The Periodic TableThe Periodic TableH

Li

Na

K

Rb

Cs

Fr

Be

Mg

Ca

Sr

Ra

Ba

F

Cl

Br

I

Uus

At

O

S

Se

Te

Uuh

Po

N

P

As

Sb

Uup

Bi

C

Si

Ge

Sn

Uuq

Pb

B

Al

Ga

In

Uut

Tl

Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn

Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd

Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg

He

Ne

Ar

Kr

Xe

Rn

Uuo

La Ce Pr Nd PmSm Eu Gd Tb

Ac Th Pa U Np Pu AmCmBk

Dy

Cf

Ho

Es

Er

Fm

Tm

Md

Yb

No

H

Li

Na

K

Rb

Cs

Fr

Be

Mg

Ca

Sr

Ra

Ba

B

Al

Ga

In

Uut

Tl

Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Uun Uuu Uub

Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn

Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd

Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg

Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Uun Uuu Uub

C

Si

Ge

Sn

Uuq

Pb

N

P

As

Sb

Uup

Bi

O

S

Se

Te

Uuh

Po

F

Cl

Br

I

Uus

At

He

Ne

Ar

Kr

Xe

Rn

Uuo

La Ce Pr Nd PmSm Eu Gd Tb

Ac Th Pa U Np Pu AmCmBk

Dy

Cf

Ho

Es

Er

Fm

Tm

Md

Yb

No

AtomsAtomsnn All matter is made of themAll matter is made of themnn Idea came from Greek philosopher Idea came from Greek philosopher

DemocritusDemocritusnn 400 B.C400 B.Cnn Greek word “Greek word “atomosatomos” ” –– not to be cutnot to be cutnn Did not use scientific methodDid not use scientific methodnn No experiments to support ideaNo experiments to support idea

John DaltonJohn Daltonnn Late 1808 look at all the data Late 1808 look at all the data

from experimentsfrom experiments-- his and his and othersothers

nn Developed his own theoryDeveloped his own theorynn Was accepted because of all Was accepted because of all

the evidencethe evidence

Dalton’s Atomic theoryDalton’s Atomic theory1.1. All matter is made up of atomsAll matter is made up of atoms-- tiny tiny

particles of that can’t be broken upparticles of that can’t be broken up2.2. Atoms of the same element are identicalAtoms of the same element are identical3.3. Atoms of different elements join to form Atoms of different elements join to form

molecules.molecules.nn The smallest part of an element with all The smallest part of an element with all

the properties of that element.the properties of that element.nn Join in certain ratios to form moleculesJoin in certain ratios to form molecules

Parts of AtomsParts of Atomsnn Atoms can be broken.Atoms can be broken.nn There are many different particlesThere are many different particlesnn We will learn about the three most We will learn about the three most

important to chemistryimportant to chemistrynn ProtonProton –– positively charged, big masspositively charged, big massnn Electron Electron –– negatively charged, very small negatively charged, very small

massmassnn NeutronNeutron –– no charge, about the same no charge, about the same

mass as a protonmass as a proton

Parts of AtomsParts of Atomsnn Proton and neutron are about 2000 times Proton and neutron are about 2000 times

heavier than the electronheavier than the electronnn Protons and neutrons are located in the Protons and neutrons are located in the

nucleusnucleusnn Electrons outside the nucleusElectrons outside the nucleusnn An atom is mostly emptyAn atom is mostly emptynn If the atom were the size of a baseball If the atom were the size of a baseball

stadium, the nucleus would be the size of stadium, the nucleus would be the size of a marblea marble

Bohr’s ModelBohr’s Modelnn NielsNiels BohrBohrnn Why don’t negative Why don’t negative

electrons fall into positive electrons fall into positive nucleus?nucleus?

nn They move like planets They move like planets around the sun.around the sun.

