, 220, 221; vesicmia L., subsp. taraxacifolia (Thuill.) Thell., 219, 221

Cretaceous, 48 Crithmcun mrwitimum L., 179 " critical " groups, 150,

INDEX

dandelion, see Taraxacum Dandy, J. E., 209 Daphne lmrreola L., 70,

mezereum L., 70 dark mullein, see Verbascum

nigrwrt Darlington, C. D., 210 darnel, see Lolium temulentwn Darwin, C., and Darwinism,

20, 26, 4 4 47, 77, 128, 135, I53

Damus carota L., 105, 143, 179, 213, 215; gtngidtum L.. I70 \

~ a i 6 , P ~ H . , 201 1 de L'Obel, M., sek L'Obel Deacodr, R. J., 209 deadly nightshade, see Atropa deciduous : dropping off, used

especially for losing leaves in the autumn

deer-grass, see Trichophrum caespitosum

Deering, G., 17 Deschampsia caespitosa (L.)

Beauv., 124, 146; flexuosa (L.) Trin., 89

devil's-bit scabious, see zoof Succisa pratensis

C r o m nud$Torus Sm., 184; Dianthus caesius see D. grati- sativus L., 184 anopolitanus; deltoides L.,

Cromer forest beds, 48 78, I 08; grat impoli tam cross: a loose tenn applied Vill., 108, log

to fertilisation between Diapemia laplonica L., 124 two different kinds of Dillenius, J. J., 15f plant, usually between dimorphous: having two different species

Cross, W. R., 143 cross-leaved heath, see Erica

tetralk crowberry, see Empetrum crown imperial, see Fritillaria

impcrialis Crunj%roe, 158, 19.@ cuckoo-flower, see Cardamine

platen& cuckoo-pint, see Arum macu-

lat um curled dock, see Rumex crispm Curtis, W., 18f, 167 Cuscuta epilinum Weihe, 193;

epithymum (L.) Mm., 193; europaea L., I g3

Cymbalaria muralis Baumg., 174, '97

Cuperaceae, I 37ff Cybribedium calceolus L.. 10

Cj;t0iogy, 25f, 42f, 204 ' Dactylis glomerata, L., 45 daffodil. see Narcissus daisy, sde Bellis perennis Dale, S., 16

forms dioecious plants: plants

having the sexes on dif- ferent individuals: Empet- rum, 120; Petmantes, 161; Salix, 126; Stratiotes, 160; Trinia, 105

diploid, e f , 45, 101, 163, 1 84

Diplotavis muralis (L.) DC.. . ,

195 Dipsacrrr, 170; fullonum L.,

187; pilosw L., 187 dispersal of seeds and fruits,

3566, x53f, 164, 194, 198 distribution, different for

male and female, 16of; groups in British flora, 55; water-plants, r53f

dock, see Rurnex dodder, see C m t a dog's mercury, see Mercurialis

perennis dog violet, see Viola Dony, J. G., 22 Doody, S., 15

Dorset heath, see Erica ciliaris Draba venm see Erophila u e m dropwort, see Oenanthe Drosera, 136, 146; aanglica

Huds., 31, 110, 135; inter- media Drev. & Heyne, 31, 135; rotundifolia L., 31, 135

Druce, G. C., 24f, 208, 209 Dryas octopetala L., 52, 126

127. 128 ~ ~ o d i e r i s thebpterk see

Thelypteris palustris duckweed, see Lemma dune-slacks, 1 45, 171 durmast oak, see Quercu

petraea dwarf cudweed, see Gnapha-

lium supinum; willow, see Salix herbacea

Dyer, W. T. T., 15, 22 EARTHNUT, see Conofiodium

m a p eco-dine, 44 Ecological Society, British,

26, 27, 202 ecology, 25f, 28,36ff, 202,204 ecotype, 26, 44, 67, 98, 100,

1p3, '25, 127, I73 Edlm, H. L., 210 Edwards, S., 19 Elatine, I 52 ~leoc~~aris~an'cularis (L.) Roem.

& Schult., 158; palustris (L.) Roem & Schult., 139

- Ellis, E. A., 152 elm, see Ulmus Elodea canadensis Michx., 149,

15.6, 161, 162, 164f Ehmus arenarirrr L., 168f Empetrum, 52, 124, 128,

129, I 34; hermaphmditum (Lange) Hagerup, 11gf; nigrum, L., 95, 119f

enchanter's nightshade, see Circaea lutetiana

endemic pants: plants con- fined as natives to a specified area, 55% 1 10,187

Endymion nvnsm'ptus (L.) Gar- eke, 7, 27, 43, 47, 59, 62f, I 80

English Botany (Sowerby), 19, 22

Eocene, 48 Epilobium adenocaulon Haus-

skn., 66; adnatwn Gris., 66; l m y i F. Schultz, 66; montanum L., 66; tetragonurn see E. adnatum; paruifiorum Schreb., 66; obscurum Schreb., 66

INDEX 23? Epipactis, 69; palustris (L.) flea-bane, see Pulicaria &sen- garlic, wild, see Alliwi,

Crantz, 158, 171 terica ursznurn Equisetum, 94; pal'lstre L., 146 flora: the kinds of plant Gaultheriaprocwnbens L., 75 Eranthis hiemalis (L.) Salisb., occurring in a specified gene, 33, 42f

59266 area genetics, 25f, 42f, 204 Erica carnea L., 87; ciliaris flora, British compared with Getzista, 88

L., 87; cinerea L., 85f, f. of other countries, 21, Gentianella amarella (L.) H. muckayam Bab., 87; tetralix 22, 27, 54f; distribution Sm., 164, 171 L., 85f; uagans L., 86f ~~OUPSY 55 Gentiana nivalis L., I 15

Eriophonfm, 39, 131, 134, 139; Flora : an enumeration, with Gentianaceae, go angusttfolzum Honck., 138; or without further infor- genus (pl. genera), 4of gracile Roth, 138; latifolium mation, of the plants of Geranium prateme L., 72, 108, Hoppe, 138; vaginatum L., a specified area 115; sanguineum L., 72; 82, 83, 138 Flora, British, the first, of, sybaticwn L., 108

Erodiwn marztimum (L.) Ait., 14 Gerard, J., 8, 14 18of Flora Europaea, 201 - . Geum riuale L., 65; urbanwn

Erophila uerna (L.) Chevall., Flora of the Bntash Isles ' L.,65 I95 (Clapham, Tutin & War- Gilbert-Carter, H., 209, 210

Erynigium maritimum L., 39, burg), xiii, xiv, 22, 69, Gifmour, J. S. I., 61, 210

170 I 10, 201, 207, 209 glabrous: without hairs Euphorbia amygdaloides L., 63; Floras, local, 3, 4, g, 1% 18, Gladiolus, 184

paralias L., 170 zoff, 208 glasswort, see Salicornia Euphmia, 3, 201 flowering, conditions of, 32; Glaucim Jauum Crantz, I 72 evening primrose, see Oeno- plants, origin of, 47f, rush, Glechoma hederacea L., 63, 72

them see Butomus urnbellatus globe flower, see Trollius evolution, 20, 26, 41f, 46, Foeniculwn uulgare Mill., 21 I, europaeus

