A History

The Ottoman Empire

Turkic Migrations into Middle East

Osman’s People

Ottoman Expansion

Ottoman Interregnum

Taking of Constantinople

Origins - 1453

Strong Sultans:1444-1481: Mehmet II (The Conqueror)

Captured Constantinople1481-1512: Bayezit II (The Just) Consolidated

And Strengthened the Empire, defeated a major revolt.

1512-1520: Selim I (The Steadfast) First Caliph: Doubled the Empire’s size, mostly in Asia and Africa

1520-1566: Suleyman I (The Magnificent) Expanded Empire into much of the Balkans

1566-1683: Nine different Sultans. Mostly weak.

1453-1683

Strong Sultans:1444-1481: Mehmet II (The Conqueror)

Captured Constantinople1481-1512: Bayezit II (The Just) Consolidated

And Strengthened the Empire, defeated a major revolt.

1512-1520: Selim I (The Steadfast) First Caliph: Doubled the Empire’s size, mostly in Asia and Africa

1520-1566: Suleyman I (The Magnificent) Expanded Empire into much of the Balkans

1566-1683: Nine different Sultans. Mostly weak.

1453-1683

In addition to an era of military expansion, interesting cultural aspects of the Empire were developing.

1465: Completion of Topkapi palace in Istanbul, seat of Ottoman Power.

1492: Bayezit II makes a point of welcoming Jews exiled by Spain to Istanbul.

1547: Hapsburg leader Ferdinand recognizes Ottoman rule in Hungary

1648-1656: Sultanate of Women

Notable Events

September 1683, Ottoman army once again laid siege to Vienna, troubling time for German princes who also had to confront Louis XIV on the Rhine.

Jan Sobieski, King of Poland came to the aid of Vienna, sought diversion from internal disputes with nobility.

Rode out upon Ottoman encampment, captured huge amounts of material supplies, symbolic tokens and “Veni, Vidi, Deus Vicit”

*Spoiler Alert* Led to 1699 Peace of Carlowitz.

Turning Point

Military defeat and Political reorganization

Defeat came on three fronts—the Balkans against the Hapsburgs, the Black Sea against the Russians, and the East against the Safavid Empire

1683 - 1783

“Great Turkish War of 1683-1697Vienna, 1683Mohacs, 1687Slankamen, 1691Zenta, 1697Treaty of Karlowitz, 1699Treaty of Passarowitz, 1718

Balkans

Azov, 1695

Treaty of Constantinople, 1700

Russo-Turkish War, 1768-1774

Crimea Annexed, 1783

Black Sea

Loss of Azerbaijan, 1723-1736

Central Asia

Ottoman Military reforms

Treaties vs. Actively seeking conflict

The Serbian Revolution and other independence movements

Tanzimat Period

Crimean War

1783 - 1856

1856- Treaty of Paris

1877- Russo-Turkish War

1878- Treaty of San Stefano

1878- Congress of Berlin

1856 - 1878

1893- Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) was founded

1895-1897 – External Organization/ IMRO begin guerilla warfare

1911- Tripolitanian War

1912– Balkan Wars

The Balkans and Italy

1914 – World War I begins

1915-1916 – Armenian Massacre

1916--Battle of Gallipoli

1920—Treaty of Sevres

1922—Most Greeks in Anatolian fled leaving only Turks

1923/1924—Sultanate and then Caliphate were abolished

World War I and End of Empire

The Ottoman Legacy