nn Each electron in it’s own Each electron in it’s own energy levelenergy level

Energy LevelEnergy Levelnn Describe the path the electron takes Describe the path the electron takes

around the nucleusaround the nucleusnn Farther from nucleus is more energyFarther from nucleus is more energynn Gain energy they move awayGain energy they move awaynn Lose energy they move towardLose energy they move towardnn Only certain energies are allowed in each Only certain energies are allowed in each

atomatom

Energy LevelsEnergy Levels

2e-

8e-

8e-nnLike an elevatorLike an elevatornnit can only be on certain it can only be on certain floorsfloorsnnNever in betweenNever in betweennnEnergy levels get closer Energy levels get closer together the higher you together the higher you gogonnEach has room for a Each has room for a certain number of certain number of electronselectrons

Current ModelCurrent Modelnn Treats electrons as waves, not particlesTreats electrons as waves, not particlesnn Talks only about the probability of finding Talks only about the probability of finding

an electronan electronnn Region called the electron cloudRegion called the electron cloudnn Where are the blades in a fan?Where are the blades in a fan?nn It is impossible to know the exact location It is impossible to know the exact location

and the speed and direction of an electronand the speed and direction of an electron

OrbitalsOrbitalsnn Regions where you have a chance of Regions where you have a chance of

finding the electronfinding the electronnn There are different types of orbitalsThere are different types of orbitalsnn s, p, d, fs, p, d, f

nn Each has its own shape or shapesEach has its own shape or shapesnn Each shape has room for two electronsEach shape has room for two electronsnn Each can be found in the energy levelsEach can be found in the energy levels

S orbitalS orbitalnn Shaped like a sphereShaped like a spherenn Room for 2 electronsRoom for 2 electrons

P orbitalsP orbitalsnn 3 dumbbell3 dumbbell--shaped regionsshaped regionsnn One on each axes of a 3One on each axes of a 3--D graphD graph

P orbitalsP orbitalsnn Each shape can hold two electronsEach shape can hold two electronsnn Total of 6Total of 6

d orbitalsd orbitalsnn Five different shapesFive different shapesnn More complexMore complexnn Each can hold 2 electronsEach can hold 2 electronsnn Total of 10 electronsTotal of 10 electrons

d orbitalsd orbitals

f orbitalsf orbitalsnn seven different shapesseven different shapesnn Much more complexMuch more complexnn Each can hold 2 electronsEach can hold 2 electronsnn Total of 14 electronsTotal of 14 electrons

f orbitalsf orbitals

Valence electronsValence electronsnn The electrons in the outermost energy The electrons in the outermost energy

levellevelnn Responsible for most of the chemical Responsible for most of the chemical

propertiespropertiesnn When two atoms interact, the outside When two atoms interact, the outside

electrons are the ones affectedelectrons are the ones affected

The Periodic TableThe Periodic Tablenn Listed in order of increasing number of Listed in order of increasing number of

protonsprotonsnn When you do this the properties of the When you do this the properties of the

elements repeat.elements repeat.nn Periodic LawPeriodic Law-- when the elements are when the elements are

arranged in order of increasing number of arranged in order of increasing number of protons, the properties tend to repeat in a protons, the properties tend to repeat in a patternpattern

The Periodic TableThe Periodic Tablenn Atoms in the same column have similar Atoms in the same column have similar

propertiespropertiesnn Columns are called Columns are called groupsgroups or or familiesfamiliesnn They have similar properties because they They have similar properties because they

have the same number of valence have the same number of valence electronselectrons

nn Rows are called Rows are called periodsperiods

nn Group 1 all have one Group 1 all have one electron in their outside electron in their outside s orbitals orbital

nn Group 2 all have two Group 2 all have two electrons in their outside electrons in their outside s orbitals orbital

nn The middle of the table is 10 elements The middle of the table is 10 elements widewide

nn This is where the d orbitals are fillingThis is where the d orbitals are filling

nn On the right hand side Group 13 On the right hand side Group 13 --18 the s 18 the s orbitals are full, and the p orbitals are orbitals are full, and the p orbitals are fillingfilling