479 204 215 Glycerin declinata Brbb., 152; eyebright, see Euphrasia fool's parsley, see Aethusa maritim see Puccinelliu mari- Fagus syluatica L., 54, 68ff, ~ynupiwn tim

96f Forbes, E., 128 Gbcyrrhga glabra L., I 88 felwort, see Gentianella w r - forest, clearance by man, Gnaphdtum supinum L., I 18,

ella 54; deciduous, 37, 129; 119, 123 fen, conservation, 147, 203; evergreen tropical, 27 goatsbeard, see Tragopogon

drainage, 136, 141, 247; forget-me-not, see Myosotis - pratenris floristic richness, 144; Fowler, W., 143 Godwin, H., 52, 56, 84, 128, meaning of term, 131; Fragaria chiloewis Duchesne, 153, 210 14of; orchid, see Lipans 71; vesca L., 70, 71; golden rod, see Solidago loselii; violet, see Viol1 utrginiam Duchesne, 71 goldilocks, see Ranunculus stagnina fragrant orchid, see Gym- auriconw

Fenland, 67, 136, 141f, 152, nadenia conopsea Good, R. D'O., 60, 121 159, 160 Frangula alms Mill., 76, 143 Goodyer, J., gff

fennel, see Foeniculum vulgnre Fmuims excelsior L., 39, 40, Goodyera repens (L.) R.Br., g, ferns, 935 I97 71ff, 76, 106 74 fertilisation: fusion of a male fringed water-lily, see Nym- goosefoot, see C h m p o d i m

and female gamete, 29 phoides peltaturn goose-grass, see Galium a#& Festuca ovina, L., 83, 98, 106; Fritillaria imperialis L., 183; Gordon, H. S., rrg

rubra L., 176; rubra L., var. meleagris L., 183 gorse, see Ulex arenuria (Osb.) Fr., 170 fritillary, see Fritillaria melca- gout weed, see Aegopodium

Ficaria uema see Ranunculus g& Graminem, 98f, I 16, 134, 137, jcar ia frog-bit, see Hydr~hEharis 158

field layer, 586 67, 74; fuller's teasel, see D$sucus grass of Parrlassus, see Par- milk-thistle, see Soncizus fullonurn Mssia palmtris aruewis; sow-thistle, see Gagea lutea (L.) Ker-Gawl., grasses, see h i n e a r Sonchus arvewi 63 grass-wrack, see <ostera

Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Max.. Gdeobdolan luteum Huds., 8, grazing, cattle, 144, 176, 182; 52, 177, 183 50, 73 deer, 116, 12 j; rabbit, 84,

fir club-moss, see Lycobodium Galium anelicum Huds., 25; 94, 96, 99: sheep, 87, 4f. - . .

selago apwine L., 35; boreala L., 106f; 125, 176, i82 -- - . Fitch, W. H., 209 14; verwn L., 170 great burnet, see Sanguisorba Fitter, R. S. R., 209 gamete: a male or female sex oficinalis; earth-nut, see flag, see Iris pseudacorxs cell Bunium bulbocmtanum flax, see Linum usitutissimum garden escape, 194, 196 Great Orme, 97

= 34 fgreater burnet xaxifrage, see

Pimpinelh major green hellebore, see Helle-

borus uiridis; spleenwort, see Asplenium uiride

Green, J. R., 210

Gregor, J. W., 26, 176 Gronovius, J. F., 75 ground elder, see Aegopodium ground ivy, see Glechoma groundsel, sec Senecw vulgaris guelder rose, see Viburnum

opulus Gunther, R. T., 10, 11, 210 GUPPY, B., I53 Gymdenur conopsea (L.) R.

Br., 104 gynoecium: the female part

of a flower consisting of one or more ovaries with their styles and stigmas

Habenaria compsea see Gp- nadenia conopsea

hairy bitter-cress, see Car- damine hirsuta; hawkbit, see Leontodon leysseri

Halimione portulacoides (L.) Aell., I 76f, 178

halophytes: plants adapted - to saline conditions, 173, 1 78

hard fern, see Blechnum sjicant harebell, see Campanzala rotwldifolia

hawkbit, see Leotttodon hawk's-beard, see &pis hawkweed, see Hieracium;

ox-tongue, see Picns hieracioides

hawthorn, see Crataegus hazel, see Corylus avellana heath (habitat), 82ff; (plant),

see Ericaceae and Erica; false-brome, see Bra&- podium pinnatum

heather, see Callmu vulgaris; moor, 8zf

Hedera helix L., 69 hedge mustard, see Sisym-

brium ofiinale; p-arsley, see Anthriscus sylvestns; wound- wort, see Stacilys sytvatica

Hegi, G., 201

Helianthemum apennznum (L.) Mill., 102; canum (L.) Baurng., 102, 109, 128; chamaecistus Mill., 102, I I o; guttatum L., subsp. breweri (Planch.). Hook, 31 ; n u d u n u r n see H. cham- aecistus; polifolium see H.

INDEX

apenninum; uulgare see H. chmaecistus

Helutotrichon pratewe (L.) Pilger, 98, I 10

Helleborus foetidur L., 34, 63 ; niger L., 63; uiridis L., 63

hemlock, see Conium m u l a - turn; water dropwort, see Oenanthe crocata

Henslow, G., 159 Hepburn, I., 168, 210 Heracleum sphondylium L., 7q, . . . -.

212, 213, 215 herb, Christopher, see 'Actaea

spicata; Paris, s e e p i s herbarium: a collection of

dried plants mounted on paper, 6, f75, 205%

Heslop-Hamson, J., 210 heterophylly : the production

of two or more types of leaf on one plant, 151

Heywood, V. H., 2x0 Hieracium, 3,56, 79, 186,201,

220, 222; pilosella L., 218, 22 I

Hill, J., 17 Himalayan balsam, see Im-

patienr glandulifera Himantoglosntm hircinum (L.)