nn Group 13 s has 2 eGroup 13 s has 2 e--

p has 1 ep has 1 e--

nn Group 14 s has 2 eGroup 14 s has 2 e--

p has 2 ep has 2 e--

nn Group 18 s has 2 eGroup 18 s has 2 e--

p has 6 ep has 6 e--

nn p and s both fullp and s both full

IonsIonsnn Atoms with a chargeAtoms with a chargenn Different number of protons and electronsDifferent number of protons and electronsnn Form by changing the number of electronsForm by changing the number of electronsnn IonizationIonization-- adding or removing electrons adding or removing electrons

from an atom or group of atomsfrom an atom or group of atomsnn Two typesTwo types

CationsCationsnn Ions with a positive chargeIons with a positive chargenn More protons than electronsMore protons than electronsnn Formed by losing electronsFormed by losing electronsnn Happens to atoms with few valence Happens to atoms with few valence

electronselectronsnn Lose electrons to get down to full outside Lose electrons to get down to full outside

energy levelenergy level

nn Written as a superscript NaWritten as a superscript Na+ + CaCa2+2+

AnionsAnionsnn Negative ionsNegative ionsnn More electrons than protonsMore electrons than protonsnn Form by gaining electronsForm by gaining electronsnn Happens to atoms with many valence Happens to atoms with many valence

electronselectronsnn Fill up outer energy levelFill up outer energy level

nn Written as a superscript FWritten as a superscript F-- OO22--

Counting the piecesCounting the piecesnn Atomic NumberAtomic Number-- the number of protonsthe number of protonsnn Determines the type of atom and elementDetermines the type of atom and elementnn Mass numberMass number-- number of protons and number of protons and

neutronsneutronsnn All the heavy piecesAll the heavy piecesnn Electrons are the same as protons if Electrons are the same as protons if

neutral.neutral.nn If an ion, it gained or lost electronsIf an ion, it gained or lost electrons

IsotopesIsotopesnn Atoms of the same type can have different Atoms of the same type can have different

numbers of neutronsnumbers of neutronsnn These are These are isotopesisotopesnn They behave identicallyThey behave identicallynn They just weigh different amountsThey just weigh different amountsnn Mass number is written after the nameMass number is written after the namenn Hydrogen Hydrogen –– 11nn Hydrogen Hydrogen –– 22

In the symbolIn the symbol

P-331

15

ChargeMass Number

Atomic Number

nn Find the Find the nn number of protonsnumber of protonsnn number of neutronsnumber of neutronsnn number of electronsnumber of electronsnn Atomic numberAtomic numbernnMass NumberMass Numbernn NameName

F199

nn Find the Find the ––number of protonsnumber of protons––number of neutronsnumber of neutrons––number of electronsnumber of electrons––Atomic numberAtomic number––Mass NumberMass Number––NameName

Br8035

-

nn if an element has an atomic number of 34 if an element has an atomic number of 34 and a mass number of 78 what is the and a mass number of 78 what is the nn number of protonsnumber of protonsnn number of neutronsnumber of neutronsnn number of electronsnumber of electronsnn Complete symbolComplete symbolnn NameName

The Mass of AtomsThe Mass of Atomsnn Very, very smallVery, very smallnn Can’t use gramsCan’t use gramsnn Use the Atomic Mass Unit (Use the Atomic Mass Unit (amuamu))nn One twelfth the mass of a carbonOne twelfth the mass of a carbon--12 atom12 atomnn Since carbonSince carbon--12 has 6 protons and 6 12 has 6 protons and 6

neutrons makes the mass of a proton or neutrons makes the mass of a proton or neutron 1.0 neutron 1.0 amuamu

Atomic MassAtomic Massnn Mass of the average atomMass of the average atomnn Since there are isotopes of atoms two Since there are isotopes of atoms two

things affect the averagethings affect the averagenn The mass of the isotopesThe mass of the isotopesnn How much of each isotope there isHow much of each isotope there is

nn These are the decimal numbers on the These are the decimal numbers on the periodic tableperiodic table