Sprengel, 104 Hikpocrepis comosa L., IOI Hilpothae rhamnoides L.: I 71 hoary pepperwort, see Car-

daria draba; rock-rose, see Helianthmum canum

hogweed, see Hermleum Holland, R., 2 10 hollyhock, see Aldhea rosea honewort, see Trinia glauca Hodenya fieploides (L.) Ehrh.,

169, 172 Hooker, J. D., 20, 22, 209 Hooker, W. J., 21

Hooper, M. D., 77 hop, see Humulrcs lupulus hornbeam, see Carbinus betulus homed sea see Glm-

cium flavum horse radish, see Annoracia horseshoe vetch, see H@o-

crefiis comosa horsetail, see Equisehm Hottonia palustris L., 159 HOW, W., of Hubbard, C. E., 99, 175, 209 Hudson, W., 14, 16, 17f, 21 Humulus lupulus L., 76, I g3 Hunt Institute of Botanical

Documentation, g Huxley, 3. S., 210 hybridization, Alisma, 163;

Centaurium, I 7 I ; Drosera 135; Epilobium, 66; Frag- aria, 71 ; Geum. 64f; Medi- cago, 61 ; Pinguicula, 137; Primula, 61 ; Silene, 190; Viola, g1 f

Hydrocharis morsur-rance L., '59, 160

hydrosere, 1415 144, '5': Hypericum hirsutum L., 68;

montanum L., 72; perforaturn L., 68; pulchrum L., 68

hypha: one of the thread-like bodies which, interwoven together, constitute the " tissue " of a fungus

t+pochaeris glabra L., I 70, 218;222; radicata L., 186, 218. 222

ICE AGE, 48s. I 11: 122, 130, 142, 152, 180

Illecebrum uerticillatum L.. on , a- Impatiens, 35; capensis Meer-

burgh, 164; glandulifera Royle, I 63f; noli-tangere L., 161; #aruiJora DC., 164

indehiscent fruit: one not opening to release its seeds

inflorescence: the portion of a plant bearing the flowers

Ingleborough, 14, 106, 108, "4.

insect~vorous plants, 135f inter-glacial period, 48, 54 introduced plants, I of, 154,

155, 163~, 19% 291, 194, 197ff

Imla dysentee~ka see Pulicaria &sentarica

involucre: a calyx-like collec- tion of bracts, e.g., below the flower-head in com- posites

Ireland, absences from flora, 55, 102, 175, 188; joined to Britain, 52

Iris, 184; jxeudacorus L., 7, 148, i61, 162

Irish butterwort, see Pin- guicula grandz@ora

Isoefes, I 56f, I 58 ; echinospora Durieu, I 57 ; hystrix Durieu, 157; larustris L., 157

ivy, see Hedera helix ivy-leaved beilflower, see

Wahlenbergia hederacea; crowfoot, see Ranunculus hederaceus; duckweed, see Lemna trisulca; toadflax, see Cymbalaria muralis

JACKSON, B. D., 210

INDEX 235 ,JacobYs ladder, see Pole- Ledum palmtre, L., 140 Rich., IN^

moniwn coeruleum Lees, E., 23 liquorice, see Gbgwhiza Jeffrey, C., 210 Lemna, 149, 150; gibba L., liquorice-vetch, see Astra@w Jermy, C., 209 155; minor L., 153, 154.f; gh&llos Johns, C. A., 2, 209 polyrrhiza L., 155, 160; Listera ovata (L.) R.Br., 8 Johnson, T., 8fF, 14, 23, 98 trisulca L., 155 Lithspennum m e m e L., 31 Jones, J. P., 22 Leontodon, 3 ; autumnalis L., Littorelk u n i i a (L.) Aschers., Juncus, 146; acutus L., r71; 186, 218, 222; hirtus see 556, 158

tr;fidm L., 115 L. leysseri; hispidm L., 219, lizard orchid, see Himanto- Jurassic, 48 222; leyssen' (Wallr.) Beck, glosswn hircinum KEBLE MARTIN, W., 209 21% 223 Lizard Peninsula, 21~86, 157 Keck, see Anthrism s~lvestris Lpidium draba see Car- Ucydiaserotina (L.) Rchb., 123

and Heracleum sphondylim draba L'Obel, M. de, 7f, 14, 63 Kew Gardens, 7, 21, 22, 62 lesser broomrape, see Lobelia, 8; dortmam L., 89, Kew, H. W., 8, 10 Orobancke minor; burnet- 152, 157; e r i w L., 89; kingcup, see Calthupalustris saxifrage, see Pimpinedla urem L., 79, 89, 95 Kingston, J. F., 22 saxzj?aga; calamint, see Lolium temdentum L., 1g1f knotgrass, see Polygonwn Calamintha nepeta; celan- London, 14, 15, 196; Clay, knotted hedge-parsley, see dine, see Ranunculus&nrin; 48; rocket, see Sisymbrium

Tm'lis nodosa spearwort, see R ~ l u s irio a u t h , P. 157 flammula Long, H. C., 185, 193 Kobresia simpEiciuscuIa (Wah- lettuce, wild, see Lactuca lords-and-ladies, see A m

lenb.) Mackenzie, 127 tirosa maculatum Koeleria gracilis Pers., 98 Lewis, P., 209 lotus, rg Koenigia islandica L., 124 Lhuyd, E., 16, 123 Lotus comiculutus L., 89, 99, Labiatae, 67, 79 liane: a vigorous woody xWf; tenuis Waldst. & Kit., Labrador tea, see Ledum climber in a tropical forest xmf; uliginow Schkuhr, Lactucca muralis see Myceli lichens, 119, 197 xoof

muralis; saiigna L., 220, Lid, J., 201 Lousle~, J- E., 4, 967 97, 198, 222; serriola L., 220, 222; life-form, 35 201, 210 uirosa L., 220, 222 Ligus t im scoticum L., 7.79 lovage, see Ligusticum scoticum

ladies' bedstraw, see Galium lily-of-the-valley, see Con- Lower Greensand, 67 u r n valla'a mjal is Lupinus noohtensis Donn, 155

lady's fingers, see Anthyllis lime, see Tilia 163 uulneraria; mantle, see limestone, geological nature, Luronzum natuns (L.) R&., Alchemilla; slipper orchid, 97; grassland, 106ff; pave- 162 see Cypripediutn calceolus; inent, 106, 127, 130 Lusitanian distribution: a tresses orchid, see Spiranthes Limnanthenzum peitntuna see distribution along the

lakes, upland, 149, 151, 152, flymphoides fleltatum extreme western sea- 156, 158 Limonim, 174, I 76; bell& board of Europe, usually

lamb's succory, see Amseris folium (Gouan) Dum., 175; including Spain, Portugal minima binervoswn (G.E.Sm.) C. E. and Western France, and

Lamium galebdolon see Galeob- Salmon, 180; humile Mill., frequently Ireland and the dolon lutem; pu7pureum L., 175;paradom Pugsl., 180; south-west of the British 79 renrruum C. E. Salmon, Isles, 87, 136f

lanceolate (leaf) : narrow, 180; tranrwallianum (Pugsl.) h l a arcuata (Wahl.) Wahl., tapering at each end Pugsl., 180; uulgare Mill., 115, 1z3f

Lankester, E., 13 1657 1757 1787 180 Lychnis alba see Silene &a; Lapsana communis L., 2 19, 222 Limosella, 149 dioica see S. dioica; githago large bindweed, see Caly- Linaria cymbalaria see Cym- see Agrostemma githago

stegia se@.wn and C. syl- balaria muralis; uulgaris Lytop~dium alpinion L., gq; vestris Mill., 179, 197 annotinurn L., 94; clandun

Late Glacial period, 51ff, Lindley, J., 21 L., 94; inundatwn L., 94; 102, 109, I 10, 128ff, 145 ling, see Calluna uulgaris selago L., 94

Lathyrusjaponicm Willd., 166, Linnaea borealis, L., 75 lyme grass, see Ebmus 172; pdustris L., 143f Linnaeus, C., 17ff, 41, 64, arenan'us

Latimer, H., 7 75, 917 1947 198 Lysaght, A:, 4, 23 cc laurel ", 156 Linnean Society, 19; system, L y t h m salacana L., 58, 76f,

Lnuatera arborea L., 177, 1 jg 15, 17f, 20 148 Lawrence, G. H. M., 210 Limm anglicum Mill., 13; M c L I N ~ K , D., 209 least lettuce, see Lactuca usitatissirnum L., I g3 McLean, R. C., 99, 210

saligna Lipars lozselii (L.) L C. Magnesian limestone, 99

236 P Magtwlia, 48 maiden pink, see Dianthus

deltoides Makins, F., 209 Malham, 97, 106, 108, 152 mallow, see M d v a &falva sylvestris L., I 77 man, effect on vegetation,

54, 57, 87, 97, 106, of, 113, 14% 147, 151, 189

marjoram, see Orzganutn marram grass, see A m m -

phila arenaria Marsden-Tones, E. M., 26,

65. 18; . marsh, 132, 146f; bird's foot

trefoil, see Lotus uliginosus; fern, see Thelypteris pal- ustris; hawk's-beard, see Crepis paludosa; horsetail, see Equisetwn palustre; mallow, see Althaea ofici- nalis: orchid. see Orchis latifillia; pea,* see Lathyrus palustris; sow-thistle, see Somhuspalustris; thistle, see Cirsium palustre; violet, see Viola palustris

Mar*, J., 15ff Mat-grass, see Nardus stricta Illatricarip. maritima L., subsp.

inodora (L.) Clapham, 182, 190, subsp. maritima, 190

Matthews, J. R., 55, 209 . meadow saffron, see Col-

chicum autumnale meadowsweet, see Filipendula

ulmaria Mec~nnpsir~cambrica (L.) Vig.,

194, 198 Medicago falcatu L., 61 Meiltle, R. D., 24 meiosis, 43 Melampyrum cristatum L.,

1 2 - . melancholy thistle, see Cir-

siwn heteropiqyllum Melandrium album, see

Silene alba; dioicurn see S. dioica; rubrum, see S. dioica

melic grass, see Melicn Melica unifloa L., 71 Mendel, G., 26 Mentha, 79 Menyanthes trifoliata L., 135,

"9 Mercurialis perennis, L., 7, 35,

59,699 72 Merrett, C., 11, 14 Mertensia mariti?no (L.) S. F. , .

Gray, 172

INDEX

Metcalfe, G., 87 mezereon, see Dajhne mexereon micro-climate, 37, 58, 77 microspecles, 122 military orchid, see Orchis

militaris milk parsley, see Peucedantun

palustre milk-thistle, see Sonchus milk-vetch, see Artregalus

g~cyphyllos Miller, P., 15 mimiuy, 159 Mimulus, 163f; guttatus DC.,

164; luteus L., 16~k Minuartia shicta ( S W . ~ Hiern,

127 mint, see M e n t h mistletoe, see V i s m album Molinia coerulea (L.) Moench,

83,85f, 138 Moneses un$ora (L.) A. Gray,

74 monkey-Rower, see Mimulus Monocotyledons, 158, 159,

160, 161, 201 Montia, 149 Monotropa hypopitys L., agg.,

68f --- moonwort, see Botrychum Morison, R., 14 moschatel, see Adoxa moss ( = bog), I 33 ; campion,

see Silene acaulis Moss, C. E., 82, 209 mosses of snow-patches, r I 7f;

of walls, 197 mossy saxifrage, see Smzraga

hypnnides mountain avens, see Dryas

octopetula; cranesbill, see Geranium syhuticum; ever- lasting, see Antennark dioica; limestone, see Carboni- ferous limestone; pansy, see Viola Iutea; plants, adaptations of, 1146 I 18f, annual, 115; history of, 128f; on cl is , 116, 1 2 4 ; vegetative spread of, 115; with maritime distribu- tion, 126f

sorrel, see Oxpia digynu mouse-ear chickweed, see

Cerastium; hawkweed, see Hieracium pilosella

mud crowfoot, see Ranunculus Iutarius

mud-wort, see Limosella Mulgedium alpinurn, see Cicer-

bzta a l p i ~ mullein, see Verbarcwn

musk, see Mimulus mustard, see Sinapis alba mutation, 43 iL$celk muralis (L.) Rchb.,

71, 2199 223 mycorrhza: an assocation

between a root and a fungus, 69, 74

il@osotis arvensis (L.) Hill, 65; var. umbrosa Bab., 65; palustris L., 148; sylvatua Ehrh., 65

Myrrhis odorata (L.) Scop., 2'3, 215

NAKED LADIES, see Colchicwl~ names of plants, after persons,

75; English, 73, 75, 86 Ararcissus obvallaris Salisb.,

I 85; pseudonarcissus L., 178, r 84f

Nardus strictu L., 83, 89, 124 XartheFium ossiiragum L., 38,

I40 Nas~urtium sylvestre see Rorippa

sylvestris native plants, I IO~, 184, 190,

197f Natural History Societies, local, 3f, 21, ~ 3 f , 153, 161

Nature conservancy, 5, 77, 203

nature conservation, 5, 85, 147, 203; reserves, 136, - 14x3 '43, I47

navelwort, see Umbilicus nectary: an organ which

Secretes nectar, a sweet liquid exuded from various parts of many plants

.Nebmbo nuayera Gaertn., 29 Neottia nidus-avis L., 68f Nepta cataria L., 80; gtechoma

see Glechoma hederacea nettle, see Urtica nettle-leaved bellflower, see

Campanula trachelium new species, discovery of, in

Britain, 27, ggf, I24 Xewton, I., 12 Nidd, J., 12f nipplewort, see Lapsetza N u p h r lutea (L.) Sm., 148,159 A~vmphaea alba L., 147, 148.

14% f59 ~~~mp/zozdes peltatum (Gmel.)