Atomic MassAtomic Massnn Two isotopes of copper Two isotopes of copper nn 72% copper72% copper--6363nn 28% copper28% copper--6565

nn Makes the average 63.56 Makes the average 63.56 amuamu

MetalsMetals

MetalsMetalsnn Luster Luster –– shiny.shiny.nn Ductile Ductile –– drawn into wires.drawn into wires.nn Malleable Malleable –– hammered into sheets.hammered into sheets.nn Conductors of heat and electricity.Conductors of heat and electricity.

Transition metalsl The Group B

elements

Non-metalsl Dulll Brittlel Nonconductors

- insulators

Metalloids or Semimetalsl Properties of bothl Semiconductors

nn Group 1 are the alkali metalsGroup 1 are the alkali metalsnn Group 2 are the alkaline earth metalsGroup 2 are the alkaline earth metals

nn Group 17 is called the HalogensGroup 17 is called the Halogensnn Group 18 are the noble gasesGroup 18 are the noble gases

Alkali MetalsAlkali Metalsnn Very reactiveVery reactivenn Not found alone in natureNot found alone in naturenn Have one valence electronHave one valence electronnn Easily lose it to form a 1+ ionEasily lose it to form a 1+ ion

Alkaline Earth MetalsAlkaline Earth Metalsnn Les reactiveLes reactivenn Have two valence electronsHave two valence electronsnn Lose them to form a 2+ ionLose them to form a 2+ ion

Transition MetalsTransition Metalsnn Less reactiveLess reactivenn Often found alone in natureOften found alone in naturenn Form many different ionsForm many different ions

HalogensHalogensnn Very reactiveVery reactivenn Have many valence electronsHave many valence electronsnn Gain one electron to form a 1Gain one electron to form a 1-- ionion

Noble GasesNoble Gasesnn Do not react Do not react nn Will not form compoundsWill not form compounds

Counting the ParticlesCounting the Particlesnn Atoms are too small to be counted one at Atoms are too small to be counted one at

a timea timenn We count them in groups called the moleWe count them in groups called the molenn One dozen is twelveOne dozen is twelvenn One gross is 144One gross is 144nn One mole is One mole is

602,213,670,000,000,000,000,000602,213,670,000,000,000,000,000

nn 6.022 x 106.022 x 102323

The moleThe molenn 6.022 x 106.022 x 1023 23 is called Avogadro’s numberis called Avogadro’s numbernn Abbreviated molAbbreviated molnn The mass of 1 mole is the The mass of 1 mole is the molar massmolar massnn For an element it is the same as the For an element it is the same as the

atomic massatomic massnn The decimal number on the periodic tableThe decimal number on the periodic table

Conversion FactorsConversion Factorsnn A fraction with even top and bottomA fraction with even top and bottomnn But with different unitsBut with different unitsnn 1 m is 100 cm1 m is 100 cmnn Can make two conversion factorsCan make two conversion factorsnn 1 m and 100 cm1 m and 100 cm

100 cm100 cm 1 m1 mnn Multiply by conversion factors to change Multiply by conversion factors to change

unitsunits

Conversion FactorsConversion Factorsnn Choose the conversion factor with the unit Choose the conversion factor with the unit

you want in the numerator and the unit you you want in the numerator and the unit you don’t want in the denominatordon’t want in the denominator

nn 56 cm is how many meters?56 cm is how many meters?nn 56 cm x56 cm x 1 m 1 m

100 cm100 cm= 0.56 m= 0.56 m

AmountAmount(mol)(mol) Mass (g)Mass (g)

Conversion FactorsConversion Factors

xx 1 mol of element1 mol of elementmolar mass of elementmolar mass of element

xx molar mass of elementmolar mass of element1 mol of element1 mol of element