Q. Kuntze, 8, 13, 159 OAK, see Querm Obione bwtulacoides see Hali-

mi~~eportulacoides ochrea: a sheathing stipule,

typical of the family Pobgormeae, 168

Oenanthe aquatica (L.) Poir., I 77 ; crocata L., I 77 ;Jstulosa L., I 77;fluviatilis Coleman, 159, 177; lachenalii c. c. Gmel., 159, 177; phel- landrium see 0. aquatics; pimpinelloides L., I 77; silai- folia Bieb., I 77

Oenothera, 34 old man's beard, see Clematis

vitalba Oliver, F. W., 210 onion, see Allium oolitic limestcne, 64, 68, 70,

97, 101, 108, 187 open community (habitat) :

a community in which the plants do not grow close together and competition between them is light, 129, 18gf

O~hioelossum vu(<atum L., 8, - 93f

Ojhrys upifera Huds., 104 Opuntia, 19 1 orache, see Atriplex Orchidaceae, 69, 104 Orchis incarnta see 0. stricti-

folia; latifolia agg., 145; mascula L., 178; militaris L., 4; strict$olia Opiz, 145, 146

Origmuwn vulgare L., 70, 80 Orobamhe minor Sm., 167, I 93 ovary, 34 ovate (leaf) : egg-shaped, with

the broader end at the base

ovule: a structure enclosing an ovum and developing after fertilization into a seed, 297 34f

ovum: an egg, 29 Oxalis acetosella L., 66, 68 ox-eye daisy, see Chrysan-

thmum leucanthemwn Oxford, 15f, 25, 62, 166,

182, 183, r97f; Botanic Garden, 198; Professors of Botany, 14, 16; ragwort, see Senecio squalidus

oxlip, see Primula elatior; false, 62

Oxyoccus macrocarbus (Ait.) Pers., 139

Oxyio digyna (L.) Hill, .125 ovster vlant. see Mertensza ALE BUTTERWORT. see Pin-

guicula lusitanica ' pansy, wild, see Viola arz~ensis

& V. tricolor Papaver rhoeas L., 183, 192

I N D E X

parasite (pi+): a plant deriving its food from another living organism, to which it is attached, I93

Parey, A., g Parietaria dzyusa %ext. &

Koch, 197 Paris quadrifblia L., 35, 64,

102 Parkinson, J., 10, 12 Parnassiapalustris L., 146,163,

171 parsley piert, see Afienes pasque flower, see Anemone

pulsatilla Pastinaca satiila L., roqf, 177,

211, 215 Peace, T. R., 62 Pearsall, W. H., 113, 116,

210 peat, 49f> 84, 97, '297 131%

'34, 14of, 144, 146, I97 pedunculate oak, see Quercus

robur pellitory-of-the-wall, see

Parietaria dz$iia Pennington, W., 56, 210 pennywort, see Umbilicus pepper saxifrage, see Silawn perennial plants, 35, 167f,

171, 194, 196 perianth: the floral ' leaves '

(calyx and corolla) con- sidered as a unit

periglacial flora: the flora developed round the margin of an ice-sheet, 55

Perring, F. H., 4, 204, 208, 209

Petasztes hybridus (L.) Gaertn., Mey. & Scherb., 161, 163

~etiole: the stalk of a leaf ~etiver, J., 15 Petroselinum segetwn (L.) Koch,

Peucda& palustre (L.) Moench, 143

~hotosvnthesis: the forma- A tion' in plant cells of

food from water and carbon dioxide in the prcsence of chlorophyll and light

Phagmites communZs Trin., 1333 141, 149, '53, '6'

Picris echioides L., 219, 223; hieracioides L., 220, 223

pignut, see Conopodium majtrs Pigott, C. D., 103 pill-wort, see Pilularia Pi1ularia globulgera L., r55f

237 pimpernel, see Amgallis Pimpinella magnn see P. major;

major (L.) Huds., 212,216; saxgraga L., 105, 212, 216

pinewood, 54, 7@, 85, 114, 129

pin-eyed: a condition in primroses and other plants, where the stamcns are shorter than the style, which alone can be seen in the throat of the flower, 76

Pin~icula alpina L., 136; grandij!?ora Lam., 136f; lust- tanica L., Irr, 136; vulgaris L., 135f, 146

pinnate (leaf) : composed of leaflets arranged in two rows along a stalk; in a a-pinnate leaf the primary divisions are themselves pinnate; also3-pinnate, etc.

Pinus sylvestris L., 50f, 52% 74ff, 85,98, 114

plane, see Platanus Plantago, 156; maritima, L., 26, f27, 176, 179

plantam, see Plantago Platanus, 48 Plukenet, L., 15 Poa albina L., 126: annua

L., 190 . podsol; podsolised soil: a

Door. acid soiI with charac- ierisiic layering, due to soluble materials having been washed out of the surface-layers (' A ' hori- zon) and deposited % the deeper layers ('B horizon), 84, I 16

poisonous plants, 70, 72, 1772 185, 191f2 196

Polemonium coeruleum L., 108, 109

pollen e y s i s , qgff, 76, 84, 133 ; diagram, 49, 50, 5 I ; production, 49

pollination: the transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma; cross, 33, 34, 76f, 91, 126, 157; insect, 34, 779 88, 157; self, 33, 34, 91, 135, 158; water, 174; water plants, 148, 174; without fertilization, 6 c -J

pollution of rivers, 163f Pobgonum hydropiper L., 152;

maritiirrum L., 168, razz Bab., 168

'polyploidy, 45, 46, ror Polytrichum norvegicum Hedw.,

I 18 pond, 149, 15rfF, 156, 161,

164 pond-weed, see Potamogeton poppy, see Papaver Post Glacial period, 51f Potamogetotl, 35, 52, 159, 174 Poientilla fruticosa L., 127,

118; sterilis (L.) Garcke, 71

Powell, H. E., 8, 10 Praeger, R. L., 102 Price Evans, E., 210 prickly lettuce, see Lactuca

serriola; pear, see Opuntia Prime, C. T., 80, 209 primrose, see Primula vulgaris Primula elatior (L.) Schreb.,

61f; elatior X vulgaris, 61f; farinosa L., 146; ver+ L. 62, 178, 183; vens X vulgaris, 62; vulgaris Huds., 59, Gof, 64, 76, 121

Prunella uulgaris L., 80 Psamma see Ammophila Pteridium aguilinum (L.) Kuhn,

67.. 74? 83.84j.93 Puccznellza marztzma (Huds.)

Parl., '75, '77 Pugsley, H. W., 18, 186,

20 1 Pulicaria &senterica (L.)

Bernh., 146 purple loosestrife, see Lythrum

salicaria; milk-vetch, see Astragalus danicus; moor- grass, see Molinia coerulea

pyramidal orchid, see Ana- camfitis pyrarnidalis

Pyrola media SW., 75; minor L., 75; rotundifolia L., 75; subsp. maritima (Kenyon) E. F. Warburg, 75, 171; secunda see Ramischia se- cunda; uriij7ora see Moneses

QUAKING GRASS, see Briza Quaternary period, 48f Quercus, 38, 40f, 53, 76, 129;

petraea (Mattushka) Liebl., 58f, 66f, 82, 113f; robur L., 38, 584 66f; sessiliflora see Q petraea

quillwort, see Isoetes Kadiola linoides Roth, go ragwort, see Senecio jacobaea Ramischia secunda (L.) Garcke,

h - /3

ramsons, see Allium ursinum Rand, I., 15, 16 Ranunculaceae, 63f, 65, 72

INDEX

Rmumulus, 40f, 44, 63f, 162, 183, 183; aquatilis L., 150; auricomus L., 65; circinatus Sibth., rgof; fiariu L., 51, 59, 60, 72; jEammula L., 146; Juitans Lam., 150; glacialis L., 124; hederaceus L., 150f; lutartus (R6vd) Bouvet, 150; parvi-

frorus L., 30, 31; repem L., 146; subgenus Bat- rachium, 150, 15of

Raphanus maritimus Sm., I 68; rafihanistrum L., 168, 194

rare plants, Breckl$d, 84f; conservation, 143, 203; fen, 1 4 s ; limestone cliffs, 108f; Limoniwn, 180; quarries, 196; Wo@a, 155

Raunkiaer, C., 35 Raven, C. E., I, g, 116 98,

108, 2x0 Raven, J., 210 ray florets: the outer florets

in the flower-head of a composite, usually markedly different from the central, disk florets

Ray, J., 1, off, 16, 17, 19, 20, 84, 108, 168

receptacle: the modified upper part of a stem which bears the parts of a flower

red campion, see Silene dia'ca; clover, see T n o l i u m pro- tense; dead-nettle, see lam- ium pu@rewn

reed-mace, see 7jph.u reed-swamp, 141f, I%, 149,

152, 161 Reid, E. M., 48 R h a m cathartica L., 76;

frangula see Frangda alnus rhizome: an underground

stem of rootlike appearance Rhododendron, 87; ponticum

L., I11 Richardson, R., 16 Riddelsdell, H. J., et al., -- z x Ridley, N., 7 Rishbeth, J., 197 - rock-rose, see He~mnthemum rootstock, see rhizome Rorippa glvestris (L.) Besser,

rn6 -2-

Rosa spinosissima L., 170 rose bay willow-herb, see

Chamaeneriorr an.ust;folim rose-root, see S e d m rosea Ross-Craig, S., 209

Rothiemurchus Forest, X 14 rough chervil, see Chaem-

pltylum temulum; hawkbit, see Leontodon hi~p2~dw; hawks-beard, see Crejis biennis

Rubus frutuom agg., 67, 79, I 2 2

~udbeckia, 32 Rumex, 45? 201; nis@s L.,

var. tngranulatus Syme, I72

rush, see Juncaceae and Juncw Russell. B.. 2 , 7 -

SAFFRON, see Crocus sativm sage, see Salvin Sagittaria sagitt$olia L., 147,

X 62 St. John's-wort, see H y p e r i m St. Vincent's Rocks. 8 --, - Salicomia, I 67, 174f, 1 79 Salisbury, E. J., 31, 7of, 169

180, 190, 199, 210 Salisbury, R. A., 123 Salix, 29, 30; herbacea L., 52,

I I 7f; lanata L., 126; repenr L., 145,. 171

Salsola kalz L.. r66f salt, iduencd on vegetation,

166, 173, 178; marsh, 132, 173ff

saltwort, see Salsola kali Salvia cleistogama de Bary &

Paul, 34; horminoides Pourr., 80; verbenaca see S. howninoides

Samolw valerandi L., I 45 samphire, see Crithmum mari-

timum, Inula tn'thmoides, and Salicomia

sand sedge, see Carex aremria; spurrey, see Sjerpularia

sand-dune, 74, 75, 107, 145, 166ff, 190

sandwort, see Arenaria, Minu- artia and H d e n y a

Sanguisorba 08cinalis L., I 46 Sanicula europaea L., 69 saprophyte: a plant deriving

its food from dead organic matter, 684 74

Sarothnmnus scojarius (L.) Wimmer, 82, 88

Saussurea alpina (L.) DC., 125 Savidge, J. P., 204 Saxifraga aizmdes L., I 2 I ;

CtTnUU L., 124; @@OidtS L., 125; 0pposit;folia L., 14, I 16, ~aof, 125; stellaris L., I 16E, 125, IF

Scandix pdcttn-ueneras L., 212, 216

scarlet pimpernel, see Ana- gallis aruensis

Schemkeria palustk L., 140 Schoenoplectus lancrtris (L.)

139, 150 Schotsman, H. D., 163 Scilla mmr$ta see Endymion

nonscriptus; nutaw see Endy- mion nonscriptus; autumnalis L., 180; verna Huds., 180

Scirpus caespitosus see Tricho- phorum caespitosum; lncrtstris see Schoennplectus lacushis

Scots pine, see Pinus sylvestris sea beet, see Beta maritima;

buckthorn, 'see Hippophat rhammoides; cabbage, see Brussica olaracea; campion, see Silene maritima; carrot, see D a u m gingidium; cliffs, 178ff, 197; couch grass, see Agropyron junce5fime; holly, see Erygium mariti- mum; kale, see Crambe maritima; lavender, see Limonium; lungwort, see Mertensia maritimu; pea, see Lat&yrus japonicus; pink, see Armeria maritima; purs- lane, see Halimione portu- lacaides; radish, see Rap- ham maritimus; rocket, see Cakile maritima; sandwort, see H o h n y a pdploides; spurge, see Euphorbia para- lim; stork's-bill, see Ero- dium maritimum

sedge, see Carex; fenman's, see Cladium

Sedum, 197; w e L., 176; rhodiola see S. rosea; rosea (L.) Scop., 103, 125

seed, dom?ancy, 2gf, 192; germination, ngff , I 69, 180, 197, 203; Output 29, 31, 180, 193; purity of apncultural, 191f, 193; weight, 70f

Selinum caruifolia L., 143 self-heal, see Prunella vulgaris S d , P. D., 4, 209 Senebiera coronapus see Co7ono-

pus squamatus; didyma see Coronopus didymus

Senecio jacobaea L., I 72 ; squalidus L., 194, 195, 198; ~ I g a r i s L., 190, 191, 194

sens. lat., see agg. sens. strict ( = sensu stricto),

after a name means that it is used in a narrow sense (cf. agg.)

INDEX 239 sere7 39 Solidago cambrica Huds., 68; serendipity nicely balanced uirgaurea L., 67

by hope, 4. Sonchus arvewis L., 172, 220, setaceous: br~stle-like 223; asper (L.) Hill, 220, Seseli libanotis (L.) Koch, 223; oleraceus L., 172, 220,

105 223; palustris L., 220, Sesleria coerulea (L.) Ard., 223

I o6f Sorbus, 56; aria L., 109; sessile oak, see Quercus petraea minima (Ley) Hedl., I 10; sheep's fescue, see Festuca rupicola (Syme) Hedl., I 10

ovina sow-thistle, see Sonchus shepherd's needle, see Scandix Sowerby, James, 19

pecten-veneris; purse, see sp. = species (singular) Capsella bursa-partoris Sparganium ramosum Huds.,

Sherard, W., 16 155' shrubby cinquefoil, see Poien- Sparttna alternijiora his., 174;

tilla frukcosa; sea-blite, see marztima (Curt.) Fernald, Suaeda frulicosa 174f; stricta see S. maritima;

Sikrum silaus (L.) Schinz & townrerdii H. & J. Groves, Thell., 143, 211, 216 45, 176

Silene acaulis L., I 14f, 125, speclatlon: the formation of 131; alba (Mill.) Krause, species during evolution, 45, 190; conica L., 31f; ~f cucubalw, see S. uulgarb; species, 40ff etpassim dioica (L.) Clairv., 45, 61, speedwell, see Veronica 73, 124, 190; maritima Spergula arvenrir L., 189 With., 127, 129, 1 72, 179; Spergula7iamarina (L.) Griseb., uulgmi (Moench) Garcke 175f; media (L.) C. Presl., '79f, 204 175f, 178

silver fir, see Abies alba S P k n m , 497 93, 131, 132f, Simpson, N. D., 18, 208 135, 1.36, 139, 146 Sina$is alba L., 158, 194; spiny mlk-hstle, see Sonchus

arvensis L., 192, 194 asper; sow-thistle, see Son- Sison amomum .L., 2 I 3,2 16 chus asper Sisymbrium m o L., 196; Sfiraea ulmaria see Filipnzdula

o@cinal (L.) Scop., 195; ulmaria orientale L., ~ggf: thalianum Spiranthes spiralis (L.) Chev- see Aralidopsis t h a l h d., 181

slender bird's foot trefoil, see spleenwort, see Asplenium Lotus tenuis spore: a small, simple,

Sloane, H., 15 asexual reproductive body, small flote-grass, see Glycerio 156, 157

declinata; hare's ear, see spotted cat's-ear, see Hypo- Bupleunan opacum chaeris mmla ta

Smith, J. E., rgf spp. = species (plural) Smith W. G., 209 spreading hedge parsley, see smooth cat's ear, see Hypo- Torilis amensis

chaerisglabra; hawk's-beard spurge laurel, see D a p h see Crepis capilloris laureola

Smyrnium olusatrum, L., nr I, spurrey, see Sperguh amensis 216 squill, see ScilLa

snake's head, see Fritillaria squinancy-wort, see Asperuh snow buttercup, see Ran- cynanchica

unculus glacialis; gentian, StaGhys oJcinalis (L.) Trev., see Gentiana nivalis 39, 80; sylvatica L., 58, 80

Society for the Promotion stag's horn club-moss, see of Nature Reserves, 5 Lycopodium clavatum

soft hawk's-beard, see Crepis starry saxifrage, see Saxgrqa mollis stellaal-is

Solanum dulcamara L., 76, 173, Siatzce, see Limonium 196; var. m a h u m Bab., 173 Stellaria, 75; media L., 190, I 91 1 1

Soldanella, r I g Step, E., 209

IND'EX

stinking hawk's-beard, see Crepis foetida; hellebore, see Helleborus foetidus

stipule: a leaf or scale-like organ at the base of a petiole

stone parsley, see Sison amomum and Seseli libanotis

stonecrop, see Sedum Stonehouse, W., 10, 14 stork's-bill, see Erodium Stratiotes aloides L., 160, 162 strawberry, see Fragaria;

clover, see Trifolium fragi- ferum; origin of garden, 71; tree, see Arbutus

Strudwick, .F. E., 209 Suaeda fruticosa Forsk., I 72,

17.5; maritima (L.) Dum., 175

Sub-Atlantic period, 54, 56 129. I34

Sub-Boreal period, 54, 134. sub-fossil plant remains, ~ f ,

190 ,

subsp. = subspecies Subularia aquntica L., 158 subulate: awl-shaped, i.e.,

narrow and pointed S u i s a flahnsis Moench, 66,

125 Summerhayes, V. S., 181,

210 sundew, see Drosera sweet cicely, see Myrrhis

odorata; flag, see Acorus cnlamus; peas, 30; violet, see % L a odorata

swine's cress, see Coronopus; su.ccory, see Arnoseris mmzma

Syme, J. T. J. B., 22, 209 Symphytum, 204 TANSLEY, A. G., 26, 38, 39,

40, 76, 173, 208, 210 Taramum, 122, 191, 218,

224 Taxon (pl. taxa): any tax-

onomic category, e.g., a variety, species, genus, family, etc.

Taxonomy: the science of classification; (in biology) the classification of plants and animals into taxa, i.e., the categories embodied in the International Codes of Botanical and Zoological Nomenclature, I 7,26f, 204

Taxonomy, experimental, 2 f l , 203f

Taxtu baccata, L., ~ o g

teasel, see Dipsacas Teesdale, 21, 93, 99, 102,

107, 127, 129, 130 Teesdalia nudicaulis (L.) R.Br., . .

85 Tenby daffodil, see Narcissus

obvallaris ternate (leaf) : divided into

three approx. equal parts, each part being a single leaflet (I-ternate), or itself ternate (2-ternate) ; simi- larly 3-ternate

Tertiary period, 48k tetraploid, 45, IO., 163,

'84 Teumum botrys L., 67; chamae-

drys L., 6 7; scordium L., 67, 134; scomdonia L., 67

thale cress, see Arab&psis Thelypteris palustris Schott,

I45 Thesium humi j i im DC., 13 thorow-wax, see Bupleunun

rotundijiolium Thrimiu hirta see Leontodon

leysren' thrum-eyed: a condition, in

primroses and other plants, where the stvle is shorter than the stamens which alone can be seen in the throat of the flower, 76

thyme, see Thymus thyme-leaved speedwell, see

Veronica serpyllz~olia Thymus, 120; drucei Ronn.,

99, 103, 106, 110; pule- gioides L., I 03; ser&llum L., 103

Tilia, 53, 129 Ti22aea muscosa L., go Torilis anthrism see T. jap-

onica; aruenric (Huds.) Link, 212, 217; infesta see I. aruensis; japonica (Houtt.) DC., 79, 213, 21 7; nodosa (L.) Gaertn., 212, 217

Tournefort, J. P., 16, I ;g tower-cress, see Arabis turrita Tragopogon pratensis L., 2 I g,

224 transplant experiments, 26 Trapa natans L., 48 traveller's joy, see Clematis tree mallow, see Laudera trefoil, see Trifoliurn TriGhophwum caespitosznn (L)

Hartm., 82, 139 - Trientalis europaea L., 75 T7ijolium fragiferum L., 166.

177; marztimwn see T.

squamosum; prateme L., I 93; squamostulz L., 177

Triglochin, I 40 Trimen, H., 15,22 trimorphous : having three

forms Trinia glczrca (L.) Dum., 105 triploid, 162 Trollius europaeus L., I 25, 126,

146 tuber: a swollen portion of

a root or stem, usually underground

tufted hair-grass, see Des- champsia caespitosa; vet&, see Vicia cracca

Tul$a australis Link, I 84; s_ylvestris L., 183f

tundra, 52, 53, 114, 128 Turesson, G., 26, 67 Turner, W., 7, 14, 27, 72 Turrill, W. B., 26, 28, 180,

nod. 208. 210 ~ u s s & ~ o firfara L., rgr, 194 Tutin, T. G., xiii, xiv, 201. -

207-9 Typhu, I 6 I twayblade, see Listera ouata Ulex, 86, 88, 95, 19%

ewopaeus L., 83, 88; gallzz Planch., 88; minor Roth, 88

a m ~ , 53, 129 umbel: an inflorescence in

which the branches all arise from approximately one po~nt

Umbellijierae, 79, 104, 143, 159, 170, 177, 179, 186, 21nff

Umbilicus rup&ris (Salisb.) Dandy, '97

uprlght brome, see < e m erecta; hedge parsley, see Torilis japonica

Urtica, 193 Utriculariu intennedia Hayne, 137;mlgarisL.,135,137,146

V i n i u m X intermedium Ruthe, 88; myrtillus L., 67, 74, 67f, 95,124, 134; ulzgznoswn L., 88; uitis-idm L., 87

Valentine, D. H., 61, 161 vegetative reproduction, Ane-

mone nemorosa, 60; Chamae- net.ion, 194; Circaea, 66; dune plants, 168f; Lotus corniculatus, I oo; Lycopodium selago, 94; mountain plants, 115; Paris, 64; Pterdium, 93; Tulipa, 184; water- plants, 149, 153f, 160; weeds, 191

Verbasmm nigrum L., I 87; thapsus L., 30, 32, 179, 187

vernal squill, see Scilla verna Veronica, 84; agrestis L., I 92;

buxbaumii see V. perszca; hede7ifolia L., 30, 31 ; humifua Dicks., I 26; per- sica Poir., 190, I 92f; #olita Fries, 192f; praccox AU., 85, 174; serpyllifolia. L., 126; spzcata L., 85, 102; triphyllos L., 85

Viburnum opulus L., 76 ViGia c r u a L., 78; sepium L., 79 I"

Villarsia nymphaeoides see Nym- phoides peltatum

Vinca major L., 17; minor L., ' 7

Viola, 43, go$ amensir Murr., 107; canina L., subsp. rnontana (L.) Fnes, 93; var. ericetorum Rchb., 92; X V- T-viniana, gr f ; curtkii (Forst.) Syme, 107; hirta L., 92; lactea Sm., 91f ; laceta X V. riviniana, 91 f; lutea Huds., 107; odorata L., 34, go, 92; palustris L., 93, 146; reichenbachiana Jord., 63, 92; rivinim Rchb., 63, 67, gaff, 124;

subsp. mtnor (Murb.) Valentine, go; subsp. nemorosa Neum., go

rupestris Schmidt, 93, ggf, 127, 128; stagnina Kit., 93, r44; sylvestris see V. reichenbachiana; tricolor L., 107,II4

vioIet, see Viola Vkcum album L.. 70 von Post, L., 5; . Wahlenbergia hederacea (L.)

Rchb., 89 wall lettuce, see Mycelis

muralis; rocket, see Diplo- towis muralis

Wallace, E. C., g9 wallflower, see Cheiranthus

cheiri ?\ialters, S. M., 128, 151,209,

210 Warburg, E. F., xiii, xiv,

207-9 Warming, J. E. B., 26 Warner, R., 22 water avens, see Geum rivale;

crowfoot. see Ranunculus subgenus Batrachiurn; dis- w er sal, 152f; ferns, 155f;

INDEX

forget-me-not, see ib[vosotis palustris; germander, see Teucrium scordium; imper- manence o f habitats, rgrf; lobelia, see Lobelia dort- manna; pepper, see Poly- gonum hydropiper; soldier, see Stratiotes abides; uni- formity o f habitats, 154; violet, see Hottonia palurtris

water plants, distribution, I 53 ; in typically. ' land ' families, 158f; irregular flowering and fruiting 149; over-wintering, 155, 160; plasticity, 15of, 162; pollination, 148, 157f; structural features, 149, 1 56

water-blinks, see Montia water-chestnut, see Trapa water-lily, see Nymphaea and

~Vuphar Watson, H. C., 4, 24, 209 Wat t , A. S., 84, 94 wavy hair grass, see Des-

champsia fielcuosa weeds, '53, 84, 1 I I , 186,

r89ff Welsh poppy, see Meconopsis

cambrica Went , F. W., 33 white camplon, see Silene

alba; helleborine, see Cephalanthera damasonium; water-lily, see Nymphaea alba

White, J. W., 22, 73, 179 whitebeam, see Sorbus whitlow-grass; see Erophila

uerna whortlebeny, see Vadn'mm

myrtillus Wick-en Fen, 137f, 141ff;

158 wild angelica, see Angelica

syluesttis; basil, see Clino- podium uulgare; carrot, see Daum carota; clary, see Salvia hominoides; daffodil, see Nnrcism pseudonarcirsus; garlic, see Al l im ursinurn; hyacinth, Endymzbn nomm'ptus; 'Es , see Iris pseudacorur; lettuce, see Lactuca uirosa; pansy, see Viola arvensis and V. tri- color; parsnip, see Pastinaca sativa; strawberry, see Fra- garia aesca; tulip, see Tulipa sylvestn3

Wild Flower Society, 4

241 Willis, J . C., 210 WiIlisel, T., I I

willow, see Salix willow-herb, see Epilobiwn

and Chamaenerion Willughby, F., 13 Wilmott, A. J., 18 Wilson, J., 17 windflower, see Anemone

nemwosa winter aconite, see Eranthir

hiemalis; annual, 30, 85; buds, 155, 160

winter-cress, see Barbarea vulgaris

wintergreen, 74f Wolfia arrhiza (L.) Wimm.,

I55 wood anemone, see Anemone

nemorosa; avens, see Geum urbanurn; sanicle, see Sani- cula europdea; sorrel, see Oxalis acetosella

Woodell, S. R. J., 61 Wbodhead, N., 123, 157 woodruff, see Asperula odorata wood-sage, see Zeucrium

sco~odonia woodspurge, see fiphcrbia

amygdaloides woody ' nightshade, see Sol-

anurn dutcamwa woolly-headed thistle, see

Cirsium eriophorum work, sugeestions for further,

2f, 200ff; Batrachian Ran- unculi, 150; colonisation o f ponds, 153; ecology o f rare plants, I og ; Gagea, 63 ; Impatiens glandul$era, 164; Lobelia dorfmanna, 157; Primula, 61 ; sea-cliff vege- tation, I 78; snow-patch vegetation, I 19; Viola, 91 f ; water-plants, r64f

YELLOW ARCHARGEL, see Galeobdolon luteum; bid's

' nest, see Monotropa; dead- nettle, see Galeobdolon hteum; iris, see Iris pseuds- corus; rocket, see Bcrbarea oulgaris; saxifrage, see Smijmga aizoides; toadflax, see Linaria vulgaris; water- lily, see Nuphar hies

yew, see TMUS baccafa Young, D. P-, 69,201 Youngman, B. J., 29